施氮量对不同茬口冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响
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摘要
为探明不同茬口及施氮量对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以"豫农211"为材料,采用二因素裂区设计。主因素为玉米单作(SM)、玉米大豆间作(MS)、大豆单作(SS) 3个茬口,副因素为N0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N180(180 kg·hm~(-2))、N240(240 kg·hm~(-2))、N300(300kg·hm~(-2)) 4个施氮量。结果表明:不同施氮水平下,与玉米单作相比,玉米大豆间作和大豆单作茬口冬小麦产量增幅分别为4.74%～10.01%、5.12%～17.05%,且均显著增加;茬口对小麦穗数及穗粒数均有显著影响,对千粒重影响不显著,与玉米单作相比,大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口穗数增幅分别为10%～15%、4%～19%,穗粒数增幅分别为2%～21%、4%～20%;施氮量对小麦穗数及千粒重有显著影响,对穗粒数影响不显著;不同茬口与施氮量的交互作用对穗粒数和千粒重差异均达显著水平;同一施氮处理下,茬口处理间氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力均表现为大豆单作>玉米大豆间作>玉米单作,且在N180和N240水平下均达显著水平;结合施氮量与产量拟合曲线,相比玉米单作茬口,大豆单作及玉米大豆间作在保证冬小麦产量的同时降低了氮肥的投入,在生产实践中对不同茬口下小麦施氮量具有指导意义;玉米单作茬口,冬小麦最佳经济产量施氮量和最高产量施氮量分别为243和262 kg·hm~(-2);大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口,最佳经济产量施氮量分别为196和210 kg·hm~(-2),最高产量施氮量分别为205和222 kg·hm~(-2)。
To explore the response of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat to different former crops and nitrogen application levels,a split plot experiment with wheat ‘YN211'was conducted. Factors in the main plots were three former crops,including sole maize( SM),maize intercropped with soybean( MS),and sole soybean( SS). In the subplots,there were four nitrogen levels,N0( 0 kg · hm~(-2)),N180( 180 kg·hm~(-2)),N240( 240 kg·hm~(-2)),and N300( 300 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that compared with SM,winter wheat yield significantly increased by 4.74%-10. 01% and 5. 12%-17. 05% in MS and SS respectively under different nitrogen levels. Former crops had significant effects on spike number and kernel number per spike,but had no effect on 1000-kernel weight. Compared with SM,winter wheat spike number increased by 10%-15% and 4%-19%,and kernel number per spike increased by 2%-21% and4%-20% in SS and MS,respectively. Nitrogen application had a remarkable effect on spike number and 1000-kernel weight,but had no effect on kernel number per spike. Former crops and nitrogen application interacted to affect grain number per spike and 1000-kernel weight. Under same nitrogen application levels,the agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity( PFP)of nitrogen fertilizer was the highest in SS,followed by MS and SM,which were significant at the nitrogen levels of N180 and N240. Based on the equation of N application level against yield,the yield of winter wheat was stable in SS and MS when the N application level was reduced,which has practical implications for guiding fertilization in wheat production under different former crops. The nitrogen application levels of optimum economic yield and maximum yield in winter wheat were 243 and 262 kg·hm~(-2) under SM,respectively. In SS and MS,the nitrogen application levels of optimum economic yield were 196 and 210 kg·hm~(-2),and those of maximum yield were 205 and 222 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.
