大豆玉米持续轮作免耕对土壤养分及作物产量的影响
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摘要
为了解决免耕减产、秸秆焚烧污染环境、种植结构不合理等问题,试验通过设置免耕和传统垄作田间对比试验,研究了2013—2016年连续4年大豆玉米轮作免耕对土壤养分及作物产量的影响,研究结果可为免耕技术推广及黑龙江省农业持续发展提供理论参考和技术保障。试验结果表明:大豆玉米持续轮作免耕条件下0～7.5、7.5～15、15～22.5、22.5～30 cm土壤养分指标全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均高于垄作处理,且耕作对全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量影响显著;耕作对土壤容重影响显著,免耕处理各层土壤容重高于垄作处理,免耕处理15～22.5 cm与22.5～30 cm土层之间容重差异不显著,而垄作处理各层土壤容重差异显著;与垄作相比,2013年和2015年免耕大豆增产率分别为16.37%和25.33%,2014年和2016年免耕玉米产量增产率分别为0.88%和9.50%。大豆玉米轮作免耕较垄作平均节约成本640元/hm~2,平均增收2220元/hm~2。
The objective of this study is to solve the problems such as yield loss of no-till, environmental pollution of straw burning and unreasonable plantation structure. A field experiment with two types of tillage[conventional tillage(CT) and no-till(NT)] from 2013 to 2016 was conducted to evaluate the effects of continuous rotation and no-till of corn-soybean on soil nutrients and crop yield. The results indicated that soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium,organic matter at 0-7.5, 7.5-15, 15-22.5, and 22.5-30 cm depth of NT were higher than that of CT. Tillage had significant effect on soil nutrient except total potassium. Tillage had significant impacts on soil bulk density. Soil bulk density was higher at each soil layer under no-till than that of conventional tillage. The difference of soil bulk density between 15-22.5 cm and 22.5-30 cm under no-till was not significant, while the difference among different layers under conventional tillage was significant. Soybean yield under no-till increased by 16.37% and 25.33% compared with that of conventional tillage in 2013 and 2015, respectively.Corn yield under no-till increased by 0.88% and 9.50% compared with that of conventional tillage in 2014 and2016, respectively. Soybean-corn rotation and noincome of 2220 yuan/hm~2 compared with conventional tillage.
The objective of this study is to solve the problems such as yield loss of no-till, environmental pollution of straw burning and unreasonable plantation structure. A field experiment with two types of tillage[conventional tillage(CT) and no-till(NT)] from 2013 to 2016 was conducted to evaluate the effects of continuous rotation and no-till of corn-soybean on soil nutrients and crop yield. The results indicated that soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium,organic matter at 0-7.5, 7.5-15, 15-22.5, and 22.5-30 cm depth of NT were higher than that of CT. Tillage had significant effect on soil nutrient except total potassium. Tillage had significant impacts on soil bulk density. Soil bulk density was higher at each soil layer under no-till than that of conventional tillage. The difference of soil bulk density between 15-22.5 cm and 22.5-30 cm under no-till was not significant, while the difference among different layers under conventional tillage was significant. Soybean yield under no-till increased by 16.37% and 25.33% compared with that of conventional tillage in 2013 and 2015, respectively.Corn yield under no-till increased by 0.88% and 9.50% compared with that of conventional tillage in 2014 and2016, respectively. Soybean-corn rotation and noincome of 2220 yuan/hm~2 compared with conventional tillage.
引文
[1] Dick W A. Organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorusconcentrations and pH in soil profiles as affected by tillage intensity[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47:102-107.
[2] Carmen A M, Aitkenhead-Peterson J A, Gentry T J, Zuberer D,Hons F, Loeppert R. Soil microbial community, C, N, and Presponses to long-term tillage and crop rotation[J].Soil and TillageResearch,2010,106:285-293.
[3] Hendrix P F, Parmelee R W, Crossley D A, Coleman D C. Detritusfood webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems[J].BioScience,1986,36:374-380.
[4] Hernanz J L, Sanchez-Giron V, Navarrete L. Soil carbonsequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop rotationwith three tillage systems in semi-arid conditions[J].AgricultureEcosystems&Environment,2009,113:114-122.
[5] Franzluebbers A J, Hons F M, Zuberer D A. Long-term changes insoil carbon and nitrogen pools in wheat management systems[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:1639-1645.
[6] Jacobs A, Rauber R, Ludwig B. Impact of reduced tillage on carbonand nitrogen storage of two Hapic Luvisols after 40 years[J].Soiland Tillage Researh, 2009,102:158-164.
[7]李定强,卓幕宁.免耕农业制度[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[8]盖志佳,刘婧琦,刘爱群.大豆保护性耕作技术研究进展[J].作物杂志,2013(6):4-8.
[9]刘世平.长期少免耕土壤供肥特征及水稻吸肥规律的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1995,16(2):77-80.
[10]黄丽芬.长期少免耕对稻麦产量与土壤肥力的影响[J].扬州大学学报,1999(11):48-52.
[11]康红,朱保安,洪利辉.免耕覆盖对旱地土壤肥力和小麦产量的影响[J].陕西农业科学,2001(9):1-3.
