1952-2011年埃及乡村人口流动的概况、成因、影响及对我国的启示
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摘要
从1952年七月革命成功爆发到2011年穆巴拉克黯然隐退,进城打工和出国务工构成埃及农业剩余劳力转移的主要途径。人口流出地的推动、劳力流入地的吸引、交通条件的优劣,是影响埃及村民流动的主要因素。对乡村而言,村民流动有利于村民规模经营和提高劳动生产率,但是可能造成乡村劳力匮乏甚至农业劳力匮乏,可能影响农地制度,有利于提高农业工资、提高村民收入水平进而为农业投资奠定物质基础,有利于乡村政治稳定,有利于打破乡村的闭塞状态。村民流动为流入地提供大量劳力。然而,进城村民失业率长期居高不下,进而造成城市社会贫富差距不断拉大,贫困的下层民众因缺乏必要的生活保障而普遍处于无助状态。出国务工者则难以享受同等待遇,并且其就业条件受到所在国乃至整个世界的政治经济环境影响。
From 1952 when"7·23"revolution broke out to 2011 when President Mubarak resigned, villagers' applying for jobs in the cities and working abroad were the main channels for transfer of superfluous agricultural labors. Push by population outflow places, pull from population-inflowing places, along with traffic conditions stand or fall, constituted foremost factors impacting villagers' migration. As far as the countryside is concerned, villagers' migration does good to villagers' management on a large scale and enhancement of labor productivity, but probably results in labor scarcity in the countryside even in agriculture, may affect farmland system, lends itself to raising agricultural wages、increasing villagers' revenues and laying a substantial foundation for agricultural invest, redounds to political stability in the countryside, and conduces to breaking villages' isolation. Villagers' migration provides numbers of labors.But the out-of-work rate for villagers applying jobs in the cities is quite high, so income disparities in the cities keep on enlarging, poorly off people are at large in helpless state because they lack indispensable life guarantee. It's difficult for villagers working abroad to enjoy equal treatments, and their employment conditions are affected by political and economic environment of population-inflowing countries and even the world.
From 1952 when"7·23"revolution broke out to 2011 when President Mubarak resigned, villagers' applying for jobs in the cities and working abroad were the main channels for transfer of superfluous agricultural labors. Push by population outflow places, pull from population-inflowing places, along with traffic conditions stand or fall, constituted foremost factors impacting villagers' migration. As far as the countryside is concerned, villagers' migration does good to villagers' management on a large scale and enhancement of labor productivity, but probably results in labor scarcity in the countryside even in agriculture, may affect farmland system, lends itself to raising agricultural wages、increasing villagers' revenues and laying a substantial foundation for agricultural invest, redounds to political stability in the countryside, and conduces to breaking villages' isolation. Villagers' migration provides numbers of labors.But the out-of-work rate for villagers applying jobs in the cities is quite high, so income disparities in the cities keep on enlarging, poorly off people are at large in helpless state because they lack indispensable life guarantee. It's difficult for villagers working abroad to enjoy equal treatments, and their employment conditions are affected by political and economic environment of population-inflowing countries and even the world.
引文
[1]有关本文的研究综述和主要史料详见:刘志华.埃及现代化进程中的农地制度、农业生产和村民流动研究[D].南开大学博士学位论文,2011:50-57,404-439,455-459.
[2]Mahmoud.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970[M],Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,1975,p.109.世界经济统计简编(2000年)[G].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000:16.毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:208.EIUCountryData-EIU[DB]:https://eiu.bvdep.com/version-2010126/cgi/template.dll EGYPT。
[3]Mohamed Sultan,Michael Fiske,Thomas Stein,etc.,“Monitoring the Urbanization of the Nile Delta,Egypt”[J],in Ambio,Vol.28,No.7,1999,p.630.
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[6]Alan Richards.John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],Boulder:Westview Press,1990,p.266.
[7]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.18,No.1,1982,pp.56-57.
[8]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],in MERIP Reports,No.123,1984,p.12.
[9]Richards Lawless,edited.,The Middle Eastern Village:Changing Economic and Social Relations[G],London:Croom Helm Ltd,1987,pp.255-256.
[10]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],p.12.
