具身实践下的地方认知:非表征理论与南京马拉松
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摘要
以2016南京马拉松为例,从非表征理论出发,调查跑者身体在时空间中的具身实践,分析身体的瞬间潜力如何与生命经历共同作用于个体对地方的认知。研究发现:具身实践下的地方认知是运动与感觉的产物,它与自我认知相继出现、相互促成,并呈现为褶皱式渗透、交错过程;情感在实践的当下时刻作用于身体,造成瞬间的身体强度变化和心理情绪波动,影响个体对地方的认知能力;瞬间触发的地方认知以原先身体经验为基础,并为将来的实践与认知提供新的原料。研究借助马拉松这一极限运动,详细刻画情感触发所建构的身体-空间关系,强调具身实践中瞬间与经验的辨证关系及二者共同作用下的地方认知,丰富有关身体与地方的地理学研究。
According to the previous non-representational researches on embodied practice, the movement and sensation are the two basic characteristics of body. It is argued that less-thanfully conscious practice could be as important as conscious, because it involves an emphasis on the nature of immediacy and dynamics in life. These arguments also arise interests in the analysis of what is 'taking place' in space and time, which is often related to capacities of body:the capacity to affect and be affected, the capacity for movement with particular speed, and the capacity for particular intensities and sensations, specifically rhythm and encounter in this running case. This paper analyzes what role the body plays in the process of cognition of place coming into being through the survey on the embodied running practices of Nanjing Marathon runners. The findings of this research indicate that: firstly, the changing of Marathon courses gives rise to the changing of movement rhythm of runners, thus causes the encounter of rich sensations along the route. The cognition of place under the embodied practice is the outcome of movement and sensation, which comes along with the cognition of self. And these two kinds of cognitions behave like the fluid process, enfolding and unfolding, overlapping and separating with each other, which means the cognition of place generated from embodied practice becomes an important way for individuals to identify their own values and grasp the meaning of everyday life, while the realization and cognition of self also reinforce the significance of the place to the individual. Secondly, the affect in every moment caused by embodied practice has influences on the body ceaselessly, thus causing emotional fluctuation and further leading to expansion and shrinkage of cognitive ability. In addition, both the instant affect and previous physical experience have influences on the individual's cognition of place:previous physical experience could trigger instant affect and initiate the cognition of place;however the instant affect acts on the continuity of embodied practice and cognition in the future as well. The meaning of place therefore can be kept open and potential in the continuity.This research can be read as a response to the discipline's gaze towards embodied practice and affect, as well as a contribution to the knowledge of body and place in human geography.
According to the previous non-representational researches on embodied practice, the movement and sensation are the two basic characteristics of body. It is argued that less-thanfully conscious practice could be as important as conscious, because it involves an emphasis on the nature of immediacy and dynamics in life. These arguments also arise interests in the analysis of what is 'taking place' in space and time, which is often related to capacities of body:the capacity to affect and be affected, the capacity for movement with particular speed, and the capacity for particular intensities and sensations, specifically rhythm and encounter in this running case. This paper analyzes what role the body plays in the process of cognition of place coming into being through the survey on the embodied running practices of Nanjing Marathon runners. The findings of this research indicate that: firstly, the changing of Marathon courses gives rise to the changing of movement rhythm of runners, thus causes the encounter of rich sensations along the route. The cognition of place under the embodied practice is the outcome of movement and sensation, which comes along with the cognition of self. And these two kinds of cognitions behave like the fluid process, enfolding and unfolding, overlapping and separating with each other, which means the cognition of place generated from embodied practice becomes an important way for individuals to identify their own values and grasp the meaning of everyday life, while the realization and cognition of self also reinforce the significance of the place to the individual. Secondly, the affect in every moment caused by embodied practice has influences on the body ceaselessly, thus causing emotional fluctuation and further leading to expansion and shrinkage of cognitive ability. In addition, both the instant affect and previous physical experience have influences on the individual's cognition of place:previous physical experience could trigger instant affect and initiate the cognition of place;however the instant affect acts on the continuity of embodied practice and cognition in the future as well. The meaning of place therefore can be kept open and potential in the continuity.This research can be read as a response to the discipline's gaze towards embodied practice and affect, as well as a contribution to the knowledge of body and place in human geography.
引文
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[18]陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究.地理研究,2015,34(6):1173-1187.[Tao Wei,Wang Shaoxu,Zhu Hong.The body,the view of body,and the study of body in human geography.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1173-1187.]
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[25]Andrews G J,Chen S,Myers S.The'taking place'of health and wellbeing:Towards non-representational theory.Social Science&Medicine,2014,108:210-220.
[26]Andrews G J.From post-game to play-by-play:Animating sports movement-space.Progress in Human Geography,2017,41(6):766-794.
[27]Merriman P.Human geography without time-space.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2011,37(1):13-27.
[28]Shouse E.Feeling,emotion,affect.M/C:A Journal of Media and Culture,2005,8(6),http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0512/03-shouse.php,2018-07-10.
