回溯式时距估计的动态性及心理机制
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摘要
时间流逝过程中,回溯式时距估计动态性体现在短时延迟和长时发展两个方面。前者聚焦秒、分级的延迟,将其归为背景变化或由目标时距引发的认知差异;后者聚焦跨年龄(如婴儿、儿童到成年)的个体发展,认为主要是信息加工速度的差异。最后,从综合视角出发,认为其动态性可能是由不同时距信息心理表征的差异造成的,这体现时间认知的分段综合性。未来需以时间流逝的动态视角开展回溯式时距估计的心理表征研究,深入探讨与目标时距紧密相关的计时策略在回溯式时距估计中的作用,并扩展年龄、人格类型等个体差异方面的动态特征研究。
As time passes, the dynamic characteristic of retrospective duration estimation is reflected in two aspects: short-term delay and long-term development. The former focuses on delay in seconds and minutes, attributing to context changes or a series of cognitive differences caused by target duration. The latter emphasizes individual development across ages(such as infancy, childhood, and adulthood) and considers differences in the speed of information processing as the main cause. Finally, from a comprehensive perspective, it is believed that the dynamics may be due to distinct mental representation of duration from seconds to minutes, which reflects the range-synthetic characteristic of time cognition. Future research should focus on extending temporal representation in the process of time lapse, further explore the role of timing strategies closely related to the target intervals in the retrospective duration estimation, and expand the dynamic characteristic of individual differences such as age and personality type.
As time passes, the dynamic characteristic of retrospective duration estimation is reflected in two aspects: short-term delay and long-term development. The former focuses on delay in seconds and minutes, attributing to context changes or a series of cognitive differences caused by target duration. The latter emphasizes individual development across ages(such as infancy, childhood, and adulthood) and considers differences in the speed of information processing as the main cause. Finally, from a comprehensive perspective, it is believed that the dynamics may be due to distinct mental representation of duration from seconds to minutes, which reflects the range-synthetic characteristic of time cognition. Future research should focus on extending temporal representation in the process of time lapse, further explore the role of timing strategies closely related to the target intervals in the retrospective duration estimation, and expand the dynamic characteristic of individual differences such as age and personality type.
引文
毕翠华.(2014).工作记忆的保持影响时间知觉的认知与神经机制(博士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
戴冰,杜金,张惠.(2013).老年人回溯式时距估计的特点.中国老年学杂志,33(14),3385-3387.
黄希庭.(2014).探究心理时间(第1版,pp.111-112).北京:商务印刷馆.
黄希庭,李伯约,张志杰.(2003).时间认知分段综合模型的探讨.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),29(2),5-9.
黄希庭,郑涌.(2015).心理学导论(第3版,p.366).北京:人民教育出版社.
林崇德.(2012).发展心理学(第1版,pp.257-258).浙江:浙江教育出版社.
陶云,马谐.(2010).面孔情绪下3~8岁儿童时距知觉的实验研究.心理发展与教育,26(3),225-232.
杨莲莲,黄希庭,岳童,刘培朵.(2018).回溯式时距估计的计时机制.心理科学进展,26(8),1374-1382.
尧国靖,张锋.(2013).自尊水平、事件效价与时距对过去事件时距估计的影响.心理发展与教育,29(1),18-22.
尹华站,李丹,陈盈羽,黄希庭.(2016).1~6秒时距认知分段性特征.心理学报,48(9),1119-1129.
张志杰,黄希庭.(2005).回溯式时距估计的年龄差异.心理科学,28(5),1039-1042.
Arnold,A.E.G F.,Iaria,G.,&Ekstrom,A.D.(2016).Mental simulation of routes during navigation involves adaptive temporal compression.Cognition,157,14-23.
Block,R.A.,&Gruber,R.P.(2014).Time perception,attention,and memory:A selective review.Acta Psychologica,149,129-133.
Block,R.A.,Hancock,P.A.,&Zakay,D.(2010).How cognitive load affects duration judgments:A meta-analytic review.Acta Psychologica,134(3),330-343.
