不同种植方式密植对花生开花结实的影响
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摘要
以珍珠豆型花生远杂6号为研究材料,采用裂区试验,调查了夏直播花生在不同密度和不同种植模式下的开花物候、群体开花规律、群体成针、成果特性及产量性状等指标的变化,探讨了合理密植对花生群体生殖生长及产量的影响。结果表明:2.25×10~5穴/hm~2密度种植比1.80×10~5穴/hm~2始花时间晚1～2 d;第一对侧枝基部10 cm内节数减少了10.29%;有效分枝比率提高8.50%;饱果率和出仁率分别提高3.81%、2.25%。宽窄行种植比等行距种植始花时间提前2～3 d,饱果率和出仁率分别提高3.03%、1.58%。双粒播种比单粒播种有效分枝比率提高10.60%,饱果率和出仁率分别提高3.70%、1.43%。2.25×~穴/hm~2宽窄行双粒种植的群体开花总量最高(1 873.31万朵/hm~2),群体果针数和结果数也最多,分别达1 365万个/hm~2和488万个/hm~2。远杂6号为耐密品种,夏直播种植,适当增加种植密度可有效提高产量,改善荚果商品性。
Taking peanut variety Yuanza 6 as material and adopting a split plot experiment,this paper investigated the changes in multiple indexes of summer-planting peanuts under different planting densities and planting modes,including group flowering phenology,group pod pegs formation and pod formation,yield traits etc.,and discussed the effects of rational close planting on peanut group reproductive growth and yield. The results showed that comparing to planting density of 1.80×10~5 holes/hm~2,the first flowering of peanuts grown at 2.25×105 holes/hm2 planting density would delay 1 ～ 2 d. The number of nodes on the first pair of lateral branches within 10 cm from base decreased by10.29%; while,effective branching ratio increased by 8. 50%; full fruit ratio and kernel percentage increased by3.81% and 2.25%,respectively. The flowering time of peanuts grown in wide/narrow-row-spacing planting mode was2 ～ 3 d ahead than that of equal-row-spacing planted peanuts,and the full fruit ratio and kernel percentage increased3.03% and 1. 58%,respectively. Comparing to single-seed planting,double-seed planting increased the effective branching ratio,full fruit ratio and kernel percentage by 10. 60%,3. 70% and 1. 43%,respectively. Under thecondition of double-seed planting,wide/narrow-row-spacing planting mode with plant density of 2. 25 × 105 holes/hm~2,the peanuts had the highest amount of total group flowering( 1 873.31×104 flowers/hm~2). The numbers of group gynophores and groupfruit were also the most,reaching 1 365 × 10~4/hm~2 and 488 × 104/hm~2,respectively. Yuanza 6 was highly tolerant to compact planting. Therefore,in summer-planting appropriately increasing the planting density could effectively improve yield and perfect pod commodity.
Taking peanut variety Yuanza 6 as material and adopting a split plot experiment,this paper investigated the changes in multiple indexes of summer-planting peanuts under different planting densities and planting modes,including group flowering phenology,group pod pegs formation and pod formation,yield traits etc.,and discussed the effects of rational close planting on peanut group reproductive growth and yield. The results showed that comparing to planting density of 1.80×10~5 holes/hm~2,the first flowering of peanuts grown at 2.25×105 holes/hm2 planting density would delay 1 ～ 2 d. The number of nodes on the first pair of lateral branches within 10 cm from base decreased by10.29%; while,effective branching ratio increased by 8. 50%; full fruit ratio and kernel percentage increased by3.81% and 2.25%,respectively. The flowering time of peanuts grown in wide/narrow-row-spacing planting mode was2 ～ 3 d ahead than that of equal-row-spacing planted peanuts,and the full fruit ratio and kernel percentage increased3.03% and 1. 58%,respectively. Comparing to single-seed planting,double-seed planting increased the effective branching ratio,full fruit ratio and kernel percentage by 10. 60%,3. 70% and 1. 43%,respectively. Under thecondition of double-seed planting,wide/narrow-row-spacing planting mode with plant density of 2. 25 × 105 holes/hm~2,the peanuts had the highest amount of total group flowering( 1 873.31×104 flowers/hm~2). The numbers of group gynophores and groupfruit were also the most,reaching 1 365 × 10~4/hm~2 and 488 × 104/hm~2,respectively. Yuanza 6 was highly tolerant to compact planting. Therefore,in summer-planting appropriately increasing the planting density could effectively improve yield and perfect pod commodity.
