水足迹视角下陕西省种植业水资源利用评价及经济发展脱钩分析
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摘要
陕西省位于"一带一路"关键地带,经济发展将处于加速转型的关键时期,期间农业水资源可利用量势必被进一步压缩,因此对陕西省各地市种植业水足迹进行量化并研究与其经济发展的协调关系,有利于明确各区域种植业生产的用水情况并为陕西省水资源管理提供参考。本研究运用水足迹理论,将灌溉水在输配水及田间灌溉过程中的损失纳入作物区域生产水足迹核算之中,通过核算2005—2016年陕西省种植业的水足迹值,定量分析了陕西省各作物耗水量的时空差异性,以及绿水足迹利用效率和各市水环境压力状况,并结合脱钩模型研究了种植业经济增长与水资源利用和水环境变化的脱钩关系。结果显示:1)各作物耗水量在研究期内差异较大,蔬菜和水果水足迹较低,分别为0.42 m~3·kg~(-1)和0.51 m~3·kg~(-1),茶叶则高达30.29 m~3·kg~(-1),但总体呈下降趋势;2)各地市种植业耗水量构成呈现较大差异性,关中地区粮食类作物占比为69.59%,陕北地区玉米和水果占75.16%,陕南地区则相对均衡,耗水量组成基本与水资源禀赋和作物水足迹大小相一致;3)全省绿水足迹利用效率相对较低,水环境压力指数呈现南部低,中部、北部高的特点,其中咸阳市水环境压力指数12年间平均高达4.75,是水环境压力最为严重地区;4)陕西省种植业经济增长与水资源利用和水环境压力强脱钩状态分别占比45.45%和27.27%。研究结果说明,陕西省各市种植结构相对合理,但绿水足迹利用效率和水环境压力上仍需改良,种植业经济增长与水资源利用的关系逐渐完成了由弱脱钩的初级协调到强脱钩的优质协调的转变,但仍面临着种植业经济增长与水环境压力增大的挑战。
Shaanxi Province is located in a key area of the"One Belt One Road"promoted by China.The availability of agricultural water resources is bound to be further scarce due to accelerated economic transformation as a result of the"One Belt One Road"project.To therefore quantify water footprint of the crop industry and to determine the co-ordination between planting and economic development are critical for further clarification of the water use in planting and setting up relevant reference basis for water resources management in Shaanxi Province.Thus this paper incorporated the loss of water during distribution and irrigation of crop water footprint.By accounting for the value of water footprint of the crop industry in Shaanxi Province for the period 2005–2016,we analyzed the spatial and temporal differences in water consumption by various crops in Shaanxi Province,the utilization efficiency of green water and the pressure of water environment.Combined with the Tapio model,the change in relationship between economic growth of crop farming,water resource utilization and water environment was determined.The results showed that:1)water consumption by various crops was significantly different during the study period.The water footprint of vegetables and fruits were respectively 0.42 m~3·kg~(-1) and 0.51m~3·kg~(-1),while that of tea was as high as 30.29 m~3·kg~(-1).However,there was an overall downward trend in water use.2)The water consumption composition of planting industry in different areas was quite different,crop water consumption proportion in Guanzhong was69.59%,grain and corn water consumption proportion in northern Shaanxi was 75.16%and that in southern Shaanxi was relative equilibrium among various corps.The water consumption composition was basically the same as water endowment and crop water footprint.3)The use efficiency of green water footprint was relatively low.Also the pressure index of water environment was low in the south,high in the central and north.The average water environment pressure index for Xianyang was as high as 4.75 in 12 years,indicating serious water environment pressure.4)The decoupling of economic growth of crop industry with water resource use and water environment pressure accounted respectively for 45.45%and 27.27%of total water use in the province.The research results showed that planting structure in Shaanxi Province was relatively reasonable and that green water footprint was hugely utilized.The efficiency and pressure of water environment still needed improvement.The relationship between economic growth of crop industry and water resources use was being gradually transformed from primary co-ordination of weak decoupling to quality co-ordination of strong decoupling.However,it still faced the change of industrial diversity,economic growth and environmental pressures.
Shaanxi Province is located in a key area of the"One Belt One Road"promoted by China.The availability of agricultural water resources is bound to be further scarce due to accelerated economic transformation as a result of the"One Belt One Road"project.To therefore quantify water footprint of the crop industry and to determine the co-ordination between planting and economic development are critical for further clarification of the water use in planting and setting up relevant reference basis for water resources management in Shaanxi Province.Thus this paper incorporated the loss of water during distribution and irrigation of crop water footprint.By accounting for the value of water footprint of the crop industry in Shaanxi Province for the period 2005–2016,we analyzed the spatial and temporal differences in water consumption by various crops in Shaanxi Province,the utilization efficiency of green water and the pressure of water environment.Combined with the Tapio model,the change in relationship between economic growth of crop farming,water resource utilization and water environment was determined.The results showed that:1)water consumption by various crops was significantly different during the study period.The water footprint of vegetables and fruits were respectively 0.42 m~3·kg~(-1) and 0.51m~3·kg~(-1),while that of tea was as high as 30.29 m~3·kg~(-1).However,there was an overall downward trend in water use.2)The water consumption composition of planting industry in different areas was quite different,crop water consumption proportion in Guanzhong was69.59%,grain and corn water consumption proportion in northern Shaanxi was 75.16%and that in southern Shaanxi was relative equilibrium among various corps.The water consumption composition was basically the same as water endowment and crop water footprint.3)The use efficiency of green water footprint was relatively low.Also the pressure index of water environment was low in the south,high in the central and north.The average water environment pressure index for Xianyang was as high as 4.75 in 12 years,indicating serious water environment pressure.4)The decoupling of economic growth of crop industry with water resource use and water environment pressure accounted respectively for 45.45%and 27.27%of total water use in the province.The research results showed that planting structure in Shaanxi Province was relatively reasonable and that green water footprint was hugely utilized.The efficiency and pressure of water environment still needed improvement.The relationship between economic growth of crop industry and water resources use was being gradually transformed from primary co-ordination of weak decoupling to quality co-ordination of strong decoupling.However,it still faced the change of industrial diversity,economic growth and environmental pressures.