Bonasia,K.,Blommesteyn,J.,&Moscovitch,M.(2016).Memory and navigation:Compression of space varies with route length and turns.Hippocampus,26(1),9-12.
Carpenter,A.C.,&Schacter,D.L.(2018).Flexible retrieval mechanisms supporting successful inference produce false memories in younger but not older adults.Psychology and Aging,33(1),134-143.
Colombo,J.,&Richman,W.A.(2002).Infant timekeeping:Attention and temporal estimation in 4-month-olds.Psychological Science,13(5),475-479.
de Hevia,M.D.(2016).Chapter 3-Core mathematical abilities in infants:Number and much more.Progress in Brain Research,227,53-74.
de Hevia,M.D.,Lee,Y.N.,&Streri,A.(2017).The temporal dimensions in the first year of life.Timing and Time Perception,5(3-4),280-296.
Droit-Volet,S.(2013).Time perception in children:Aneurodevelopmental approach.Neuropsychologia,51(2),220-234.
Droit-Volet,S.(2016).Development of time.Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,8,102-109.
Droit-Volet,S.,&Coull,J.T.(2016).Distinct developmental trajectories for explicit and implicit timing.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,150,141-154.
Droit-Volet,S.,&Zélanti,P.S.(2013).Development of time sensitivity and information processing speed.PLoS One,8(8),e71424.
Ferreira,V.F.M.,Paiva,G.P.,Prando,N.,Gra?a,C.R.,&Kouyoumdjian,J.A.(2016).Time perception and age.Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria,74(4),299-302.
Fletcher,E.,Gavett,B.,Harvey,D.,Farias,S.T.,Olichney,J.,Beckett,L.,...&Mungas,D.(2018).Brain volume change and cognitive trajectories in aging.Neuropsychology,32(4),436-449.
Freedman,V.A.,Conrad,F.G.,Cornman,J.C.,Schwarz,N.,&Stafford,F.P.(2014).Does time fly when you are having fun?A day reconstruction method analysis.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(3),639-655.
Freton,M.,Lemogne,C.,Bergouignan,L.,Delaveau,P.,Lehéricy,S.,&Fossati,P.(2014).The eye of the self:Precuneus volume and visual perspective during autobiographical memory retrieval.Brain Structure and Function,219(3),959-968.
Grondin,S.,Laflamme,V.,Mioni,G.,Morin,A.,Désautels,F.,&Bisson,N.(2018).Retrospective temporal judgment of the period dedicated to recalling a recent or an old emotional memory.Timing and Time Perception,6(2),169-182.
Hammond,C.(2012).Time warped:Unlocking the mysteries of time perception.Britain:Canongate Books Ltd.
Hancock,P.A.(2010).The effect of age and sex on the perception of time in life.American Journal of Psychology,123(1),1-13.
Ivry,R.B.,&Schlerf,J.E.(2008).Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,12(7),273-280.
Johnson,K.A.,Burrowes,E.,&Coull,J.T.(2015).Children can implicitly,but not voluntarily,direct attention in time.PLoS One,10(4),e0123625.
Jokic,T.,Zakay,D.,&Wittmann,M.(2018).Individual differences in self-rated impulsivity modulate the estimation of time in a real waiting situation.Timing and Time Perception,6(1),71-89.
Liberman,N.,&Trope,Y.(2014).Traversing psychological distance.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,18(7),364-369.
Lustig,C.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2017).Editorial of the Special issue on timing and development:The times of our lives.Timing and Time Perception,5(1),1-4.
Matthews,W.J.,&Meck,W.H.(2016).Temporal cognition:Connecting subjective time to perception,attention,and memory.Psychological Bulletin,142(8),865-907.
McCormack,T.(2015).The development of temporal cognition.Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science,Cognitive Processes,2,624.