[12]贾树龙,孟春香,任图生.耕作及残茬管理对作物产量及土壤性状的影响[J].河北农业科学,2004,8(4):37-42.
[13]陈素英,张喜英,胡春胜.秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长过程及水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):55-58.
[14]张志国,徐琪.长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤学报,1998(3):384-391.
[15]丁玉川,王树楼,王笳.免耕整秸秆半覆盖对旱地玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,1994,2(2):28-31.
[16] Kapusta G, Krausz R F, Matthews J L. Corn yield is equal inconventional, reduced,and no tillage after 20 years[J].AgronomyJournal,1996,88(5):812-817.
[17] Ike L F. Soil and crop response to different tillage practices in aferruginous soil in the Nigeria Savanna[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1986,6:261-272.
[18] Karlen D L. Conservation tillage research needs[J].Journal of Soiland Water Conservation,1990(5):365-369.
[19]盖志佳,赵文军,刘婧琦,等.美国俄亥俄州保护性耕作体系情况与黑龙江省农业持续发展建议[J].黑龙江农业科学,2017(8):125-129.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[21]韩思明,杨春峰,史俊通.旱地残茬覆盖耕作法的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,1988,6(3):l-12.
[22] Lin J, Liu Y F, Li B F. Effect of ridge-till and no-till mulchingmodes in Northeast China on soil physicochemical properties.[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):58-64.
[23] Chen Y, Liu S, Li H. Effects of conservation tillage on corn andsoybean yield in the humid continental climate region of NortheastChina[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,115(5):56-61.
[24]郭新荣.土壤深松技术的应用研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,25(1):74-77.
[2] Carmen A M, Aitkenhead-Peterson J A, Gentry T J, Zuberer D,Hons F, Loeppert R. Soil microbial community, C, N, and Presponses to long-term tillage and crop rotation[J].Soil and TillageResearch,2010,106:285-293.
[3] Hendrix P F, Parmelee R W, Crossley D A, Coleman D C. Detritusfood webs in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems[J].BioScience,1986,36:374-380.
[4] Hernanz J L, Sanchez-Giron V, Navarrete L. Soil carbonsequestration and stratification in a cereal/leguminous crop rotationwith three tillage systems in semi-arid conditions[J].AgricultureEcosystems&Environment,2009,113:114-122.
[5] Franzluebbers A J, Hons F M, Zuberer D A. Long-term changes insoil carbon and nitrogen pools in wheat management systems[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:1639-1645.
[6] Jacobs A, Rauber R, Ludwig B. Impact of reduced tillage on carbonand nitrogen storage of two Hapic Luvisols after 40 years[J].Soiland Tillage Researh, 2009,102:158-164.
[7]李定强,卓幕宁.免耕农业制度[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[8]盖志佳,刘婧琦,刘爱群.大豆保护性耕作技术研究进展[J].作物杂志,2013(6):4-8.
[9]刘世平.长期少免耕土壤供肥特征及水稻吸肥规律的研究[J].江苏农学院学报,1995,16(2):77-80.
[10]黄丽芬.长期少免耕对稻麦产量与土壤肥力的影响[J].扬州大学学报,1999(11):48-52.
[11]康红,朱保安,洪利辉.免耕覆盖对旱地土壤肥力和小麦产量的影响[J].陕西农业科学,2001(9):1-3.
[12]贾树龙,孟春香,任图生.耕作及残茬管理对作物产量及土壤性状的影响[J].河北农业科学,2004,8(4):37-42.
[13]陈素英,张喜英,胡春胜.秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长过程及水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):55-58.
[14]张志国,徐琪.长期秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].土壤学报,1998(3):384-391.
[15]丁玉川,王树楼,王笳.免耕整秸秆半覆盖对旱地玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,1994,2(2):28-31.
[16] Kapusta G, Krausz R F, Matthews J L. Corn yield is equal inconventional, reduced,and no tillage after 20 years[J].AgronomyJournal,1996,88(5):812-817.
[17] Ike L F. Soil and crop response to different tillage practices in aferruginous soil in the Nigeria Savanna[J].Soil and Tillage Research,1986,6:261-272.
[18] Karlen D L. Conservation tillage research needs[J].Journal of Soiland Water Conservation,1990(5):365-369.
[19]盖志佳,赵文军,刘婧琦,等.美国俄亥俄州保护性耕作体系情况与黑龙江省农业持续发展建议[J].黑龙江农业科学,2017(8):125-129.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[21]韩思明,杨春峰,史俊通.旱地残茬覆盖耕作法的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,1988,6(3):l-12.
[22] Lin J, Liu Y F, Li B F. Effect of ridge-till and no-till mulchingmodes in Northeast China on soil physicochemical properties.[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):58-64.
[23] Chen Y, Liu S, Li H. Effects of conservation tillage on corn andsoybean yield in the humid continental climate region of NortheastChina[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2011,115(5):56-61.
[24]郭新荣.土壤深松技术的应用研究[J].山西农业大学学报:自然科学版,2005,25(1):74-77.