大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡育成后期(10～17周龄)饲粮中适宜代谢能和蛋白质水平的研究
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摘要
本试验旨在研究育成后期(10～17周龄)饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平对大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡生长性能、器官指数、小肠发育以及产蛋高峰期生产性能和蛋品质的影响;通过建立饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平与所检测指标之间的回归模型,得到育成后期大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡饲粮中适宜的代谢能和蛋白质水平。本研究共包括2个试验。试验1:随机选取810只64日龄蛋鸡,将其随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只。采用3[代谢能水平:11.77(高)、11.27(中)、10.77 MJ/kg(低)]×3[蛋白质水平:16.50%(高)、15.50%(中)、14.50%(低)]试验设计,共配制9种试验饲粮,分别饲喂上述9组试验鸡,试验期8周(10～17周龄)。试验2:试验鸡的分组情况保持不变,所有试验鸡饲喂同一饲粮(代谢能水平:10.91 MJ/kg;蛋白质水平:15.98%),试验期14周(18～31周龄)。试验1结果显示:1)饲粮代谢能水平对蛋鸡平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和胫骨长有显著影响(P<0.05);饲粮蛋白质水平对蛋鸡ADFI和胫骨长有显著影响(P <0.05);饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平的互作效应对蛋鸡ADFI、平均日增重(ADG)和F/G均有显著影响(P<0.05)。2)饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平及二者的互作效应对蛋鸡各器官指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)饲粮代谢能水平对蛋鸡空肠、十二指肠、小肠长度有显著影响(P<0.05);饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平的互作效应对蛋鸡空肠和小肠长度有显著影响(P<0.05)。试验2结果显示:1)育成后期饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期生产性能均没有显著影响(P>0.05),随着育成后期饲粮代谢能水平的升高,蛋鸡产蛋高峰期ADFI呈下降趋势;育成后期饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平的互作效应对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期ADFI、平均日产蛋量、料蛋比(F/E)有显著影响(P<0.05)。2)育成后期蛋鸡饲粮代谢能水平对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期蛋黄颜色和蛋形指数有显著影响(P<0.05);育成后期蛋鸡饲粮蛋白质水平对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期蛋黄颜色有显著影响(P<0.05);育成后期饲粮代谢能和蛋白质水平的互作效应对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期蛋壳厚度和蛋形指数有显著影响(P<0.05)。通过对育成后期ADFI、F/G以及空肠、十二指肠、小肠长度和蛋黄颜色进行二次曲线拟合,得出大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡育成后期饲粮中适宜代谢能水平分别为10.902、10.720、11.404、11.446、11.374和11.760 MJ/kg;通过对育成后期胫骨长进行二次曲线拟合,得出大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡育成后期饲粮中适宜蛋白质水平为15.300%。综合上述指标,推荐育成后期(10～17周龄)大午粉1号商品代蛋鸡饲粮中代谢能水平为10.720～11.760 MJ/kg,蛋白质水平为15.300%。
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy(ME) and protein levels in later growing period(10 to 17 weeks of age) on growth performance,organ indexes and intestine development of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer,as well as the performance and egg quality of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer during laying peak period,and to obtain the optimal dietary ME and protein levels of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer in later growing period through building regression models of dietary ME and protein levels and testing indexes.The study consisted of two trials.In trial 1:eight hundred and ten64-day-old Dawufen No.1 commercial-layers were randomly divided into 9 groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 layers per replicate.Nine experimental diets were formulated based on 3 [ME level:11.77(high),11.27(medium) and 10.77 MJ/kg(low) ]× 3 [protein level:16.50%(high),15.50%(medium) and14.50%(low) ] experimental design,to fed layers in the 9 groups.The experiment lasted 8 weeks(10 to 17 weeks of age).In trial 2:maintaining the original grouping,all hens were feed the same diet which the ME level was 10.91 MJ/kg and the protein level was 15.98%.The experiment lasted 14 weeks(18 to 31 weeks of age).The results of trial 1 showed as follows:1) dietary ME level had significant effects on average day feed intake(ADFI),feed/gain(F/G) and tibia length of layers(P < 0.05); dietary ME level had significant effects on ADFI and tibia length of layers(P < 0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels had significant effects on ADFI,average daily gain(ADG) and F/G of layers(P<0.05).2) Dietary energy and protein levels and the interaction between them had no significant effects on organ indexes of layers(P>0.05).3) Dietary ME level had significant effects on the length of jejunum,duodenum and small intestine of layers(P<0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels had significant effects on the length of jejunum and small intestine of layers(P< 0.05).The results of trial 2 showed as follows:1) dietary ME and protein levels in later growing period had no significant effects on performance of layers during laying peak period(P>0.05),but the ADFI of layers during laying peak period showed a decrease trend with the increase of dietary ME level in later growing period; the interaction between energy and protein levels in later growing period had significant effects on ADFI,average egg production and feed/egg(F/E) of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05).2) Dietary ME level in later growing period had