[29]Thien D.After or beyond feeling?A consideration of affect and emotion in geography.Area,2005,37(4):450-454.
[30]吉尔·德勒兹.福柯褶子.于奇智,杨洁译.湖南:湖南文艺出版社,2001.[Deleuzu G.Foucault Fold.Translated by Yu Qizhi,Yang Jie.Hunan:Hunan Wenyi Press,2001.]
[31]Wylie J.A single day's walking:Narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2005,30(2):234-247.
[32]Green K.It hurts so it is real:Sensing the seduction of mixed martial arts.Social&Cultural Geography,2011,12(4):377-396.
[33]Andrews G J,Grenier A M.老年人移动构成的时空:老龄化地理学中非表征理论的引入.地理科学进展,2015,34(12):1512-1534.[Andrews G J,Grenier A M.Ageing movement as space-time:Introducing non-representational theory to the geography of ageing.Progress in Geography,2015,34(12):1512-1534.]
[34]Anderson B.Affective atmospheres.Emotion Space&Society,2009,2(2):77-81.
[35]Young J A,Pain M D.The zone:Evidence of a universal phenomenon for athletes across sports.Athletic Insight:The Online Journal of Sport Psychology,1999,1(3):21-30.
[36]Spinney J.A place of sense:A kinaesthetic ethnography of cyclists on Mont Ventoux.Environment&Planning D:Society&Space,2006,24(5):709-732.
[37]Rodaway P.Sensuous Geographies:Body,Sense and Place.London&New York:Routledge,2011.
[38]Bergson H,Paul N M,Palmer W S.Matter and Memory.New York:Cosimo Classics,2007.
[39]村上春树.当我谈跑步时我谈些什么.施小炜译.海南:南海出版公司,2015.[Haruki Murakami.What I Talk about When I Talk about Running.Translated by Shi Xiaowei.Hainan:Nanhai Publishing Co,2015.]
[40]Heidegger M.Poetry,Language and Thought.New York:Harper and Row,1971.
[41]Casey E S.Between geography and philosophy:What does it mean to be in the place-world.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2001,91(4):683-693.
[42]Fredrickson B L.The role of positive emotions in positive psychology:The-broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.American Psychologist,2001,56(3):1367-1378.
[43]倪梁康.胡塞尔早期内时间意识分析的基本进路.中山大学学报:社会科学版,2008,48(1):102-111.[Ni Liangkang.Elements of Husserl's early analysis of the internal time-consciousness.Journal of Sun Yat-Sen University:Social Science Edition,2008,48(1):102-111.]
[44]莫里斯·梅洛庞蒂.知觉现象学.姜志辉译.北京:商务印书馆,2012.[Merleau-Ponty M.Phenomenology of Perception.Translated by Jiang Zhihui.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2012.]
[2]Ellis G,Barry J,Robinson C.Many ways to say'no',different ways to say'yes':Applying Q-Methodology to understand public acceptance of wind farm proposals.Journal of Environmental Planning&Management,2007,50(4):517-551.
[3]汪芳,黄晓辉,俞曦.旅游地地方感的游客认知研究.地理学报,2009,64(10):1267-1277.[Wang Fang,Huang Xiaohui,Yu Xi.Tourist cognition of sense of place in tourism attractions.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1267-1277.]
[4]郑群明,钟林生.农村居民旅游认知特征分析:以湖南省四县市为例.地理研究,2005,24(4):591-600.[Zheng Qunming,Zhong Linsheng.Study on the feature of tourism perspective of rural residents:Taking Hunan province as a case.Geographical Research,2005,24(4):591-600.]
[5]李萍,陈田,王甫园,等.基于文本挖掘的城市旅游社区形象感知研究:以北京市为例.地理研究,2017,36(6):1106-1122.[Li Ping,Chen Tian,Wang Fuyuan,et al.Urban tourism community image perception and differentiation based on online comments:A case study of Beijing.Geographical Research,2017,36(6):1106-1122.]
[6]Longhurst R.The Body and Geography.Gender,Place&Culture,1995,2(1):97-106.
[7]徐献军.现象学对于认知科学的意义.浙江:浙江大学出版社,2016.[Xu Xianjun.Phenomenology's Contribution to Cognitive Sciences.Zhejiang:Zhejiang University Press,2016.]
[8]陈玉明,郭田友,何立国,等.具身认知研究述评.心理学探新,2014,34(6):483-487.[Chen Yuming,Guo Tianyou,He Liguo,et al.A review on the research on embodied cognitive.Psychological Exploration,2014,34(6):483-487.]
[9]Longhurst R.(Dis)embodied geographies.Progress in Human Geography,1997,21(4):486-501.
[10]张震.“回到运动本身”的具身化研究.体育与科学,2015,36(5):74-83.[Zhang Zhen.Embodiment study of'back to sport in itself'.Sports&Science,2015,36(5):74-83.]
[11]叶浩生.具身认知:认知心理学的新取向.心理科学进展,2010,18(5):705-710.[Ye Haosheng.Embodied cognition:A new approach in cognitive psychology.Advances in Psychological Science,2010,18(5):705-710.]
