全球价值链嵌入下中国企业出口质量的升级
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摘要
随着中间品贸易的增长,中国已经成为全球价值链(GVC)嵌入程度最深的国家之一。一方面,全球价值链嵌入可以通过中间品进口带来高质量的中间品和技术,外生地提升出口质量;另一方面,中国企业全球价值链低端嵌入的俘获效应导致企业内生自主技术创新失灵,因此全球价值链嵌入与出口质量升级的关系有可能为非线性。文章使用2000～2006年中国海关数据库和工业企业数据库进行实证研究,结果表明:全球价值链嵌入会提高中国企业的出口质量,但过度嵌入会降低出口质量,两者之间成"倒U型"关系。全球价值链嵌入下中间品进口的质量效应、规模效应依然能够提升出口质量,但技术外溢效应对出口质量升级的影响为负,再加上全球价值链嵌入会降低企业自主研发创新从而拉低出口质量,因此中国企业内生的与外生的技术创新无法相互吸收和匹配。全球价值链嵌入OECD国家市场会提高企业出口质量,嵌入非OECD国家市场会降低出口质量,但如果全球价值链嵌入东盟市场或金砖国家也依然能够带来企业出口质量的提升。全球价值链嵌入下中间品进口贸易成本增加会带来企业出口质量的下降,但出口贸易成本增加会激励企业提高出口质量从而进入收入层次更高、距离更远的市场。
With the growth of trade in intermediate goods,China has become one of the countries with the deepest degree of embedding into global value chain( GVC). On one hand,the embedding degree into global value chain can bring exogenous technology upgrading through the import of intermediate products with the view of improving export quality. On the other hand,the capture effect of the low-technology embedding into GVC will lead to the failure of the endogenous innovation of the company,i. e. the relation the between GVC and the upgrading of export quality is non linear. Base on the combination of China's Customs Database and China Industrial Enterprises Database,we draw the conclusion: Embedding into global value chains will contribute to improve export product quality of Chinese enterprises while excessive embedding will reduce the quality of exports. The quality effect and scale effect of intermediate goods under GVC still help to improve export quality,on the contrary the effect of technology spillover do negative effect on export quality upgrading. In addition,the embedding into GVC will reduce the independent ability of R&D and innovation in company,which can lower the quality of exports. That's to say,endogenous and exogenous technological innovation in Chinese companies cannot match well. The GVC corporate embedding into the OECD market will improve the quality of exports while embedding into non-OECD countries will reduce the quality of exports. However,if GVC corporate is embedded in the ASEAN market and BRICS countries,it can still bring about the improvement of export quality. The increasing of importation cost under GVC will lead to a decline in the export quality of enterprises,and the increasing of exportation cost will increase the export quality of enterprises.
With the growth of trade in intermediate goods,China has become one of the countries with the deepest degree of embedding into global value chain( GVC). On one hand,the embedding degree into global value chain can bring exogenous technology upgrading through the import of intermediate products with the view of improving export quality. On the other hand,the capture effect of the low-technology embedding into GVC will lead to the failure of the endogenous innovation of the company,i. e. the relation the between GVC and the upgrading of export quality is non linear. Base on the combination of China's Customs Database and China Industrial Enterprises Database,we draw the conclusion: Embedding into global value chains will contribute to improve export product quality of Chinese enterprises while excessive embedding will reduce the quality of exports. The quality effect and scale effect of intermediate goods under GVC still help to improve export quality,on the contrary the effect of technology spillover do negative effect on export quality upgrading. In addition,the embedding into GVC will reduce the independent ability of R&D and innovation in company,which can lower the quality of exports. That's to say,endogenous and exogenous technological innovation in Chinese companies cannot match well. The GVC corporate embedding into the OECD market will improve the quality of exports while embedding into non-OECD countries will reduce the quality of exports. However,if GVC corporate is embedded in the ASEAN market and BRICS countries,it can still bring about the improvement of export quality. The increasing of importation cost under GVC will lead to a decline in the export quality of enterprises,and the increasing of exportation cost will increase the export quality of enterprises.
引文
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[14]韩德超.生产性服务业FDI对工业企业效率影响研究[J].统计研究,2011(2).
[15]蒋庚华,陈海英.全球价值链参与率与率与行业内生产要素报酬差距——基于WIOD数据库的实证研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2018(2).
[16]吕越,黄艳希.全球价值链嵌入的生产率效应:影响与机制分析[J].世界经济,2017(7).