significant effects on yolk color and egg shape index of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05); dietary protein level in later growing period had significant effects on yolk color of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels in later growing period had significant effects on eggshell thickness and egg shape index of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05).According to quadratic curve estimation of dietary ME level and ADFI,F/G,the length of jejunum,duodenum,small intestine of layers in later growing period and yolk color,the optimal dietary ME levels are 10.902,10.720,11.404,11.446,11.374 and 11.760 MJ/kg,respectively; according to quadratic curve estimation equation of dietary protein level and tibia length,the optimal dietary protein level is 15.300%.Comprehensive consideration,the optimal dietary ME and protein levels of Dawufen Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer in later growing period(10 to 17 weeks of age) are 10.720 to 11.760 MJ/kg and 15.300%,respectively.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy(ME) and protein levels in later growing period(10 to 17 weeks of age) on growth performance,organ indexes and intestine development of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer,as well as the performance and egg quality of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer during laying peak period,and to obtain the optimal dietary ME and protein levels of Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer in later growing period through building regression models of dietary ME and protein levels and testing indexes.The study consisted of two trials.In trial 1:eight hundred and ten64-day-old Dawufen No.1 commercial-layers were randomly divided into 9 groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 layers per replicate.Nine experimental diets were formulated based on 3 [ME level:11.77(high),11.27(medium) and 10.77 MJ/kg(low) ]× 3 [protein level:16.50%(high),15.50%(medium) and14.50%(low) ] experimental design,to fed layers in the 9 groups.The experiment lasted 8 weeks(10 to 17 weeks of age).In trial 2:maintaining the original grouping,all hens were feed the same diet which the ME level was 10.91 MJ/kg and the protein level was 15.98%.The experiment lasted 14 weeks(18 to 31 weeks of age).The results of trial 1 showed as follows:1) dietary ME level had significant effects on average day feed intake(ADFI),feed/gain(F/G) and tibia length of layers(P < 0.05); dietary ME level had significant effects on ADFI and tibia length of layers(P < 0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels had significant effects on ADFI,average daily gain(ADG) and F/G of layers(P<0.05).2) Dietary energy and protein levels and the interaction between them had no significant effects on organ indexes of layers(P>0.05).3) Dietary ME level had significant effects on the length of jejunum,duodenum and small intestine of layers(P<0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels had significant effects on the length of jejunum and small intestine of layers(P< 0.05).The results of trial 2 showed as follows:1) dietary ME and protein levels in later growing period had no significant effects on performance of layers during laying peak period(P>0.05),but the ADFI of layers during laying peak period showed a decrease trend with the increase of dietary ME level in later growing period; the interaction between energy and protein levels in later growing period had significant effects on ADFI,average egg production and feed/egg(F/E) of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05).2) Dietary ME level in later growing period had significant effects on yolk color and egg shape index of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05); dietary protein level in later growing period had significant effects on yolk color of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05); the interaction between energy and protein levels in later growing period had significant effects on eggshell thickness and egg shape index of layers during laying peak period(P<0.05).According to quadratic curve estimation of dietary ME level and ADFI,F/G,the length of jejunum,duodenum,small intestine of layers in later growing period and yolk color,the optimal dietary ME levels are 10.902,10.720,11.404,11.446,11.374 and 11.760 MJ/kg,respectively; according to quadratic curve estimation equation of dietary protein level and tibia length,the optimal dietary protein level is 15.300%.Comprehensive consideration,the optimal dietary ME and protein levels of Dawufen Dawufen No.1 commercial-layer in later growing period(10 to 17 weeks of age) are 10.720 to 11.760 MJ/kg and 15.300%,respectively.