To explore the response of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat to different former crops and nitrogen application levels,a split plot experiment with wheat ‘YN211'was conducted. Factors in the main plots were three former crops,including sole maize( SM),maize intercropped with soybean( MS),and sole soybean( SS). In the subplots,there were four nitrogen levels,N0( 0 kg · hm~(-2)),N180( 180 kg·hm~(-2)),N240( 240 kg·hm~(-2)),and N300( 300 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that compared with SM,winter wheat yield significantly increased by 4.74%-10. 01% and 5. 12%-17. 05% in MS and SS respectively under different nitrogen levels. Former crops had significant effects on spike number and kernel number per spike,but had no effect on 1000-kernel weight. Compared with SM,winter wheat spike number increased by 10%-15% and 4%-19%,and kernel number per spike increased by 2%-21% and4%-20% in SS and MS,respectively. Nitrogen application had a remarkable effect on spike number and 1000-kernel weight,but had no effect on kernel number per spike. Former crops and nitrogen application interacted to affect grain number per spike and 1000-kernel weight. Under same nitrogen application levels,the agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity( PFP)of nitrogen fertilizer was the highest in SS,followed by MS and SM,which were significant at the nitrogen levels of N180 and N240. Based on the equation of N application level against yield,the yield of winter wheat was stable in SS and MS when the N application level was reduced,which has practical implications for guiding fertilization in wheat production under different former crops. The nitrogen application levels of optimum economic yield and maximum yield in winter wheat were 243 and 262 kg·hm~(-2) under SM,respectively. In SS and MS,the nitrogen application levels of optimum economic yield were 196 and 210 kg·hm~(-2),and those of maximum yield were 205 and 222 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.
引文
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宋亚娜,Marschner Petra,张福锁,等.2006.小麦/蚕豆,玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响.生态学报,26(7):2268-2274.
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杨宁,赵护兵,王朝辉,等.2012.豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系.生态学报,32(15):4827-4835.
雍太文,陈平,刘小明,等.2018.减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用的影响.作物学报,44(10):1485-1495.
曾昭海,褚庆全,赵晓萌,等.2005.我国大豆产业发展趋势与对策.中国农业科技导报,7(6):43-48.
曾昭海.2018.豆科作物与禾本科作物轮作研究进展及前景.中国生态农业学报,26(1):57-61.
张婧,张仁陟,张军,等.2015.黄土高原长期保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,50(2):32-39+52.
张亦涛,任天志,刘宏斌,等.2015.玉米大豆间作降低小麦玉米轮作体系土壤氮残留的效应与机制.中国农业科学,48(13):2580-2590.
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赵丹丹,杨贝贝,龚璞,等.2017.外源丙酸对干旱胁迫下小麦氮代谢和产量的影响.麦类作物学报,37(8):1120-1128.
周东兴,李磊,李晶,等.2018.玉米/大豆轮作下不同施肥处理对土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响.生态学杂志,37(6):1856-1864.
Badaruddin M,Meyer DW.1990.Grain legume effect on soil nitrogen,grain yield,and nitrogen nutrition of wheat.Crop Science,34:1304-1309.
Voisin AS,Guéguen J,Huyghe C,et al.2013.Legumes for feed,food,biomaterials and bioenergy in Europe:Areview.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,34:361-380.
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白伟,张立祯,逄焕成,等.2018.秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米水氮利用效率的影响.华北农学报,33(2):224-231.
鲍士旦.2000.土壤农化分析(第3版).北京:中国农业出版社.
蔡艳,郝明德.2015.轮作模式与周期对黄土高原旱地小麦产量、养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,21(4):864-872.
柴强,殷文.2017.间作系统的水分竞争互补机理.生态学杂志,36(1):233-239.
车荣晓,邓永翠,吴伊波,等.2017.生物固氮与有效氮的关系:从分子到群落.生态学杂志,36(1):224-232.
崔欢虎,靖华,王裕智,等.2008.茬口和施氮水平对小麦品质性状及其变异系数的影响.中国生态农业学报,16(5):1090-1094.
陈远学,陈晓辉,唐义琴,等.2014.不同氮用量下小麦/玉米/大豆周年体系的干物质积累和产量变化.草业学报,23(1):73-83.
戴健,王朝辉,李强,等.2013.氮肥用量对旱地冬小麦产量及夏闲期土壤硝态氮变化的影响.土壤学报,50(5):956-965.
杜聪阳,杨习文,王勇,等.2017.不同耕作方式及施氮水平对砂姜黑土物理性状、微生物学特性及小麦产量的影响.河南农业科学,46(8):13-21.
苟志文,胡发龙,赵财,等.2018.氮肥后移满足绿洲灌区全膜覆盖玉米的氮素需求.植物营养与肥料学报,24(4):888-895.
