玉米秸秆全量还田条件下氮肥运筹对晚稻产量和土壤化学及微生物特性的影响
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摘要
以桃优香占为材料,在前茬玉米秸秆全量还田条件下,研究了4种氮素运筹方式(NM1,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗粒肥分别为7∶3∶0;NM2,6∶3∶1;NM3,5∶3∶2;NM4,4∶3∶3)对晚稻产量及形成、土壤化学及生物特性的影响。结果表明,NM1处理产量最高,分别较NM2、NM3、NM4处理高2.6%、5.3%、5.6%,差异显著,其次为NM2处理。玉米秸秆全量还田配合氮素前移可以显著提高水稻单位面积有效穗数,显著降低每穗粒数和结实率,但对千粒重无显著影响。氮素运筹方式对土壤理化特性影响主要集中在秸秆还田后至分蘖期,且土壤碱解氮、有机质含量和脲酶活性随着基蘖肥比例的增加而增大。水稻土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌、固氮菌和硝化细菌量在前茬玉米收获后最高,且随着水稻生育时期的推进迅速降低。土壤细菌、放线菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌在分蘖期随基蘖肥比例的提高而增加,而在抽穗期大致随基蘖肥比例的提高而减少,成熟期各处理无显著差异;氮素运筹方式对土壤真菌、固氮菌在水稻各生育时期均无显著影响。玉米秸秆全量还田有利于提高后茬水稻生育前期土壤肥力和微生物活性,以基肥∶蘖肥∶穗粒肥分别为7∶3∶0的氮素运筹方式晚稻产量最高,土壤改良效果最好,实现了后茬水稻稳产甚至增产。
The effects of four nitrogen application modes(NM1, basal fertilizer: tillering fertilizer∶ear and panicle fertilizer were 7∶3∶0;NM2, 6∶3∶1; NM3, 5∶3∶2; NM4, 4∶3∶3)on yield of late rice and its formation, paddy soil chemical and biological characteristics were studied with Taoyouxiangzhan as material by field trail in 2017. The results showed that, NM1 treatment obtained the highest yield,and that was 2.6%, 5.3% and 5.6% significantly higher than treatments NM2, NM3 and NM4, respectively. Treatment NM2 had the second high yield. Advanced nitrogen application under the condition of the full amount of previous corn straw returning significantly increased the effective panicles per unit area and decreased the grains per spike and seed setting rate, but had no significantly effect on thousand grain weight. The effects of different nitrogen application modes on paddy soil physicochemical characteristics were concentrated on the corn straw after returning to tillering period. In this period, soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, organic matter content and urease activity increased with the increase of the proportion of basal and tillering fertilizer. The bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria biomass in paddy soil were the highest after corn harvest, and decreased rapidly with the growth of late rice. The bacteria, actinomycetes, ammoniated bacteria and nitrifying bacteria biomass in paddy soil significantly increased with the increase of the proportion of basal and tillering fertilizer, but roughly decreased in heading stage and had no significant difference between all treatments in maturity. Nitrogen application modes had no significantly effect on fungi and azotobacter biomass in paddy soil in any stages of rice. The full amount of previous corn straw returning was favorable for improving the soil fertility and microbial activity in early stage of rice. The highest yield and the best paddy soil improvement had obtained when the nitrogen application modes of basal fertilizer∶tillering fertilizer∶ear and panicle fertilizer was 7∶3∶0.
The effects of four nitrogen application modes(NM1, basal fertilizer: tillering fertilizer∶ear and panicle fertilizer were 7∶3∶0;NM2, 6∶3∶1; NM3, 5∶3∶2; NM4, 4∶3∶3)on yield of late rice and its formation, paddy soil chemical and biological characteristics were studied with Taoyouxiangzhan as material by field trail in 2017. The results showed that, NM1 treatment obtained the highest yield,and that was 2.6%, 5.3% and 5.6% significantly higher than treatments NM2, NM3 and NM4, respectively. Treatment NM2 had the second high yield. Advanced nitrogen application under the condition of the full amount of previous corn straw returning significantly increased the effective panicles per unit area and decreased the grains per spike and seed setting rate, but had no significantly effect on thousand grain weight. The effects of different nitrogen application modes on paddy soil physicochemical characteristics were concentrated on the corn straw after returning to tillering period. In this period, soil alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, organic matter content and urease activity increased with the increase of the proportion of basal and tillering fertilizer. The bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria biomass in paddy soil were the highest after corn harvest, and decreased rapidly with the growth of late rice. The bacteria, actinomycetes, ammoniated bacteria and nitrifying bacteria biomass in paddy soil significantly increased with the increase of the proportion of basal and tillering fertilizer, but roughly decreased in heading stage and had no significant difference between all treatments in maturity. Nitrogen application modes had no significantly effect on fungi and azotobacter biomass in paddy soil in any stages of rice. The full amount of previous corn straw returning was favorable for improving the soil fertility and microbial activity in early stage of rice. The highest yield and the best paddy soil improvement had obtained when the nitrogen application modes of basal fertilizer∶tillering fertilizer∶ear and panicle fertilizer was 7∶3∶0.