[11]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.53.
[12]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.383.
[13]Ralph R.Sell,“Egyptian International Labor Migration and Social Process:Toward Regional Integration”[J],in International Migration Review,Vol.22,No.3,1988,p.91.
[14]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].世界民族,2008(6):73.
[15]Fatma Khafagy,“Women and Labor Migration:One Village in Egypt”[J],in MERIP Reports,No.124,1984,p.18.
[16]Nicholas S.Hopkins,Agrarian Transformation in Egypt[M],Boulder:Westview Press,1987,p.10.
[17]Judy H.Brink,“The Effect of Emigration of Husbands on the Status of Their Wives:An Egyptian Case”[J],in International Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.23,No.2,1991,p.201.
[18]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],in Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol.38,No.1,1989,pp.45-71.
[19]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.382,p.384
[20]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.267.
[21]Philippe Fargues,“State Policies and the Birth Rate in Egypt:From Socialism to Liberalism”[J],in Population and Development Review,Vol.23,No.1,1997,p.129.
[22]Henry Habib Ayrout,The Egyptian Peasant[M],Boston:Beacon Press,1963,pp.77-78.
[23]Derek Hopwood,Egypt:Politics and Society,1945-1984[M],Boston:Allen and Unwin,1985,p.173.
[24]Soheir A.Morsy,“Health and Illness as Symbols of Social Differentiation in an Egyptian Village”[J],in Anthropological Quarterly,Vol.53,No.3,1980,pp.153-161.
[25]阿拉伯埃及共和国驻华大使馆新闻处:http://www.egyptinfo.org.cn/moderncountry/mc09.htm。
[26]Karima Korayem,“The Rural-Urban Income Gap in E-gypt and Biased Agricultural Pricing Policy”[J],in Social Problem,Vol.28,No.4,1981,p.418.,p.421.
[27]Ray Bush,ed.,Counter-Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside[G],London:Zed Books Ltd,2002,p.215.
[28]世界银行.2003年世界发展报告[R].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2003:88-89.
[29]世界银行.2008年世界发展报告[R].北京:清华大学出版社,2008:1-2.
[30]Iliya Harik,“Subsidization Policies in Egypt”[J],in International Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.24,No.3,1992,pp.488-489.
[31]El-Ghonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twentyfirst Century[G],London:Routledge Curzon,2003,p.96.
[32]Ray Bush,Economic Crisis and the Politics of Reform in Egypt[M],Boulder and Oxford:Westview Press,1999,p.26.Allen C.Kelley,Atef M.Khalifa,and M.Nabil El-Khorazaty,Population and Development in Rural Egypt[M],Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1982,p.38.ElGhonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twenty-first Century[G],p.96.
[33]El-Ghonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twentyfirst Century[G],p.96.Allen C.Kelley,Atef M.Khalifa,and M.Nabil El-Khorazaty,Population and Development in Rural Egypt[M],p.38.James Toth,“Rural Workers and E-gypt’s National Development”[J],in British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.21,No.1,1994,p.38.
[34]哈全安.中东史:610-2000[M].天津人民出版社,2010:944-945.
[35]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],pp.60-62.
[36]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],pp.55-58,p.64.Delwin A.Roy,“Egyptian Emigrant Labor:Domestic Consequences”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.27,No.4,1991,pp.553-554.
[37]“The Egyptian Constitution”[J],in Arab Law Quarterly,Vol.7,No.4,BRILL,1993,p.254.
[38]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.54,pp58-59,pp.62-65.
[39]Delwin A.Roy,“Egyptian Emigrant Labor:Domestic Consequences”[J],pp.554-557.
[40]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],p.70.
[41]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.64.
[42]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],pp.14-15.
[43]Arthur Goldschmidt,Lawrence Davidson,A Concise History of the Middle East[M],Boulder:Westview Press,2006,pp.384-385.
[44]Janet Abu-Lughod,“Migrant Adjustment to City Life:The Egyptian Case”[J],in The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.67,,No.1,1961,pp.28-32.
[45]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.275.
[46]毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:213.
[47]温铁军.埃及农村地权冲突调查分析[J].世界农业,2007(6):1.