引文
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[3]蒋春姬,梁烜赫,曹铁华,等.密植条件下高产花生品种的群体结构及生长特性比较[J].吉林农业大学学报,2010,32(3):237-241.Jiang C J, Liang X H, Cao T H, et al.. Comparison of population structure and growth characters of high-yield peanuts under dense planting[J]. J. Jilin Agric. Univ.,2010,32(3):237-241.
[4]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,等.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析[J].作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.Chen C Y,Hong Y H,Sun R,et al.. Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,2010,36(7):1153-1160.
[5]卢霖.乙矮合剂对不同密度夏玉米抗倒防衰的调控效应[D].北京:中国农业科学院,硕士学位论文,2015.Lu L. Effects of ethylene-chlormequat-potassium on the stem lodging-resistance and antisenescence of summer maize under different sowing densities[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Master Dissertation,2015.
[6]梁晓艳,郭峰,张佳蕾,等.单粒精播对花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3700-3706.Liang X Y,Guo F,Zhang J L,et al.. Effects of single seed sowing on canopy microenvironment, photosynthetic characteristics and pod yield of peanut(Arachis hypogaca)[J]. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,2015,26(12):3700-3706.
[7] Mc Intosh M E. Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus(Cactaceae)[J]. Plant Ecol.,2002,159(1):1-13.
[8]詹志红.花生高产栽培技术[M].北京:金盾出版社,2008.
[9]祝令晓.播期和密度对盆碱地花生生长发育、产量及品质的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,硕士学位论文,2015.Zhu L X. Effects of sowing date and planting density on growth,yield and quality in saline-alkali soil peanut[D]. Urumchi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2015.
[10]张永强,张娜,王圆,等.种植密度对夏大豆光合特性及产量构成的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(7):1386-1391.Zhang Y Q, Zhang N, Wang Y, et al.. Effects of plant population on photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of summer soybean[J]. J. Nucl. Agric. Sci.,2015,29(7):1386-1391.
[11]齐延芳,许方佐,周柱华,等.种植密度对玉米鲁原单22光合作用的影响[J].核农学报,2004,18(1):14-17.Qi Y F,Xu F Z,Zhou Z H,et al.. Effect of plant dens ityon phoyosynthesis capability of new maize hybrid Luyuandan 22[J]. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sin.,2004,18(1):14-17.
[12]耿广涛,宋桂成,董文庆,等.种植密度对不同叶位玉米叶片光合特性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(8):1589-1595.Geng G T,Song G C,Dong W Q,et al.. Effect of different plant density on leaves photosynthesis of maize(Zea mays L.)at different leaves position[J]. J. Nucl. Agric. Sci.,2015,29(8):1589-1595.
[13]李涛,姜闯道.密植对薄荷叶片光系统II功能的影响[J].植物生理学报,2017,53(7):1279-1286.Li T,Jiang C D. Effects of close planting on photosystem II functions in Mentha haplocalyx leaves[J]. Plant Physiol. J.,2017,53(7):1279-1286.
[14] Li T,Liu L N,Jiang C D,et al.. Effects of mutual shading on the regulation of photosynthesis in field-grown sorghum[J]. J.Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.,2014,137(8):31-38.
[15] Li T, Liu Y J, Shi L, et al.. Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in field-grown sorghum[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem.,2015,94:86-94.
