农户劳动力迁移程度对林地流转的影响分析
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摘要
基于江西省集体林权制度改革项目2011—2016年的连续监测数据,考虑非农就业的内生性,采用IV-Probit模型及其估计方法,分析集体林区农户劳动力长期外出务工对林地流转的影响。结果显示:集体林区农户劳动力迁移程度对林地转入有抑制作用,但对林地转出具有促进作用,且都通过了显著性检验。因此,政府部门应该在如何推动农村劳动力实现长期、有效、稳定的非农就业转移这一问题上做出相关努力,以促进农户间的林地流转,最终实现林业规模经营的目的。
(1)Background——Government departments strongly encourage farmers to carry out forestland transfer and large-scale management in order to solve the problems brought by the new round of collective forest tenure reform such as the fragmentation of forestland and the low efficiency of allocation of forestland resources and so on.However,the rate of forestland transfer has been relatively low and has not been significantly improved so far.Therefore,what factors restrict the farmer's forestland transfer behavior is worth studying. This paper studies and analyzes the forestland transfer behavior from the perspective of off-farm employment of farmers,and hopes to give relevant policy enlightenment in promoting forestland transfer.(2)Methods——The research used the fixed monitoring data from 500 farmers in collective forest area of Jiangxi Province from 2011 to 2016. In this paper,the impact of long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers on forestland transfer is analyzed by constructing farmer decision-making model and adopting IV-Probit econometric model.(3) Results——The study found that:(1)As expected,long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers restrained the forestland transfer,and its effect was significant at the 1% statistical level. That implies the more farmer laborers participate in long-term off-farm employment,the less likely it is to flow into the forestland. If the labor force share of long-term off-farm employment of a farmer increases by one unit,the average probability of the farmer's inflow into the forestland will decrease 2. 4%.(2)In contrast,long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers has promoted the outflow of forestland and its effect is significant at the 10% statistical level. This estimated result is different from previous studies. They believe that off-farm employment has a positive impact on forestland inflow,but has not passed a significant test. This is because they don't distinguish the different impact between the long-term off-farm employment and local employment on forestland transfer.(3)All the other control variables are mostly within the forecast. Householder education level,family population,unit yield of forestland and forestland resources of farmers have significant positive effects on forestland inflow,while the distance from town center has significant negative effects on forestland inflow. In addition,the family population and the distance from the town center inhibit the outflow of forestland. Interestingly,forestland resources also have a significant positive impact on forestland outflow. This may be because farmers with abundant forest resources are more willing to integrate forestland through forestland transfer to achieve the intensification effect of forestland management.(4) Conclusions and Discussions——Long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers can inhibit the inflow of forestland and promote the outflow of forestland,and both of them have passed the significant test. It shows that the forestland transfer depends on the effective,stable and long-term transfer of off-farm employment of rural laborers. Therefore,relevant government departments can make some efforts to promote the stable offfarm employment transfer of rural laborers. First,government should strength vocational training of off-farm skills for rural laborers,so that they can participate in the division of labor in off-farm production sectors. Second,government should provide relevant social welfare guarantees for migrant workers who are working outside the county,and provide support and help on basic security issues such as their children's enrollment,education and medical care so that they can stay in the off-farm sector with ease and stability. Finally,government should accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the transformation of rural migrant workers into citizens,and realize intensive and large-scale management of forestry in the process of rural migrant workers moving to cities and towns.
(1)Background——Government departments strongly encourage farmers to carry out forestland transfer and large-scale management in order to solve the problems brought by the new round of collective forest tenure reform such as the fragmentation of forestland and the low efficiency of allocation of forestland resources and so on.However,the rate of forestland transfer has been relatively low and has not been significantly improved so far.Therefore,what factors restrict the farmer's forestland transfer behavior is worth studying. This paper studies and analyzes the forestland transfer behavior from the perspective of off-farm employment of farmers,and hopes to give relevant policy enlightenment in promoting forestland transfer.(2)Methods——The research used the fixed monitoring data from 500 farmers in collective forest area of Jiangxi Province from 2011 to 2016. In this paper,the impact of long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers on forestland transfer is analyzed by constructing farmer decision-making model and adopting IV-Probit econometric model.(3) Results——The study found that:(1)As expected,long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers restrained the forestland transfer,and its effect was significant at the 1% statistical level. That implies the more farmer laborers participate in long-term off-farm employment,the less likely it is to flow into the forestland. If the labor force share of long-term off-farm employment of a farmer increases by one unit,the average probability of the farmer's inflow into the forestland will decrease 2. 4%.(2)In contrast,long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers has promoted the outflow of forestland and its effect is significant at the 10% statistical level. This estimated result is different from previous studies. They believe that off-farm employment has a positive impact on forestland inflow,but has not passed a significant test. This is because they don't distinguish the different impact between the long-term off-farm employment and local employment on forestland transfer.(3)All the other control variables are mostly within the forecast. Householder education level,family population,unit yield of forestland and forestland resources of farmers have significant positive effects on forestland inflow,while the distance from town center has significant negative effects on forestland inflow. In addition,the family population and the distance from the town center inhibit the outflow of forestland. Interestingly,forestland resources also have a significant positive impact on forestland outflow. This may be because farmers with abundant forest resources are more willing to integrate forestland through forestland transfer to achieve the intensification effect of forestland management.(4) Conclusions and Discussions——Long-term off-farm employment of rural laborers can inhibit the inflow of forestland and promote the outflow of forestland,and both of them have passed the significant test. It shows that the forestland transfer depends on the effective,stable and long-term transfer of off-farm employment of rural laborers. Therefore,relevant government departments can make some efforts to promote the stable offfarm employment transfer of rural laborers. First,government should strength vocational training of off-farm skills for rural laborers,so that they can participate in the division of labor in off-farm production sectors. Second,government should provide relevant social welfare guarantees for migrant workers who are working outside the county,and provide support and help on basic security issues such as their children's enrollment,education and medical care so that they can stay in the off-farm sector with ease and stability. Finally,government should accelerate the urbanization construction,promote the transformation of rural migrant workers into citizens,and realize intensive and large-scale management of forestry in the process of rural migrant workers moving to cities and towns.