[48]Uri M.Kupferschmidt,“Reformist and Militant Islam in Urban and Rural Egypt”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.23,No.4,1987,p.404,pp.409-410.
[49]毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].206.
[50]Richard H.Adams.Jr.,Development and Social Change in Rural Egypt[M],New York:Syracuse University Press,1986,p.15.
[51]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],pp.45-71.
[52]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].74.
[53]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],pp.45-71.
[54]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“The Economic Uses and Impact of International Remittances in Rural Egypt”[J],in Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol.39,No.4,1991,pp.695-722.
[55]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],pp.392-394.
[56]Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.,Lawrence Davidson.,A Concise History of the Middle East[M],pp.399-402.
[57]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].74.
[58]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],p.15.
[59]Fatma Khafagy,“Women and Labor Migration:One Village in Egypt”,MERIP Reports,No.124,1984,pp.17-21.
[60][美]布莱克.现代化的动力[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1988:29-34.[美]布莱克主编.比较现代化[M].上海译文出版社,1996:271-276.
[61][美]布莱克.现代化的动力[M].34-36.
[62]李培林.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996(4):44.
[2]Mahmoud.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970[M],Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,1975,p.109.世界经济统计简编(2000年)[G].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000:16.毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:208.EIUCountryData-EIU[DB]:https://eiu.bvdep.com/version-2010126/cgi/template.dll EGYPT。
[3]Mohamed Sultan,Michael Fiske,Thomas Stein,etc.,“Monitoring the Urbanization of the Nile Delta,Egypt”[J],in Ambio,Vol.28,No.7,1999,p.630.
[4]Mahmoud.Abdel-Fadil,Development,Income Distribution and Social Change in Rural Egypt 1952-1970[M],p.111.Charles Issawi,An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa[M],New York:Columbia University Press,1982,p.101.[英]米切尔编.帕尔格雷夫世界历史统计(亚洲、非洲和大洋洲卷)[G].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:41.
[5]Janet Abu-Lughod,“Urban-Rural Differences as a Function of the Demographic Transition:Egyptian Data and an Analytical Model”[J],in The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.69,No.5,1964,pp.480-481.
[6]Alan Richards.John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],Boulder:Westview Press,1990,p.266.
[7]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.18,No.1,1982,pp.56-57.
[8]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],in MERIP Reports,No.123,1984,p.12.
[9]Richards Lawless,edited.,The Middle Eastern Village:Changing Economic and Social Relations[G],London:Croom Helm Ltd,1987,pp.255-256.
[10]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],p.12.
[11]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.53.
[12]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.383.
[13]Ralph R.Sell,“Egyptian International Labor Migration and Social Process:Toward Regional Integration”[J],in International Migration Review,Vol.22,No.3,1988,p.91.
[14]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].世界民族,2008(6):73.
[15]Fatma Khafagy,“Women and Labor Migration:One Village in Egypt”[J],in MERIP Reports,No.124,1984,p.18.
[16]Nicholas S.Hopkins,Agrarian Transformation in Egypt[M],Boulder:Westview Press,1987,p.10.
[17]Judy H.Brink,“The Effect of Emigration of Husbands on the Status of Their Wives:An Egyptian Case”[J],in International Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.23,No.2,1991,p.201.
[18]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],in Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol.38,No.1,1989,pp.45-71.
[19]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.382,p.384
[20]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.267.
[21]Philippe Fargues,“State Policies and the Birth Rate in Egypt:From Socialism to Liberalism”[J],in Population and Development Review,Vol.23,No.1,1997,p.129.
[22]Henry Habib Ayrout,The Egyptian Peasant[M],Boston:Beacon Press,1963,pp.77-78.
[23]Derek Hopwood,Egypt:Politics and Society,1945-1984[M],Boston:Allen and Unwin,1985,p.173.
[24]Soheir A.Morsy,“Health and Illness as Symbols of Social Differentiation in an Egyptian Village”[J],in Anthropological Quarterly,Vol.53,No.3,1980,pp.153-161.
[25]阿拉伯埃及共和国驻华大使馆新闻处:http://www.egyptinfo.org.cn/moderncountry/mc09.htm。
[26]Karima Korayem,“The Rural-Urban Income Gap in E-gypt and Biased Agricultural Pricing Policy”[J],in Social Problem,Vol.28,No.4,1981,p.418.,p.421.