引文
[1]杨宁.家禽生产学[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2010.
[2] HARMS R H,RUSSELL G B,SLOAN D R.Performance of four strains of commercial layers w ith major changes in dietary energy[J]. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2000,9(4):535-541.
[3] ROZENBOIM I,MAHATO J,COHEN N A,et al.Low protein and high-energy diet:a possible natural cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in caged White Leghorn laying hens[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(3):612-621.
[4] VAN KRIMPEN M M,KWAKKEL R P,VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,et al.Low dietary energy concentration,high nonstarch polysaccharide concentration,and coarse particle sizes of nonstarch polysaccharides affect the behavior of feather-pecking-prone laying hens[J]. Poultry Science,2008,87(3):485-496.
[5]杨玉,黄应祥,曹果青,等.能量对蛋鸡卵巢促卵泡素受体mRNA表达及产蛋率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(4):585-591.
[6]王长平,缪天琳,刘德江,等.蛋白质水平对育成期蛋鸡啄羽和其他行为的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业,2017,12(6):44-45,56.
[7] XUE P C,AJUWON K M,ADEOLA O. Phosphorus and nitrogen utilization responses of broiler chickens to dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(11):2615-2623.
[8] ROBERTS S A,XIN H,KERR B J,et al. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens[J]. Poultry Science,2007,86(8):1716-1725.
[9] FOSOUL S S A S,TOGHYANI M,GHEISARI A,et al.Performance,immunity,and physiological responses of broilers to dietary energy and protein sequential variations[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(9):2068-2080.
[10]王晓翠,张海军,武书庚,等.不同蛋白来源对京红蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(10):2049-2057.
[11]霍启光.降低配合饲料成本的几个途径[J].中国家禽,2008,30(1):27-31.
[12]宋清华,李勇超.育成期红腹锦鸡适宜蛋白质水平的研究[J].经济动物学报,2009,13(4):237-241.
[13] NAHASHON S N,ADEFOPE N A,AMENYENU A,et al.Effect of varying concentrations of dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy on laying performance of Pearl Grey guinea fow l hens[J]. Poultry Science,2007,86(8):1793-1799.
[14]刘少凯.略阳乌鸡育成期蛋白质需要量的研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学; 2014.
[15]田亚东,康相涛.9~12周龄固始鸡的能量和蛋白质需要量研究[J].中国家禽,2004,8(1):145-148.
[16]李海燕,马竞,张曦,等.高原地区海兰灰蛋鸡育成期能量和蛋白需要量的研究[J].饲料工业,2014,35(15):24-28.
[17] VAN WYHE R C,REGMI P,POWELL B J,et al.Bone characteristics and femoral strength in commercial toms:the effect of protein and energy restriction[J].Poultry Science,2014,93(4):943-952.
[18] GUZMAN P,SALDANA B,BOUALI O,et al.Effect of level of fiber of the rearing phase diets on egg production,digestive tract traits,and body measurements of brow n egg-laying hens fed diets differing in energy concentration[J]. Poultry Science,2016,95(8):1836-1847.
[19]柳迪,赵国先,李树鹏,等.日粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对育成期坝上长尾鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料工业,2017,38(3):23-27.
[20] FRIKHA M,SAFAA H M,JIMENEZ-MORENO E,et al. Influence of energy concentration and feed form of the diet on grow th performance and digestive traits of brow n egg-laying pullets from 1 to 120 days of age[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,153(3/4):292-302.
