自然降雨条件下化学钾肥配施有机肥对烟草生长及产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明在自然降雨条件下化学钾肥配施有机肥对烟草云烟87生长发育、产量及经济效益的影响,为贵州省黔东南州烟草种植区烟草钾肥的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间小区试验,设置4种施钾水平,分别为0水平(K_0:0 kg/hm~2)、1水平(K_1:120 kg/hm~2)、2水平(K_2:240 kg/hm~2)和3水平(K_3:360 kg/hm~2),4个施肥处理,同时每个处理配施有机肥(菜枯,M)2 250 kg/hm~2,调查各处理烟草在生育期内烟株主要的农艺性状、病害发生情况、烘烤后烟叶的经济性状和烟叶产量。【结果】在成熟期,K_3处理烟株各项农艺性状除节间距外均显著优于K_0处理(p<0.05),与K_0处理相比,K_3处理烟株的株高、最大叶面积、叶片数、茎围、节间距和根体积依次分别增加了27.64%、35.16%、56.38%、35.36%、17.06%和63.03%,与K_2处理相比,K_3处理相应指标增加了2.55%、4.83%、2.21%、29.27%、16.43%、22.64%。与K_0处理相比,K_3处理烟株的赤星病、花叶病和黑胫病的发病率分别降低了51.69%、41.16%和45.35%,病情指数分别降低了44.27%、28.87%和41.56%,K_2处理相应病情发病率分别降低了28.63%、22.30%、35.61%;病指数分别降低了34.68%、10.18%、31.40%。随着施钾增加烟叶产量呈增加趋势,K_3处理烟叶的产量和产值比K_0处理分别提高了26.60%和36.03%,上等烟和中上等烟比例分别提高5.82%和2.26%,K_3处理产值显著高于K_0、K_1、K_2处理。【结论】与其他施肥处理相比,K_3处理烟株大田长势好,农艺性状好,抗病能力强,可提高产量和经济效益。
【Objective】Plant growth relies on soil nutrients, and the objective of this paper is to study the efficacy of combining use of potassium fertilizer and manure to improve growth, yield and economic return of rainfed tobacco.【Method】The variety of Yunyan 87 was used as the model. The experiment was conducted at a field plot in Qiandongnan prefecture, Guizhou province. We considered four potassium fertilizer levels: 0 kg/hm~2(K_0), 120 kg/hm~2(K_1), 240 kg/hm~2(K_2) and 360 kg/hm~2(K_3), each applied with 2 250 kg/hm~2 of manure(rapeseed cake, M). The main agronomic traits, diseases, economic characters and yield of flue-cured tobacco were measured in each experiment.【Result】At mature stage, the agronomic characters(except internodal length) of the tobacco in K_3 were significantly better than that in K_0(p<0.05), with plant height, maximum leaf area, leaf area, stem girth, internodal length and root volume increasing by 27.64%, 35.16%, 56.38%, 35.36%, 17.06% and 63.03%, respectively. K_3 reduced red star disease, mosaic and black shank by 51.69%, 41.16% and 45.35%, respectively, compared to the control; and it also decreased disease index of red star disease, and increased yield, economic return, value and proportion of grade-A and grade-B tobacco leaves by26.60%, 36.03%, 5.82% and 2.26%, respectively.【Conclusion】K_3 was most effective in improving growth, economic return, disease resistance, as well as yield, compared to other treatments.
【Objective】Plant growth relies on soil nutrients, and the objective of this paper is to study the efficacy of combining use of potassium fertilizer and manure to improve growth, yield and economic return of rainfed tobacco.【Method】The variety of Yunyan 87 was used as the model. The experiment was conducted at a field plot in Qiandongnan prefecture, Guizhou province. We considered four potassium fertilizer levels: 0 kg/hm~2(K_0), 120 kg/hm~2(K_1), 240 kg/hm~2(K_2) and 360 kg/hm~2(K_3), each applied with 2 250 kg/hm~2 of manure(rapeseed cake, M). The main agronomic traits, diseases, economic characters and yield of flue-cured tobacco were measured in each experiment.【Result】At mature stage, the agronomic characters(except internodal length) of the tobacco in K_3 were significantly better than that in K_0(p<0.05), with plant height, maximum leaf area, leaf area, stem girth, internodal length and root volume increasing by 27.64%, 35.16%, 56.38%, 35.36%, 17.06% and 63.03%, respectively. K_3 reduced red star disease, mosaic and black shank by 51.69%, 41.16% and 45.35%, respectively, compared to the control; and it also decreased disease index of red star disease, and increased yield, economic return, value and proportion of grade-A and grade-B tobacco leaves by26.60%, 36.03%, 5.82% and 2.26%, respectively.【Conclusion】K_3 was most effective in improving growth, economic return, disease resistance, as well as yield, compared to other treatments.