[27]Ray Bush,ed.,Counter-Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside[G],London:Zed Books Ltd,2002,p.215.
[28]世界银行.2003年世界发展报告[R].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2003:88-89.
[29]世界银行.2008年世界发展报告[R].北京:清华大学出版社,2008:1-2.
[30]Iliya Harik,“Subsidization Policies in Egypt”[J],in International Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.24,No.3,1992,pp.488-489.
[31]El-Ghonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twentyfirst Century[G],London:Routledge Curzon,2003,p.96.
[32]Ray Bush,Economic Crisis and the Politics of Reform in Egypt[M],Boulder and Oxford:Westview Press,1999,p.26.Allen C.Kelley,Atef M.Khalifa,and M.Nabil El-Khorazaty,Population and Development in Rural Egypt[M],Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1982,p.38.ElGhonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twenty-first Century[G],p.96.
[33]El-Ghonemy,M.Riad.edited,Egypt in the Twentyfirst Century[G],p.96.Allen C.Kelley,Atef M.Khalifa,and M.Nabil El-Khorazaty,Population and Development in Rural Egypt[M],p.38.James Toth,“Rural Workers and E-gypt’s National Development”[J],in British Journal of Middle East Studies,Vol.21,No.1,1994,p.38.
[34]哈全安.中东史:610-2000[M].天津人民出版社,2010:944-945.
[35]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],pp.60-62.
[36]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],pp.55-58,p.64.Delwin A.Roy,“Egyptian Emigrant Labor:Domestic Consequences”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.27,No.4,1991,pp.553-554.
[37]“The Egyptian Constitution”[J],in Arab Law Quarterly,Vol.7,No.4,BRILL,1993,p.254.
[38]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.54,pp58-59,pp.62-65.
[39]Delwin A.Roy,“Egyptian Emigrant Labor:Domestic Consequences”[J],pp.554-557.
[40]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],p.70.
[41]Ali E.Hillal Dessouki,“The Shift in Egypt's Migration Policy:1952-1978”[J],p.64.
[42]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],pp.14-15.
[43]Arthur Goldschmidt,Lawrence Davidson,A Concise History of the Middle East[M],Boulder:Westview Press,2006,pp.384-385.
[44]Janet Abu-Lughod,“Migrant Adjustment to City Life:The Egyptian Case”[J],in The American Journal of Sociology,Vol.67,,No.1,1961,pp.28-32.
[45]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],p.275.
[46]毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:213.
[47]温铁军.埃及农村地权冲突调查分析[J].世界农业,2007(6):1.
[48]Uri M.Kupferschmidt,“Reformist and Militant Islam in Urban and Rural Egypt”[J],in Middle Eastern Studies,Vol.23,No.4,1987,p.404,pp.409-410.
[49]毕健康.埃及现代化与政治稳定[M].206.
[50]Richard H.Adams.Jr.,Development and Social Change in Rural Egypt[M],New York:Syracuse University Press,1986,p.15.
[51]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],pp.45-71.
[52]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].74.
[53]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“Workers Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt”[J],pp.45-71.
[54]Richard H.Adams,Jr.,“The Economic Uses and Impact of International Remittances in Rural Egypt”[J],in Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol.39,No.4,1991,pp.695-722.
[55]Alan Richards.and John Waterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East[M],pp.392-394.
[56]Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.,Lawrence Davidson.,A Concise History of the Middle East[M],pp.399-402.
[57]刘军.当代海湾国家的外来劳工移民及其影响[J].74.
[58]Robert J.LaTowsky,“Egyptian Labor Abroad:Mass Participation and Modest Returns”[J],p.15.
[59]Fatma Khafagy,“Women and Labor Migration:One Village in Egypt”,MERIP Reports,No.124,1984,pp.17-21.
[60][美]布莱克.现代化的动力[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1988:29-34.[美]布莱克主编.比较现代化[M].上海译文出版社,1996:271-276.
[61][美]布莱克.现代化的动力[M].34-36.
[62]李培林.流动民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996(4):44.