郭金梁,周月凤.2013.不同作物的茬口特性与轮作.现代化农业,35(2):27-28.
黄玉芳,叶优良,杨素勤.2009.双波长分光光度法测定土壤硝态氮的可行性研究.中国农学通报,25(2):43-45.
隽英华,汪仁,孙文涛,等.2012.春玉米产量、氮素利用及矿质氮平衡对施氮的响应.土壤学报,49(3):544-551.
李飞,郭利双,李景龙,等.2018.施氮水平对油棉连作棉花氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响.华北农学报,33(3):196-202.
李筠,戴廷波,曹卫星,等.2008.氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.麦类作物学报,28(1):91-96.
李玉英,孙建好,余常兵,等.2009.施氮量和蚕豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,15(4):815-823.
刘宇娟,谢迎新,董成,等.2018.秸秆生物炭对潮土区小麦产量及土壤理化性质的影响.华北农学报,33(3):232-238.
吕瑞珍,黄明,熊瑛,等.2015.豆麦轮作下耕作方式对土壤理化性状及酶活性的影响.江苏农业科学,43(1):100-103.
麻坤,刁钢.2018.化肥对中国粮食产量变化贡献率的研究.植物营养与肥料学报,24(4):1113-1120.
马洪斌,李晓欣,胡春胜.2012.中国地下水硝态氮污染现状研究.土壤通报,43(6):1532-1536.
乔占西,杨改红,许素梅.2003.用多项式回归方法确定最佳施氮量.许昌学院学报,22(5):18-20.
宋亚娜,Marschner Petra,张福锁,等.2006.小麦/蚕豆,玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响.生态学报,26(7):2268-2274.
孙华尊,李友军,黄明,等.2015.豆麦轮作模式下保护性耕作对冬小麦田杂草群落的影响.江苏农业科学,43(1):155-157.
王宜伦,刘天学,赵鹏,等.2013.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响.中国农业科学,46(12):2483-2491.
王安邦,顾正中,周羊梅.2011.不同水稻茬口及密度、不同氮肥用量及运筹对“淮麦28号”产量和品质的影响.上海农业科技,41(2):48,61.
王志国,刘培,邵宇婷,等.2018.减量施氮与间作大豆对华南地区甜玉米农田氮平衡的影响.中国生态农业学报,26(11):1643-1652.
王祖力,肖海峰.2008.化肥施用对粮食产量增长的作用分析.农业经济问题,29(8):65-68.
肖焱波,郭涛,魏朝富,等.2008.不同轮作方式下蚕豆节约氮对玉米产量的影响.中国农学通报,24(6):186-189.
谢军飞.2003.北京麦豆轮作生态系统N2O排放、CH4吸收观测与模拟研究(硕士学位论文).北京:中国农业科学院.
杨宁,赵护兵,王朝辉,等.2012.豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系.生态学报,32(15):4827-4835.
雍太文,陈平,刘小明,等.2018.减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用的影响.作物学报,44(10):1485-1495.
曾昭海,褚庆全,赵晓萌,等.2005.我国大豆产业发展趋势与对策.中国农业科技导报,7(6):43-48.
曾昭海.2018.豆科作物与禾本科作物轮作研究进展及前景.中国生态农业学报,26(1):57-61.
张婧,张仁陟,张军,等.2015.黄土高原长期保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,50(2):32-39+52.
张亦涛,任天志,刘宏斌,等.2015.玉米大豆间作降低小麦玉米轮作体系土壤氮残留的效应与机制.中国农业科学,48(13):2580-2590.
张玉先,王孟雪.2009.麦-玉-豆轮作制度下施肥措施对土壤养分的影响.中国油料作物学报,31(3):339-343.
赵丹丹,杨贝贝,龚璞,等.2017.外源丙酸对干旱胁迫下小麦氮代谢和产量的影响.麦类作物学报,37(8):1120-1128.
周东兴,李磊,李晶,等.2018.玉米/大豆轮作下不同施肥处理对土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响.生态学杂志,37(6):1856-1864.
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