引文
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[17]蔡丽君,张敬涛,刘婧琦,等.玉米-大豆免耕轮作体系玉米秸秆还田量对土壤养分和大豆产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2015(5):107-110.
[18]宋朝玉,宫明波,高倩,等.长期玉米秸秆还田模式下氮肥用量对玉米生长发育及土壤养分的影响[J].山东农业科学,2017(10):55-59.
[19]闫慧荣,曹永昌,谢伟,等.玉米秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(7):177-184.
[20]李勇,曹红娣,储亚云,等.麦秆还田氮肥运筹对水稻产量及土壤氮素供应的影响[J].土壤,2010,42(4):569-573.
[21]韩明明.秸秆还田及氮肥运筹对土壤肥力及冬小麦氮素利用的调控[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[22]张进良.玉米秸秆还田对土壤中微生物群落的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(12):2 744-2 746.
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[24]张金涛.玉米秸秆直接还田对土壤中氮素生物有效性的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[25]李涛,葛晓颖,何春娥,等.苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆还田对氮矿化、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响[J].农业科学与技术:英文版,2016,17(8):1 869-1 874.
[2]武志杰,张海军,许广山,等.玉米秸秆还田培肥土壤的效果[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(5):539-542.
[3]孙国峰,陈留根,刘红江,等.连续翻耕秸秆粉碎还田土壤物理性状及水稻产量[J].中国稻米,2017,23(4):99-101.
[4]单麟栋.秸秆还田对水稻病虫害发生的影响[J].新农村:黑龙江,2017(33):45.
[5]刘晓霞,陶云彬,章日亮,等.秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤肥力的短期效应[J].浙江农业科学,2017,58(3):508-510.
[6]辛励,刘锦涛,刘树堂,等.长期定位条件下秸秆还田对土壤有机碳及腐殖质含量的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(1):218-223.
[7]叶青,曹国军,耿玉辉.长期施钾和秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2016,22(3):34-38.
[8]郝帅帅,顾道健,陶进,等.秸秆还田对稻田土壤和温室气体排放的影响[J].中国稻米,2016,22(5):6-9.
[9]安丰华,王志春,杨帆,等.秸秆还田研究进展[J].土壤与作物,2015,4(2):57-63.
[10]吴文革,张四海,赵决建,等.氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):757-764.
[11]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,翟晶,等.氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(1):23-29.
[12]李录久,王家嘉,吴萍萍,等.秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(1):254-262.
[13]李晓峰,程金秋,梁健,等.秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插粳稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2017,43(6):912-924.
[14]陈海飞,冯洋,徐芳森,等.秸秆还田下氮肥管理对中低产田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):517-524.
[15]高利伟,马林,张卫峰,等.中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(7):173-179.
[16]夏强,陈晶晶,王雅楠,等.秸秆还田对土壤脲酶活性.微生物量氮的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(10):4 345-4 349.
[17]蔡丽君,张敬涛,刘婧琦,等.玉米-大豆免耕轮作体系玉米秸秆还田量对土壤养分和大豆产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2015(5):107-110.
[18]宋朝玉,宫明波,高倩,等.长期玉米秸秆还田模式下氮肥用量对玉米生长发育及土壤养分的影响[J].山东农业科学,2017(10):55-59.
[19]闫慧荣,曹永昌,谢伟,等.玉米秸秆还田对土壤酶活性的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(7):177-184.
[20]李勇,曹红娣,储亚云,等.麦秆还田氮肥运筹对水稻产量及土壤氮素供应的影响[J].土壤,2010,42(4):569-573.
[21]韩明明.秸秆还田及氮肥运筹对土壤肥力及冬小麦氮素利用的调控[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.
[22]张进良.玉米秸秆还田对土壤中微生物群落的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(12):2 744-2 746.
[23]顾掌根,丁元树,王人民.玉米水稻轮作对土壤微生物区系的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,1991(6):30-32.
[24]张金涛.玉米秸秆直接还田对土壤中氮素生物有效性的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[25]李涛,葛晓颖,何春娥,等.苜蓿秸秆配施玉米秸秆还田对氮矿化、微生物生物量和酶活性的影响[J].农业科学与技术:英文版,2016,17(8):1 869-1 874.