棉秆挤压剥皮剪切力学特性试验
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摘要
针对棉秆重组材原料疏解剥皮的需要,该文利用自制的棉秆剥皮试验台,以测试剥皮剪切强度为目标,对含水率、取样部位、加载强度3个影响因素进行了中心组合试验,对皮附着长度进行了单因素试验,并将泡水软化棉秆和新鲜棉秆进行了比较。结果表明:取样部位、加载强度对轴向与切向剥皮剪切强度影响显著(P<0.01);含水率对轴向和切向剥皮剪切强度的影响不显著(P>0.05),三因素间的交互作用均不显著(P>0.05);加载强度、取样部位、含水率对棉秆剥皮剪切强度的影响依次由强到弱;切向剥皮方式优于轴向剥皮方式;新鲜棉秆的剥皮剪切强度较小,收获后及时剥皮效果好。该研究可为棉秆疏解剥皮装备的设计提供参考。
Cotton stalks have a high lignified degree. The fiber configurations and physical-mechanical properties of cotton stalks are closest to wood, and it is an ideal substitute for wood. Cotton stalk scrimber is a new artificial material, and it is a new way of cotton stalk material utilization. Defibering and peeling are important processes for preparation of cotton stalk scrimber. For a long time, cotton stalk peeling is used by manual separation of phloem and xylem, this method is inefficient and becomes a bottleneck restricting the development of cotton stalk material industry. In order to study defibering and peeling method and equipment of cotton stalk scrimber material, peeling force test was done using homemade test-bed. The test-bed is composed of traction mechanism, framework and peeling force detecting device, and it can press vertically and peel horizontally cotton samples. The length of harvested cotton stalks was from 100 to 130 cm, chosen cotton stalks with no pests whose stem was straight, and root diameter was between 13 and 14.99 mm as the test materials. The total length of the sample was 35 mm. Some phloem was retained to form the test area. The axial is in the stalk length direction, and the tangential is in the perpendicular direction of stalk length. The cotton stalk samples were fixed on the rack in the axial and tangential direction. The direction of loading disk and skin parts was lined up properly. Load weight in the end of the loading disk. Apply positive pressure on the skin part of the sample. Then the traction mechanism was started, the clamp moved in the frame of the table at the speed of 1 mm per minutes. Force sensor installed on the dead plate and loading disk was connected by a wire rope. The xylem of cotton stalk samples was subjected to traction, and phloem to peeling force in the horizontal direction. The two forces were the same size and the opposite directions, thus shearing action was brought in the bonding interface between xylem and phloem. The wire rope was tensioned gradually in the experiment, thus the peeling force was steadily increasing until phloem peeling off the sample, and then the peeling force plunged. The force sensor recorded the changes of peeling force from the beginning of the experiment to the separation of the phloem and xylem. Peeling shear strength was the ratio of maximum peeling force recorded by force sensor to cotton stalk sample peeling area. In order to test the peeling shear strength, center combination experiment was done on the three factors: Water content, sampling position and loading strength. Single factor experiment was made on skin attachment length. And the water softening cotton stalk and fresh cotton stalk were compared. The results showed that the sampling location and the loading strength had significant influence(P<0.01) on axial and tangential peeling shear strength. The effect of water content on axial and tangential peeling shear strength was not significant(P>0.05). Improving the moisture content can reduce peeling difficulty, but the effect is limited. The interaction between the three factors was not marked(P>0.05). Loading strength, sampling location and water content have a strong to weak influence on peeling shear strength. Tangential peeling was more highly active and lower consume than axial peeling,and it was a more reasonable operation mode. The axial peeling shear strength of fresh cotton stalk is greater than the tangential strength, this feature is consistent with the water softening cotton stalk, fresh stalks are easy to peel compared with the water softening ones, and the effectiveness of peering was high for a timely peeling after harvest. Our research offers a reference for the design of the equipment for defibering and peeling of cotton stalk.
Cotton stalks have a high lignified degree. The fiber configurations and physical-mechanical properties of cotton stalks are closest to wood, and it is an ideal substitute for wood. Cotton stalk scrimber is a new artificial material, and it is a new way of cotton stalk material utilization. Defibering and peeling are important processes for preparation of cotton stalk scrimber. For a long time, cotton stalk peeling is used by manual separation of phloem and xylem, this method is inefficient and becomes a bottleneck restricting the development of cotton stalk material industry. In order to study defibering and peeling method and equipment of cotton stalk scrimber material, peeling force test was done using homemade test-bed. The test-bed is composed of traction mechanism, framework and peeling force detecting device, and it can press vertically and peel horizontally cotton samples. The length of harvested cotton stalks was from 100 to 130 cm, chosen cotton stalks with no pests whose stem was straight, and root diameter was between 13 and 14.99 mm as the test materials. The total length of the sample was 35 mm. Some phloem was retained to form the test area. The axial is in the stalk length direction, and the tangential is in the perpendicular direction of stalk length. The cotton stalk samples were fixed on the rack in the axial and tangential direction. The direction of loading disk and skin parts was lined up properly. Load weight in the end of the loading disk. Apply positive pressure on the skin part of the sample. Then the traction mechanism was started, the clamp moved in the frame of the table at the speed of 1 mm per minutes. Force sensor installed on the dead plate and loading disk was connected by a wire rope. The xylem of cotton stalk samples was subjected to traction, and phloem to peeling force in the horizontal direction. The two forces were the same size and the opposite directions, thus shearing action was brought in the bonding interface between xylem and phloem. The wire rope was tensioned gradually in the experiment, thus the peeling force was steadily increasing until phloem peeling off the sample, and then the peeling force plunged. The force sensor recorded the changes of peeling force from the beginning of the experiment to the separation of the phloem and xylem. Peeling shear strength was the ratio of maximum peeling force recorded by force sensor to cotton stalk sample peeling area. In order to test the peeling shear strength, center combination experiment was done on the three factors: Water content, sampling position and loading strength. Single factor experiment was made on skin attachment length. And the water softening cotton stalk and fresh cotton stalk were compared. The results showed that the sampling location and the loading strength had significant influence(P<0.01) on axial and tangential peeling shear strength. The effect of water content on axial and tangential peeling shear strength was not significant(P>0.05). Improving the moisture content can reduce peeling difficulty, but the effect is limited. The interaction between the three factors was not marked(P>0.05). Loading strength, sampling location and water content have a strong to weak influence on peeling shear strength. Tangential peeling was more highly active and lower consume than axial peeling,and it was a more reasonable operation mode. The axial peeling shear strength of fresh cotton stalk is greater than the tangential strength, this feature is consistent with the water softening cotton stalk, fresh stalks are easy to peel compared with the water softening ones, and the effectiveness of peering was high for a timely peeling after harvest. Our research offers a reference for the design of the equipment for defibering and peeling of cotton stalk.