[12]Tuan Y F.Space and Place:The Perspective of Experience.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1978.
[13]Middleton J.Sense and the city:Exploring the embodied geographies of urban walking.Social&Cultural Geography,2010,11(11):575-596.
[14]Ahmed S.The Cultural Politics of Emotion.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2004.
[15]Bartos A E.Children sensing place.Emotion Space&Society,2013,9(1):89-98.
[16]Thrift N.Non-Representational Theory:Space,Politics,Affect.London&New York:Routledge,2008.
[17]Lewis N.The climbing body,nature and the experience of modernity.Body&Society,2001,6(3-4):58-80.
[18]陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究.地理研究,2015,34(6):1173-1187.[Tao Wei,Wang Shaoxu,Zhu Hong.The body,the view of body,and the study of body in human geography.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1173-1187.]
[19]Macpherson H.Non-representational approaches to body-landscape relations.Geography Compass,2010,4(1):1-13.
[20]Thrift N.Intensities of feeling:Towards a spatial politics of affect.Geografiska Annaler Series B:Human Geography,2004,86(1):57-78.
[21]Cadman L.Non-representational theory/Non-representational geographies.International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,2009:456-463.
[22]布莱恩·马苏米.虚拟的寓言.严蓓雯译.河南:河南大学出版社,2012.[Massumi B.Parables for the Virtual.Translated by Yan Beiwen.Henan:Henan University Press,2012.]
[23]Allen-Collinson J,Owton H.Intense embodiment:Senses of heat in women's running and boxing.Body&Society,2015,21(2):245-268.
[24]Pile S.Emotions and affect in recent human geography.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2010,35(1):5-20.
[25]Andrews G J,Chen S,Myers S.The'taking place'of health and wellbeing:Towards non-representational theory.Social Science&Medicine,2014,108:210-220.
[26]Andrews G J.From post-game to play-by-play:Animating sports movement-space.Progress in Human Geography,2017,41(6):766-794.
[27]Merriman P.Human geography without time-space.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2011,37(1):13-27.
[28]Shouse E.Feeling,emotion,affect.M/C:A Journal of Media and Culture,2005,8(6),http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0512/03-shouse.php,2018-07-10.
[29]Thien D.After or beyond feeling?A consideration of affect and emotion in geography.Area,2005,37(4):450-454.
[30]吉尔·德勒兹.福柯褶子.于奇智,杨洁译.湖南:湖南文艺出版社,2001.[Deleuzu G.Foucault Fold.Translated by Yu Qizhi,Yang Jie.Hunan:Hunan Wenyi Press,2001.]
[31]Wylie J.A single day's walking:Narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2005,30(2):234-247.
[32]Green K.It hurts so it is real:Sensing the seduction of mixed martial arts.Social&Cultural Geography,2011,12(4):377-396.
[33]Andrews G J,Grenier A M.老年人移动构成的时空:老龄化地理学中非表征理论的引入.地理科学进展,2015,34(12):1512-1534.[Andrews G J,Grenier A M.Ageing movement as space-time:Introducing non-representational theory to the geography of ageing.Progress in Geography,2015,34(12):1512-1534.]
[34]Anderson B.Affective atmospheres.Emotion Space&Society,2009,2(2):77-81.
[35]Young J A,Pain M D.The zone:Evidence of a universal phenomenon for athletes across sports.Athletic Insight:The Online Journal of Sport Psychology,1999,1(3):21-30.
[36]Spinney J.A place of sense:A kinaesthetic ethnography of cyclists on Mont Ventoux.Environment&Planning D:Society&Space,2006,24(5):709-732.
[37]Rodaway P.Sensuous Geographies:Body,Sense and Place.London&New York:Routledge,2011.
[38]Bergson H,Paul N M,Palmer W S.Matter and Memory.New York:Cosimo Classics,2007.
[39]村上春树.当我谈跑步时我谈些什么.施小炜译.海南:南海出版公司,2015.[Haruki Murakami.What I Talk about When I Talk about Running.Translated by Shi Xiaowei.Hainan:Nanhai Publishing Co,2015.]
[40]Heidegger M.Poetry,Language and Thought.New York:Harper and Row,1971.
[41]Casey E S.Between geography and philosophy:What does it mean to be in the place-world.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2001,91(4):683-693.
[42]Fredrickson B L.The role of positive emotions in positive psychology:The-broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.American Psychologist,2001,56(3):1367-1378.
[43]倪梁康.胡塞尔早期内时间意识分析的基本进路.中山大学学报:社会科学版,2008,48(1):102-111.[Ni Liangkang.Elements of Husserl's early analysis of the internal time-consciousness.Journal of Sun Yat-Sen University:Social Science Edition,2008,48(1):102-111.]
[44]莫里斯·梅洛庞蒂.知觉现象学.姜志辉译.北京:商务印书馆,2012.[Merleau-Ponty M.Phenomenology of Perception.Translated by Jiang Zhihui.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2012.]