引文
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[2]ROCKSTR?M J.Green water security for the food makers of tomorrow:Windows of opportunity in drought-prone savannahs[J].Water Science&Technology,2001,43(4):71-78
[3]黄万霞,闫滨,姬建梅.关于国内外灰水足迹的研究综述[J].环境工程,2017,35(12):149-153HUANG W X,YAN B,JI J M.A review of researches on the gray water footprint[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(12):149-153
[4]HOEKSTRA A Y,CHAPAGAIN A K,ALDAYA M M,et al.The Water Footprint Assessment Manual:Setting the Global Standard[M].London:Earthscan,2011
[5]王艳阳,王会肖,蔡燕.北京市水足迹计算与分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):954-960WANG Y Y,WANG H X,CAI Y.Calculation and analysis of water footprint in Beijing City[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(4):954-960
[6]苏芮,陈亚宁,张燕,等.新疆城乡居民虚拟水消费结构及其用水效率评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(1):181-186SU R,CHEN Y N,ZHANG Y,et al.Estimation of virtual water consumption structure and water efficiency in cities and rural areas of Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(1):181-186
[7]虞祎,张晖,胡浩.农业生产与水资源承载力评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):978-986YU Y,ZHANG H,HU H.Agricultural production and evaluation in terms of water resources carrying capacity[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(7):978-986
[8]田园宏,诸大建,王欢明,等.中国主要粮食作物的水足迹值:1978-2010[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(6):122-128TIAN Y H,ZHU D J,WANG H M,et al.Water footprint calculation of China’s main food crops:1978-2010[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(6):122-128
[9]史利洁,吴普特,王玉宝,等.基于作物生产水足迹的陕西省水资源压力评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(5):650-658SHI L J,WU P T,WANG Y B,et al.Assessment of water stress in Shaanxi Province based on crop water footprint[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(5):650-658
[10]刘莉,邓欧平,邓良基,等.2003~2011年四川省各市(州)农业水足迹时空变化与驱动力研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(7):1133-1141LIU L,DENG O P,DENG L J,et al.Agricultural water footprint space-time change and driving factors research of various cities in Sichuan Province from 2003 to 2011[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(7):1133-1141
[11]王旭,高翔,曹蕾,等.水足迹视角下的宁夏中卫市农业水资源利用评价[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2015,51(5):619-624WANG X,GAO X,CAO L,et al.Evaluation of agricultural water resource utilization from the water footprint perspective in Zhongwei City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[J].Journal of Lanzhou University:Natural Sciences,2015,51(5):619-624
[12]李宁,张建清,王磊.基于水足迹法的长江中游城市群水资源利用与经济协调发展脱钩分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(11):202-208LI N,ZHANG J Q,WANG L.Decoupling and water footprint analysis of the coordinated development between water utilization and the economy in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(11):202-208
[13]GROLL M,OPP C,KULMATOV R,et al.Water quality,potential conflicts and solutions-an upstream-downstream analysis of the transnational Zarafshan River(Tajikistan,Uzbekistan)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(2):743-763
[14]PERRY C.Water footprints:Path to enlightenment,or false trail?[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,134:119-125
[15]孙世坤,王玉宝,刘静,等.中国主要粮食作物的生产水足迹量化及评价[J].水利学报,2016,47(9):1115-1124SUN S K,WANG Y B,LIU J,et al.Quantification and evaluation of water footprint of major grain crops in China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(9):1115-1124
[16]吴普特,孙世坤,王玉宝,等.作物生产水足迹量化方法与评价研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(6):651-660WU P T,SUN S K,WANG Y B,et al.Research on the quantification methods for water footprint of crop production[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2017,48(6):651-660
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[19]高凡,李玉中,郭家选,等.农产品水足迹评价研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(7):1071-1080GAO F,LI Y Z,GUO J X,et al.A review of water footprint assessment for agricultural products[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(7):1071-1080
[20]CHAPAGAIN A K,HOEKSTRA A Y.The blue,green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives[J].Ecological Economics,2011,70(4):749-758
[21]王小英,陈占飞,胡凡,等.陕西省农田化肥投入过量与不足的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(6):159-165WANG X Y,CHEN Z F,HU F,et al.Study on the excessive and insufficient of chemical fertilizer inputs on farmland in Shaanxi Province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(6):159-165
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