引文
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[3]王立柱,王正顺,孙京丹,等.棉秆破碎机的设计与研究现状[J].湖南造纸,2010(4):9-12.Wang Lizhu,Wang Zhengshun,Sun Jingdan,et al.Design and research summary on cotton stalk breakers[J].Hunan Papermaking,2010(4):9-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]宋孝周,郭康权.棉秆特性及其重组板材的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2007,35(11):106-110.Song Xiaozhou,Guo Kangquan.Research on characteristic of cotton-stalk and its scrimber[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2007,35(11):106-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]宋孝周,陈达,郭康权,等.农作物秸秆重组材工艺分析与研究展望[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(5):229-234.Song Xiaozhou,Chen Da,Guo Kangquan,et al.Technical analysis and prospect of crop straw scrimber[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Natural Science Edition,2008,36(5):229-234.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]宋孝周,白鹭,肖建平,等.棉秆重组方材的机械加工性能[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(24):332-338.Song Xiaozhou,Bai Lu,Xiao Jianping,et al.Machining properties of reconstituted square lumber made from cotton stalk[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(24):332-338.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]宋占华,肖静,张世福,等.曲柄连杆式棉秆切割试验台设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(增刊1):162-167.Song Zhanhua,Xiao Jing,Zhang Shifu,et al.Design and experiment on crank-connecting rod cotton stalk cutting test bench[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(Supp.1):162-167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]李景彬,葛云,朱江丽,等.棉秆切割性能的试验研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2011,46(1):136-139.Li Jingbin,Ge Yun,Zhu Jiangli,et al.Experimental study on cotton stalk cutting harvester[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2011,46(1):136-139.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]丁龙朋,陈永成,葛云,等.棉秆剪切力学特性的研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(2):116-118.Ding Longpeng,Chen Yongcheng,Ge Yun,et al.Research on the shear mechanical properties cotton stalks[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(2):116-118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]李玉道,杜现军,宋占华,等.棉花秸秆剪切力学性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):124-128.Li Yudao,Du Xianjun,Song Zhanhua,et al.Test of shear mechanical properties of cotton stalks[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):124-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]杜现军,李玉道,颜世涛,等.棉秆力学性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(4):87-91.Du Xianjun,Li Yudao,Yan Shitao,et al.Mechanics characteristics of cotton stalks[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(4):87-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]陈明江,王振伟,曲浩丽,等.棉秆弯曲和拉伸力学特性试验[J].中国农机化学报,2015,36(5):29-32.Chen Mingjiang,Wang Zhenwei,Qu Haoli,et al.Bending and tensile properties tests of the cotton-stalk[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2015,36(5):29-32.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Jha S K,Singh A,Kumar A.Physical characteristics of compressed cotton stalks[J].Biosystems Engineering,2008,99(2):205-210.
[14]苏工兵,郭翔翔,张露,等.基于内聚力模型苎麻茎秆界面分离试验与模拟[J].湖北农业科学,2014,53(12):2902-2905.Su Gongbing,Guo Xiangxiang,Zhang Lu,et al.Experiment and simulation of the separation of ramie stem interface in cohesive model[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2014,53(12):2902-2905.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]邹舒畅,苏工兵,邵运果.基于离散元法的苎麻茎秆分离装置仿真优化与试验[J].中国农机化学报,2017,38(1):60-67.Zou Shuchang,Su Gongbing,Shao Yunguo.Simulation optimization and experiment of separation device for ramie stalks based on discrete element method[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2017,38(1):60-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]吕江南,龙超海,马兰,等.大麻鲜茎剥皮机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):298-307.LüJiangnan,Long Chaohai,Ma Lan,et al.Design and experiment on decorticator of hemp fresh stem[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(14):298-307.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]龙超海,吕江南,马兰,等.4HB-480型黄、红麻剥皮机的研究与试验示范[J].中国麻业科学,2013,35(2):96-101.Long Chaohai,LüJiangnan,Ma Lan,et al.Research and demonstration test on jute/kenaf peeling machine 4HB-480[J].Plant Fiber Sciences in China,2013,35(2):96-101.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]谭露露,王春耀,李彦峰,等.棉秸秆力学性能测试试验研究[J].新疆农业科学,2013,50(8):1513-1518.Tan Lulu,Wang Chunyao,Li Yanfeng,et al.Study on the testing experiment of mechanical property of cotton straws[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,50(8):1513-1518.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.木材含水率测定方法:GB/T 1931-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
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