[17]毛其淋.要素市场扭曲与中国工业企业生产率——基于贸易自由化视角的分析[J].金融研究,2013(2).
[18]倪红福.全球价值链中产业“微笑曲线”存在吗?——基于增加值平均传递步长方法[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(11).
[19]任保全,刘志彪.全球价值链低端锁定的内生原因及机理——基于企业链条抉择机制的视角[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2016(9).
[20]施炳展,王有鑫,李坤.中国出口产品品质测度及其决定因素[J].世界经济,2013(9).
[21]田毕飞,陈紫若.创业与全球价值链分工地位:效应与机理[J].中国工业经济,2017(6).
[22]唐宜红,张鹏杨. FDI、全球价值链嵌入与出口国内附加值[J].统计研究,2017(4).
[23]张杰,郑文平.全球价值链下中国本土企业的创新效应[J].经济研究,2017(3).
(1)本文数据的平减处理均以2004年为基期计算。
[2] Amiti,M.,Konings,J.. Trade Liberalization,Intermediate Inputs,and Productivity:Evidence from Indonesia[J]. The American Economic Review,2007,97(5):1611-1638.
[3] Baldwin,Lopez-Gonzalez. Supply-Chain Trade:A Portrait of Global Patterns and Several Testable Hypotheses[J]. The World Economy,2015(11):1682-1721.
[4] Cramer C.. Can Africa industrialize by processing primary commodities? The case of Mozambican cashew nuts[J]. World Development,1999,27(7):1247-1266.
[5] Feenstra Robert C.. Integration of Trade and Disintegration of Production in the Global Economy[J]. The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1998.
[6] Frisch,Ursula,Holger Gǒrg. Outsourcing,Importing and Innovation:Evidence from Firm-level Data for Emerging Economics[J]. Review of International Economics,2015,23(4):687-714.
[7] G. Gereffi,J Humphrey,T Sturgeon. The Governance of Global Value Chains[J]. Rev of Int Pol Eco,2005(12):78-104.
[8] Halpern,L,Korean,M.,Szeidl,A. Imported Inputs and Productivity[J]. The American Economic Review,2015,105(12):3660-3703.
[9] Kaplinsy,R. M. Morris,J. Readman. The Globalization of Product Market and Immiserizing Growth:Lessons from the South African Furniture Industry[J]. World Development,2002,30(7):1159-1177.
[10] Mattoo,Aaditya,Wang,Zhi,Wei,Shang-Jin. Trade in Value Added:Developing New Measures of Cross-Border Trade. London:Centre for Economic Policy Research and the World Bank,2013.
[11] Schmit,H. Local Enterprises in the Global Economy Issues of Governance and Upgrading[C]. Cheltenhan:Elgar,2004.
[12] T J Sturgeon. Mapping Integrative Trade:Conceptualising and Measuring Global Value Chains,Int J of Tec Lea[J]. Inn and Dev,2008,1(3):237-257.
[13]程文先,樊秀峰.全球价值链双重嵌入对中国贸易附加值率的影响[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1).
[14]韩德超.生产性服务业FDI对工业企业效率影响研究[J].统计研究,2011(2).
[15]蒋庚华,陈海英.全球价值链参与率与率与行业内生产要素报酬差距——基于WIOD数据库的实证研究[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2018(2).
[16]吕越,黄艳希.全球价值链嵌入的生产率效应:影响与机制分析[J].世界经济,2017(7).
[17]毛其淋.要素市场扭曲与中国工业企业生产率——基于贸易自由化视角的分析[J].金融研究,2013(2).
[18]倪红福.全球价值链中产业“微笑曲线”存在吗?——基于增加值平均传递步长方法[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(11).
[19]任保全,刘志彪.全球价值链低端锁定的内生原因及机理——基于企业链条抉择机制的视角[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2016(9).
[20]施炳展,王有鑫,李坤.中国出口产品品质测度及其决定因素[J].世界经济,2013(9).
[21]田毕飞,陈紫若.创业与全球价值链分工地位:效应与机理[J].中国工业经济,2017(6).
[22]唐宜红,张鹏杨. FDI、全球价值链嵌入与出口国内附加值[J].统计研究,2017(4).
[23]张杰,郑文平.全球价值链下中国本土企业的创新效应[J].经济研究,2017(3).
(1)本文数据的平减处理均以2004年为基期计算。