引文
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[21]李桂湘,韦建玉,金亚波,等.氮钾配比对烤烟K326产量与产值的影响[J].南方农业学报,2012,43(7):986-990.
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[25]林克惠,战以时,李永梅.不同施钾量对烤烟烟叶品质的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,1994,9(2):112-118.
[26]赵久明,戴建军,丁伟.不同施钾水平对烤烟产质量影响的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,1999,30(1):41-43.
[27]姜俊红,汪军,劳同浩,等.水分亏缺对粤北烤烟品质及水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(10):81-87.
[28]康小平,樊毅,王君勤,等.不同灌溉方式下水分调控对烤烟品质和产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(12):104-111.
[2] AMTMANN A, BLATT M R. Regulation of macronutrient transport[J]. New Phytologist, 2009, 181(1):35-52.
[3] LEBAUDY A, VERY A A, SENTENAC H. K+channel activity in plants:Genes, regulations and functions[J]. Febs Letters, 2007, 581(12):2 357-2 366.
[4]樊文强.烟草钾含量遗传变异的全基因组关联分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院研究生院,2016.
[5]毛家伟,翟文汇,孙大为,等.覆盖方式和钾施用量对烤烟生长、叶绿素含量及产质量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(3):36-39.
[6]李静.烤烟钾素吸收动态规律研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[7]贾欢欢,毕书海,张文明,等.氮钾互作对陇东烤烟烟碱和钾含量以及经济效益的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2013,48(5):75-81.
[8]张明乾,徐小青,包可翔,等.钾肥水平对烤烟主要经济性状、化学成分及感官评吸质量的影响[J].山东农业科学,2016,48(10):107-109,116.
[9]段雯,梅文强.施钾量对烤烟K326生长及产质量的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2017,45(5):34-35, 82.
[10]王勇,李廷轩,陈光登,等.不同钾基因型烟草钾吸收和生理生化特性研究[J].中国烟草科学,2017,38(5):56-61.
[11]周冀衡.烟草生理与生物化学[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1996.
[12]叶佳伟,李志明,林克惠.不同钾肥用量对烤烟农艺性状的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2004,32(2):22-24.
[13]韦歆娜,姜俊红,李就好,等.水肥耦合对烤烟叶面积积累量的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(5):85-90.
[14]刘永贤,李伏生,农梦玲,等.不同生育时期分根区交替灌溉对烤烟生长和氮钾含量的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(6):102-105.
[15]周永波,邵孝侯,苏贤坤,等.水分调控对烤烟生长、干物质积累和养分吸收的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(1):56-59.
[16]郭齐汤.大田县烟草病害种类调查与防治对策研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2013.
[17]左丽娟,赵正雄,杨焕文,等.增加施钾量对红花大金元烤烟部分生理生化参数及“两黑病”发生的影响[J].作物学报,2010,,36(5):856-862.
[18]周冀衡,李卫芳,王丹丹,等.钾对病毒侵染后烟草叶片内源保护酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2000,33(6):98-100.
[19]王进录.施钾量对烟草赤星病的影响[J].陕西农业科学,1998(5):21-22.
[20]段玉琪,杨宇虹,晋艳,等.长期施钾肥对烤烟产质量和土壤理化性状的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2015,43(9):100-104.
[21]李桂湘,韦建玉,金亚波,等.氮钾配比对烤烟K326产量与产值的影响[J].南方农业学报,2012,43(7):986-990.
[22]江力,张荣铣.不同氮钾水平对烤烟光合作用的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2000,27(4):328-331.
[23]黄松青,危跃,屠乃美,等.控释肥对烤烟光合特性和产质量与氮钾利用率的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2015,36(1):54-60.
[24]阮妙鸿.钾钙镁营养的相互关系及其对烤烟碳氮代谢的影响[D].福州:福建农林大学,2004.
[25]林克惠,战以时,李永梅.不同施钾量对烤烟烟叶品质的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,1994,9(2):112-118.
[26]赵久明,戴建军,丁伟.不同施钾水平对烤烟产质量影响的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,1999,30(1):41-43.
[27]姜俊红,汪军,劳同浩,等.水分亏缺对粤北烤烟品质及水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(10):81-87.
[28]康小平,樊毅,王君勤,等.不同灌溉方式下水分调控对烤烟品质和产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(12):104-111.