[21] HALLE I.Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on pullet grow th and of dietary protein and energy content on subsequent laying performance[J].Archiv fur Geflugelkunde,2002,66(2):66-74.
[22] BAKER K M,UTTERBACK P L,PARSONS C M,et al. Nutritional value of soybean meal produced from conventional,high-protein,or low-oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans and fed to broiler chicks[J]. Poultry Science,2011,90(2):390-395.
[23]庄宏,张甦寅.低蛋白饲料对育成期海兰褐商品蛋鸡生长性能及血清理化指标的影响[J].中国家禽,2013,35(22):25-27.
[24]马猛,王克华,曲亮,等.苏禽绿壳蛋鸡部分性状间的典型相关分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(2):22-26.
[25] MORAES T G V,PISHNAMAZI A,MBA E T,et al.Effect of maternal dietary energy and protein on live performance and yield dynamics of broiler progeny from young breeders[J]. Poultry Science,2014,93(11):2818-2826.
[26] DE PERSIO S,UTTERBACK P L,UTTERBACK C W,et al.Effects of feeding diets varying in energy and nutrient density to Hy-Line W-36 laying hens on production performance and economics[J]. Poultry Science,2015,94(2):195-206.
[27]张敏,黄玉海,金永才,等.育成期日粮蛋白质和能量水平对农大3号节粮小型蛋鸡生长性能及产蛋高峰期产蛋性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2012,33(14):41-44.
[28] LATSHAW J D,ZHAO L. Dietary protein effects on hen performance and nitrogen excretion[J]. Poultry Science,2011,90(1):99-106.
[29] TAHMOORESPUR M,GHAZANFARI S,NOBARI K.Evaluation of adiponectin gene expression in the abdominal adipose tissue of broiler chickens:feed restriction,dietary energy,and protein influences adiponectin messenger ribonucleic acid expression[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(10):2092-2100.
[30]沈曼曼,王莹.影响蛋黄颜色沉积因素分析[J].广东饲料,2014,23(6):43-45.
[31]黄羽盛.后备期蛋鸡饲料加工形态及添加β-胡萝卜素对肠道发育的影响[D].硕士学位论文.长春:吉林农业大学,2017.
[32]多乐,莫子艺,孔鹏,等.不同能量和蛋白质水平日粮对石岐杂鸡免疫器官发育及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国饲料,2011(4):36-38,41.
[33]赵向红.有效温度与日粮能量及蛋白水平对肉鸡消化功能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[2] HARMS R H,RUSSELL G B,SLOAN D R.Performance of four strains of commercial layers w ith major changes in dietary energy[J]. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research,2000,9(4):535-541.
[3] ROZENBOIM I,MAHATO J,COHEN N A,et al.Low protein and high-energy diet:a possible natural cause of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in caged White Leghorn laying hens[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(3):612-621.
[4] VAN KRIMPEN M M,KWAKKEL R P,VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,et al.Low dietary energy concentration,high nonstarch polysaccharide concentration,and coarse particle sizes of nonstarch polysaccharides affect the behavior of feather-pecking-prone laying hens[J]. Poultry Science,2008,87(3):485-496.
[5]杨玉,黄应祥,曹果青,等.能量对蛋鸡卵巢促卵泡素受体mRNA表达及产蛋率的影响[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(4):585-591.
[6]王长平,缪天琳,刘德江,等.蛋白质水平对育成期蛋鸡啄羽和其他行为的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业,2017,12(6):44-45,56.
[7] XUE P C,AJUWON K M,ADEOLA O. Phosphorus and nitrogen utilization responses of broiler chickens to dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(11):2615-2623.
[8] ROBERTS S A,XIN H,KERR B J,et al. Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens[J]. Poultry Science,2007,86(8):1716-1725.