引文
[1]黄安胜,刘振滨,许佳贤,等.多重目标下的中国林业全要素生产率及其时空差异[J].林业科学,2015,51(9):117-125.
[2]孔凡斌,廖文梅.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析:以江西省为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(8):89-97.
[3]徐秀英,石道金,杨松坤,等.农户林地流转行为及影响因素分析:基于浙江省临安、安吉的农户调查[J].林业科学,2010,46(9):149-157.
[4]廖文梅,彭泰中,曹建华.农户林地流转决策行为影响因素分析:以江西为例[J].林业经济,2010(5):39-43.
[5]康小兰,钟亮亮,朱述斌,等.林改政策对不同资源禀赋林农林地流转影响与作用机理研究:以江西省例[J].林业经济,2014,36(12):32-36.
[6]史若昀,刘伟平.农户行为能力视角下的林地流转意愿及决策研究:以福建省10县(市)50村农户调查为例[J].林业经济问题,2017,37(5):23-31.
[7] XU X,ZHANG Y,LI L,et al. Markets for forestland use rights:A case study in Southern China[J]. Land Use Policy,2013,30(1):560-569.
[8] SIIKAMKI J,JI Y,XU J. Post-reform forestland markets in China[J]. Land Economics,2015,91(2):211-234.
[9]王成军,费喜敏,徐秀英.农村劳动力转移与农户间林地流转:基于浙江省两个县(市)调查的研究[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(6):893-900.
[10]张寒,程娟娟,刘璨.基于内生性视角的非农就业对林地流转的效应评价:来自9省1497户林农的连续监测数据[J].农业技术经济,2018(1):122-131.
[11]周来友,饶芳萍,马贤磊,等.丘陵地区非农就业类型对农地流转的影响:基于江西省东北部农户调查数据的分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(2):209-219.
[12] CHE Y. Off-farm employments and land rental behavior:Evidence from rural China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review,2016,8(1):37-54.
[13]罗明忠,刘恺.农村劳动力转移就业能力对农地流转影响的实证分析[J].广东财经大学学报,2015,30(2):73-84.
[14] HUANG J,GAO L,ROZELLE S. The effect of off-farm employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land in China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review,2012,4(1):5-17.
[15] ZHANG H,JARI K,YANG H,et al. The effect of off-farm employment on forestland transfers in China:A simultaneousequation tobit model estimation[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(1645):1-14.
[16]何欣,蒋涛,郭良燕,等.中国农地流转市场的发展与农户流转农地行为研究:基于2013~2015年29省的农户调查数据[J].管理世界,2016(6):79-89.
[17]林善浪,王健,张锋.劳动力转移行为对土地流转意愿影响的实证研究[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(2):19-23.
[2]孔凡斌,廖文梅.基于收入结构差异化的农户林地流转行为分析:以江西省为例[J].中国农村经济,2011(8):89-97.
[3]徐秀英,石道金,杨松坤,等.农户林地流转行为及影响因素分析:基于浙江省临安、安吉的农户调查[J].林业科学,2010,46(9):149-157.
[4]廖文梅,彭泰中,曹建华.农户林地流转决策行为影响因素分析:以江西为例[J].林业经济,2010(5):39-43.
[5]康小兰,钟亮亮,朱述斌,等.林改政策对不同资源禀赋林农林地流转影响与作用机理研究:以江西省例[J].林业经济,2014,36(12):32-36.
[6]史若昀,刘伟平.农户行为能力视角下的林地流转意愿及决策研究:以福建省10县(市)50村农户调查为例[J].林业经济问题,2017,37(5):23-31.
[7] XU X,ZHANG Y,LI L,et al. Markets for forestland use rights:A case study in Southern China[J]. Land Use Policy,2013,30(1):560-569.
[8] SIIKAMKI J,JI Y,XU J. Post-reform forestland markets in China[J]. Land Economics,2015,91(2):211-234.
[9]王成军,费喜敏,徐秀英.农村劳动力转移与农户间林地流转:基于浙江省两个县(市)调查的研究[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(6):893-900.
[10]张寒,程娟娟,刘璨.基于内生性视角的非农就业对林地流转的效应评价:来自9省1497户林农的连续监测数据[J].农业技术经济,2018(1):122-131.
[11]周来友,饶芳萍,马贤磊,等.丘陵地区非农就业类型对农地流转的影响:基于江西省东北部农户调查数据的分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(2):209-219.
[12] CHE Y. Off-farm employments and land rental behavior:Evidence from rural China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review,2016,8(1):37-54.
[13]罗明忠,刘恺.农村劳动力转移就业能力对农地流转影响的实证分析[J].广东财经大学学报,2015,30(2):73-84.
[14] HUANG J,GAO L,ROZELLE S. The effect of off-farm employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in cultivated land in China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review,2012,4(1):5-17.
[15] ZHANG H,JARI K,YANG H,et al. The effect of off-farm employment on forestland transfers in China:A simultaneousequation tobit model estimation[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(1645):1-14.
[16]何欣,蒋涛,郭良燕,等.中国农地流转市场的发展与农户流转农地行为研究:基于2013~2015年29省的农户调查数据[J].管理世界,2016(6):79-89.
[17]林善浪,王健,张锋.劳动力转移行为对土地流转意愿影响的实证研究[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(2):19-23.