Murre,J.M.J.,Janssen,S.M.J.,Rouw,R.,&Meeter,M.(2013).The rise and fall of immediate and delayed memory for verbal and visuospatial information from late childhood to late adulthood.Acta Psychologica,142(1),96-107.
Pedri,S.,&Hesketh,B.(1993).Time perception:Effects of task speed and delay.Perceptual and Motor Skills,76(2),599-608.
Provasi,J.,Rattat,A.C.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2011).Temporal bisection in 4-month-old infants.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Animal Behavior Processes,37(1),108-113.
Roy,M.M.,&Christenfeld,N.J.S.(2007).Bias in memory predicts bias in estimation of future task duration.Memory and Cognition,35(3),557-564.
Sahakyan,L.,&Smith,J.R.(2014).“A long time ago,in a context far,far away”:Retrospective time estimates and internal context change.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,40(1),86-93.
Staddon,J.E.R.,&Higa,J.J.(1999).Time and memory:Towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,71(2),215-251.
Stickel,A.,Kawa,K.,Walther,K.,Glisky,E.L.,Richholt,R.,Huentelman,M.,&Ryan,L.(2017).Age-modulated associations between KIBRA,brain volume,and verbal memory among healthy older adults.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,9,431.
Thoenes,S.,&Oberfeld,D.(2017).Meta-analysis of time perception and temporal processing in schizophrenia:Differential effects on precision and accuracy.Clinical Psychology Review,54,44-64.
Vitulli,W.F.(2003).A systematic replication of variations in verbal content and delay on time estimation and short-term memory.Perceptual and Motor Skills,96(3_suppl),1215-1222.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Crimmins,K.A.(1999).An experiment in time perception:Separating rate of presentation from type of estimation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,88(3),961-969.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Nemeth,Y.M.(2001).Perception of time:Variations in verbal content and delay of estimation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,92(1),316-318.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Shepard,H.A.(1996).Time estimation:Effects of cognitive task,presentation rate,and delay.Perceptual and Motor Skills,83(3_suppl),1387-1394.
Winkler,I.,Fischer,K.,Kliesow,K.,Rudolph,T.,Thiel,C.,&Sedlmeier,P.(2017).Has it really been that long?Why time seems to speed up with age.Timing and Time Perception,5(2),168-189.
Wittmann,M.(2013).The inner sense of time:How the brain creates a representation of duration.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(3),217-223.
Wittmann,M.,Rudolph,T.,Linares Gutierrez,D.,&Winkler,I.(2015).Time perspective and emotion regulation as predictors of age-related subjective passage of time.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,12(12),16027-16042.
Yu,J.,Cheng,H.B.,&Peng,P.(2016).Using a pictorial timeline to assess age-related changes in time estimation of daily events.Acta Psychologica,164,19-26.
Zakay,D.(2014).Psychological time as information:The case of boredom.Frontiers in Psychology,5,917.
Zakay,D.,&Block,R.A.(2004).Prospective and retrospective duration judgments:An executive-control perspective.Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis,64(3),319-328.
Zélanti,P.S.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2011).Cognitive abilities explaining age-related changes in time perception of short and long durations.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,109(2),143-157.
戴冰,杜金,张惠.(2013).老年人回溯式时距估计的特点.中国老年学杂志,33(14),3385-3387.
黄希庭.(2014).探究心理时间(第1版,pp.111-112).北京:商务印刷馆.
黄希庭,李伯约,张志杰.(2003).时间认知分段综合模型的探讨.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),29(2),5-9.
黄希庭,郑涌.(2015).心理学导论(第3版,p.366).北京:人民教育出版社.
林崇德.(2012).发展心理学(第1版,pp.257-258).浙江:浙江教育出版社.
陶云,马谐.(2010).面孔情绪下3~8岁儿童时距知觉的实验研究.心理发展与教育,26(3),225-232.
杨莲莲,黄希庭,岳童,刘培朵.(2018).回溯式时距估计的计时机制.心理科学进展,26(8),1374-1382.