[9] FOSOUL S S A S,TOGHYANI M,GHEISARI A,et al.Performance,immunity,and physiological responses of broilers to dietary energy and protein sequential variations[J].Poultry Science,2016,95(9):2068-2080.
[10]王晓翠,张海军,武书庚,等.不同蛋白来源对京红蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(10):2049-2057.
[11]霍启光.降低配合饲料成本的几个途径[J].中国家禽,2008,30(1):27-31.
[12]宋清华,李勇超.育成期红腹锦鸡适宜蛋白质水平的研究[J].经济动物学报,2009,13(4):237-241.
[13] NAHASHON S N,ADEFOPE N A,AMENYENU A,et al.Effect of varying concentrations of dietary crude protein and metabolizable energy on laying performance of Pearl Grey guinea fow l hens[J]. Poultry Science,2007,86(8):1793-1799.
[14]刘少凯.略阳乌鸡育成期蛋白质需要量的研究[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学; 2014.
[15]田亚东,康相涛.9~12周龄固始鸡的能量和蛋白质需要量研究[J].中国家禽,2004,8(1):145-148.
[16]李海燕,马竞,张曦,等.高原地区海兰灰蛋鸡育成期能量和蛋白需要量的研究[J].饲料工业,2014,35(15):24-28.
[17] VAN WYHE R C,REGMI P,POWELL B J,et al.Bone characteristics and femoral strength in commercial toms:the effect of protein and energy restriction[J].Poultry Science,2014,93(4):943-952.
[18] GUZMAN P,SALDANA B,BOUALI O,et al.Effect of level of fiber of the rearing phase diets on egg production,digestive tract traits,and body measurements of brow n egg-laying hens fed diets differing in energy concentration[J]. Poultry Science,2016,95(8):1836-1847.
[19]柳迪,赵国先,李树鹏,等.日粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对育成期坝上长尾鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料工业,2017,38(3):23-27.
[20] FRIKHA M,SAFAA H M,JIMENEZ-MORENO E,et al. Influence of energy concentration and feed form of the diet on grow th performance and digestive traits of brow n egg-laying pullets from 1 to 120 days of age[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,153(3/4):292-302.
[21] HALLE I.Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on pullet grow th and of dietary protein and energy content on subsequent laying performance[J].Archiv fur Geflugelkunde,2002,66(2):66-74.
[22] BAKER K M,UTTERBACK P L,PARSONS C M,et al. Nutritional value of soybean meal produced from conventional,high-protein,or low-oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans and fed to broiler chicks[J]. Poultry Science,2011,90(2):390-395.
[23]庄宏,张甦寅.低蛋白饲料对育成期海兰褐商品蛋鸡生长性能及血清理化指标的影响[J].中国家禽,2013,35(22):25-27.
[24]马猛,王克华,曲亮,等.苏禽绿壳蛋鸡部分性状间的典型相关分析[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(2):22-26.
[25] MORAES T G V,PISHNAMAZI A,MBA E T,et al.Effect of maternal dietary energy and protein on live performance and yield dynamics of broiler progeny from young breeders[J]. Poultry Science,2014,93(11):2818-2826.
[26] DE PERSIO S,UTTERBACK P L,UTTERBACK C W,et al.Effects of feeding diets varying in energy and nutrient density to Hy-Line W-36 laying hens on production performance and economics[J]. Poultry Science,2015,94(2):195-206.
[27]张敏,黄玉海,金永才,等.育成期日粮蛋白质和能量水平对农大3号节粮小型蛋鸡生长性能及产蛋高峰期产蛋性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2012,33(14):41-44.
[28] LATSHAW J D,ZHAO L. Dietary protein effects on hen performance and nitrogen excretion[J]. Poultry Science,2011,90(1):99-106.
[29] TAHMOORESPUR M,GHAZANFARI S,NOBARI K.Evaluation of adiponectin gene expression in the abdominal adipose tissue of broiler chickens:feed restriction,dietary energy,and protein influences adiponectin messenger ribonucleic acid expression[J].Poultry Science,2010,89(10):2092-2100.
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