[16]杨国虎,李新,王承莲,等.种植密度影响玉米产量及部分产量相关性状的研究[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(5):57-60,64.Yang G H,Li X,Wang C L,et al.. Study on effects of plant densities on the yield and the related characters of maize hybrids[J]. Acta Agric. Boreali-Occident. Sin.,2006,15(5):57-60,64.
[17]沈秀瑛,戴俊英,胡安畅,等.玉米群体冠层特征与光截获及产量关系的研究[J].作物学报,1993,19(3):246-252.Shen X Y,Dai J Y,Hu A C,et al.. Studies on relationship among character of canopy light interception and yield in maize populations(Zea Mays L.)[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,1993,19(3):246-252.
[18]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.Liu W,Zhang J W,Lv P,et al.. Effect of plant density on grain yield dry matter accumulation and partitioning in summer maize cultivar Denghai 661[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,2011,37(7):1301-1307.
[19]程增书,徐桂真,王延兵,等.播期和密度对花生产量和品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(7):190-193.Cheng Z S,Xu G Z,Wang Y B,et al.. Effect of sowing time and planting density on yield and quality in peanut[J]. Chin.Agric. Sci. Bull.,2006,22(7):190-193.
[20]汤丰收,张新友,张俊,等.高油、高产花生新品种豫花9326抗旱生理特性及生产适应性研究[J].花生学报,2014(3):7-12.Tang F S, Zhang X Y, Zhang J, et al.. Research on physiological characteristics of drought resistance and productive adaptability of new peanut variety Yuhua 9326 with high oil and high yield[J]. J. Peanut Sci.,2014(3):7-12.
[21]王媛媛,田北京,徐彩龙,等.新型化控剂Opera对密植夏玉米生长及子粒灌浆的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(2):74-78.Wang Y Y,Tian B J,Xu C L,et al.. Effects of spraying Opera on the growth and grain filling of summer maize at high density[J]. J. Maize Sci.,2017,25(2):74-78.
[2]王才斌,成波,郑亚萍,等.高产条件下不同种植方式和密度对花生产量、产量性状及冠层特征的影响[J].花生科技,1999(1):12-14.
[3]蒋春姬,梁烜赫,曹铁华,等.密植条件下高产花生品种的群体结构及生长特性比较[J].吉林农业大学学报,2010,32(3):237-241.Jiang C J, Liang X H, Cao T H, et al.. Comparison of population structure and growth characters of high-yield peanuts under dense planting[J]. J. Jilin Agric. Univ.,2010,32(3):237-241.
[4]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,等.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析[J].作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.Chen C Y,Hong Y H,Sun R,et al.. Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,2010,36(7):1153-1160.
[5]卢霖.乙矮合剂对不同密度夏玉米抗倒防衰的调控效应[D].北京:中国农业科学院,硕士学位论文,2015.Lu L. Effects of ethylene-chlormequat-potassium on the stem lodging-resistance and antisenescence of summer maize under different sowing densities[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Master Dissertation,2015.
[6]梁晓艳,郭峰,张佳蕾,等.单粒精播对花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3700-3706.Liang X Y,Guo F,Zhang J L,et al.. Effects of single seed sowing on canopy microenvironment, photosynthetic characteristics and pod yield of peanut(Arachis hypogaca)[J]. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,2015,26(12):3700-3706.
[7] Mc Intosh M E. Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus(Cactaceae)[J]. Plant Ecol.,2002,159(1):1-13.
[8]詹志红.花生高产栽培技术[M].北京:金盾出版社,2008.
[9]祝令晓.播期和密度对盆碱地花生生长发育、产量及品质的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,硕士学位论文,2015.Zhu L X. Effects of sowing date and planting density on growth,yield and quality in saline-alkali soil peanut[D]. Urumchi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,Master Dissertation,2015.