尧国靖,张锋.(2013).自尊水平、事件效价与时距对过去事件时距估计的影响.心理发展与教育,29(1),18-22.
尹华站,李丹,陈盈羽,黄希庭.(2016).1~6秒时距认知分段性特征.心理学报,48(9),1119-1129.
张志杰,黄希庭.(2005).回溯式时距估计的年龄差异.心理科学,28(5),1039-1042.
Arnold,A.E.G F.,Iaria,G.,&Ekstrom,A.D.(2016).Mental simulation of routes during navigation involves adaptive temporal compression.Cognition,157,14-23.
Block,R.A.,&Gruber,R.P.(2014).Time perception,attention,and memory:A selective review.Acta Psychologica,149,129-133.
Block,R.A.,Hancock,P.A.,&Zakay,D.(2010).How cognitive load affects duration judgments:A meta-analytic review.Acta Psychologica,134(3),330-343.
Bonasia,K.,Blommesteyn,J.,&Moscovitch,M.(2016).Memory and navigation:Compression of space varies with route length and turns.Hippocampus,26(1),9-12.
Carpenter,A.C.,&Schacter,D.L.(2018).Flexible retrieval mechanisms supporting successful inference produce false memories in younger but not older adults.Psychology and Aging,33(1),134-143.
Colombo,J.,&Richman,W.A.(2002).Infant timekeeping:Attention and temporal estimation in 4-month-olds.Psychological Science,13(5),475-479.
de Hevia,M.D.(2016).Chapter 3-Core mathematical abilities in infants:Number and much more.Progress in Brain Research,227,53-74.
de Hevia,M.D.,Lee,Y.N.,&Streri,A.(2017).The temporal dimensions in the first year of life.Timing and Time Perception,5(3-4),280-296.
Droit-Volet,S.(2013).Time perception in children:Aneurodevelopmental approach.Neuropsychologia,51(2),220-234.
Droit-Volet,S.(2016).Development of time.Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,8,102-109.
Droit-Volet,S.,&Coull,J.T.(2016).Distinct developmental trajectories for explicit and implicit timing.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,150,141-154.
Droit-Volet,S.,&Zélanti,P.S.(2013).Development of time sensitivity and information processing speed.PLoS One,8(8),e71424.
Ferreira,V.F.M.,Paiva,G.P.,Prando,N.,Gra?a,C.R.,&Kouyoumdjian,J.A.(2016).Time perception and age.Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria,74(4),299-302.
Fletcher,E.,Gavett,B.,Harvey,D.,Farias,S.T.,Olichney,J.,Beckett,L.,...&Mungas,D.(2018).Brain volume change and cognitive trajectories in aging.Neuropsychology,32(4),436-449.
Freedman,V.A.,Conrad,F.G.,Cornman,J.C.,Schwarz,N.,&Stafford,F.P.(2014).Does time fly when you are having fun?A day reconstruction method analysis.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(3),639-655.
Freton,M.,Lemogne,C.,Bergouignan,L.,Delaveau,P.,Lehéricy,S.,&Fossati,P.(2014).The eye of the self:Precuneus volume and visual perspective during autobiographical memory retrieval.Brain Structure and Function,219(3),959-968.
Grondin,S.,Laflamme,V.,Mioni,G.,Morin,A.,Désautels,F.,&Bisson,N.(2018).Retrospective temporal judgment of the period dedicated to recalling a recent or an old emotional memory.Timing and Time Perception,6(2),169-182.
Hammond,C.(2012).Time warped:Unlocking the mysteries of time perception.Britain:Canongate Books Ltd.
Hancock,P.A.(2010).The effect of age and sex on the perception of time in life.American Journal of Psychology,123(1),1-13.
Ivry,R.B.,&Schlerf,J.E.(2008).Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,12(7),273-280.
Johnson,K.A.,Burrowes,E.,&Coull,J.T.(2015).Children can implicitly,but not voluntarily,direct attention in time.PLoS One,10(4),e0123625.