[10]张永强,张娜,王圆,等.种植密度对夏大豆光合特性及产量构成的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(7):1386-1391.Zhang Y Q, Zhang N, Wang Y, et al.. Effects of plant population on photosynthetic characteristics and yield components of summer soybean[J]. J. Nucl. Agric. Sci.,2015,29(7):1386-1391.
[11]齐延芳,许方佐,周柱华,等.种植密度对玉米鲁原单22光合作用的影响[J].核农学报,2004,18(1):14-17.Qi Y F,Xu F Z,Zhou Z H,et al.. Effect of plant dens ityon phoyosynthesis capability of new maize hybrid Luyuandan 22[J]. Acta Agric. Nucl. Sin.,2004,18(1):14-17.
[12]耿广涛,宋桂成,董文庆,等.种植密度对不同叶位玉米叶片光合特性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(8):1589-1595.Geng G T,Song G C,Dong W Q,et al.. Effect of different plant density on leaves photosynthesis of maize(Zea mays L.)at different leaves position[J]. J. Nucl. Agric. Sci.,2015,29(8):1589-1595.
[13]李涛,姜闯道.密植对薄荷叶片光系统II功能的影响[J].植物生理学报,2017,53(7):1279-1286.Li T,Jiang C D. Effects of close planting on photosystem II functions in Mentha haplocalyx leaves[J]. Plant Physiol. J.,2017,53(7):1279-1286.
[14] Li T,Liu L N,Jiang C D,et al.. Effects of mutual shading on the regulation of photosynthesis in field-grown sorghum[J]. J.Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.,2014,137(8):31-38.
[15] Li T, Liu Y J, Shi L, et al.. Systemic regulation of photosynthetic function in field-grown sorghum[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem.,2015,94:86-94.
[16]杨国虎,李新,王承莲,等.种植密度影响玉米产量及部分产量相关性状的研究[J].西北农业学报,2006,15(5):57-60,64.Yang G H,Li X,Wang C L,et al.. Study on effects of plant densities on the yield and the related characters of maize hybrids[J]. Acta Agric. Boreali-Occident. Sin.,2006,15(5):57-60,64.
[17]沈秀瑛,戴俊英,胡安畅,等.玉米群体冠层特征与光截获及产量关系的研究[J].作物学报,1993,19(3):246-252.Shen X Y,Dai J Y,Hu A C,et al.. Studies on relationship among character of canopy light interception and yield in maize populations(Zea Mays L.)[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,1993,19(3):246-252.
[18]刘伟,张吉旺,吕鹏,等.种植密度对高产夏玉米登海661产量及干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(7):1301-1307.Liu W,Zhang J W,Lv P,et al.. Effect of plant density on grain yield dry matter accumulation and partitioning in summer maize cultivar Denghai 661[J]. Acta Agron. Sin.,2011,37(7):1301-1307.
[19]程增书,徐桂真,王延兵,等.播期和密度对花生产量和品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(7):190-193.Cheng Z S,Xu G Z,Wang Y B,et al.. Effect of sowing time and planting density on yield and quality in peanut[J]. Chin.Agric. Sci. Bull.,2006,22(7):190-193.
[20]汤丰收,张新友,张俊,等.高油、高产花生新品种豫花9326抗旱生理特性及生产适应性研究[J].花生学报,2014(3):7-12.Tang F S, Zhang X Y, Zhang J, et al.. Research on physiological characteristics of drought resistance and productive adaptability of new peanut variety Yuhua 9326 with high oil and high yield[J]. J. Peanut Sci.,2014(3):7-12.
[21]王媛媛,田北京,徐彩龙,等.新型化控剂Opera对密植夏玉米生长及子粒灌浆的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(2):74-78.Wang Y Y,Tian B J,Xu C L,et al.. Effects of spraying Opera on the growth and grain filling of summer maize at high density[J]. J. Maize Sci.,2017,25(2):74-78.