Jokic,T.,Zakay,D.,&Wittmann,M.(2018).Individual differences in self-rated impulsivity modulate the estimation of time in a real waiting situation.Timing and Time Perception,6(1),71-89.
Liberman,N.,&Trope,Y.(2014).Traversing psychological distance.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,18(7),364-369.
Lustig,C.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2017).Editorial of the Special issue on timing and development:The times of our lives.Timing and Time Perception,5(1),1-4.
Matthews,W.J.,&Meck,W.H.(2016).Temporal cognition:Connecting subjective time to perception,attention,and memory.Psychological Bulletin,142(8),865-907.
McCormack,T.(2015).The development of temporal cognition.Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science,Cognitive Processes,2,624.
Murre,J.M.J.,Janssen,S.M.J.,Rouw,R.,&Meeter,M.(2013).The rise and fall of immediate and delayed memory for verbal and visuospatial information from late childhood to late adulthood.Acta Psychologica,142(1),96-107.
Pedri,S.,&Hesketh,B.(1993).Time perception:Effects of task speed and delay.Perceptual and Motor Skills,76(2),599-608.
Provasi,J.,Rattat,A.C.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2011).Temporal bisection in 4-month-old infants.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Animal Behavior Processes,37(1),108-113.
Roy,M.M.,&Christenfeld,N.J.S.(2007).Bias in memory predicts bias in estimation of future task duration.Memory and Cognition,35(3),557-564.
Sahakyan,L.,&Smith,J.R.(2014).“A long time ago,in a context far,far away”:Retrospective time estimates and internal context change.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,40(1),86-93.
Staddon,J.E.R.,&Higa,J.J.(1999).Time and memory:Towards a pacemaker-free theory of interval timing.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,71(2),215-251.
Stickel,A.,Kawa,K.,Walther,K.,Glisky,E.L.,Richholt,R.,Huentelman,M.,&Ryan,L.(2017).Age-modulated associations between KIBRA,brain volume,and verbal memory among healthy older adults.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,9,431.
Thoenes,S.,&Oberfeld,D.(2017).Meta-analysis of time perception and temporal processing in schizophrenia:Differential effects on precision and accuracy.Clinical Psychology Review,54,44-64.
Vitulli,W.F.(2003).A systematic replication of variations in verbal content and delay on time estimation and short-term memory.Perceptual and Motor Skills,96(3_suppl),1215-1222.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Crimmins,K.A.(1999).An experiment in time perception:Separating rate of presentation from type of estimation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,88(3),961-969.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Nemeth,Y.M.(2001).Perception of time:Variations in verbal content and delay of estimation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,92(1),316-318.
Vitulli,W.F.,&Shepard,H.A.(1996).Time estimation:Effects of cognitive task,presentation rate,and delay.Perceptual and Motor Skills,83(3_suppl),1387-1394.
Winkler,I.,Fischer,K.,Kliesow,K.,Rudolph,T.,Thiel,C.,&Sedlmeier,P.(2017).Has it really been that long?Why time seems to speed up with age.Timing and Time Perception,5(2),168-189.
Wittmann,M.(2013).The inner sense of time:How the brain creates a representation of duration.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(3),217-223.
Wittmann,M.,Rudolph,T.,Linares Gutierrez,D.,&Winkler,I.(2015).Time perspective and emotion regulation as predictors of age-related subjective passage of time.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,12(12),16027-16042.
Yu,J.,Cheng,H.B.,&Peng,P.(2016).Using a pictorial timeline to assess age-related changes in time estimation of daily events.Acta Psychologica,164,19-26.
Zakay,D.(2014).Psychological time as information:The case of boredom.Frontiers in Psychology,5,917.
Zakay,D.,&Block,R.A.(2004).Prospective and retrospective duration judgments:An executive-control perspective.Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis,64(3),319-328.
Zélanti,P.S.,&Droit-Volet,S.(2011).Cognitive abilities explaining age-related changes in time perception of short and long durations.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,109(2),143-157.