基于资源比较优势的森林公园旅游增长方式合理性研究
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摘要
利用Cobb-Douglas函数对各省森林公园旅游增长方式进行判别,结合"资源比较优势"和"资源利用合理度",重点分析旅游资源在森林公园旅游增长过程中的作用及其利用水平。研究发现:中国森林公园在旅游增长过程中,不仅存在资本投入过剩现象,也存在旅游资源利用不合理的现象,并且由于资本投入过剩直接导致部分省份的旅游资源处于不合理利用状态,表现为旅游资源"利用过度"和"利用不足";全国有19个省份的旅游资源利用状态处于不合理状态,其中8个处于过度开发状态,以东部沿海和中部省份为主;11个处于利用不足状态,以西南和西北各省为主。旅游资源禀赋、旅游资源比较优势和旅游资源利用合理度会因各省资本投入的不同而出现不完全匹配的发展局面。
To study the rationality of tourism development model in forest parks can provide important bases for improving the utilization efficiency of forest tourism resources and protecting forest resources. This article uses the Cobb-Douglas production function to determine the type of the tourism growth model in forest parks at the provincial level and analyzes the effects and utilization efficiency of tourism resources in the tourism growth process of forest parks in perspectives of the "resource comparative advantage" and "resource utilization rationality". The main findings include:(1) The average contribution rates of capital investment, labor input, tourism resource endowment and generalized technological progress in forest parks are respectively 0.5132, 0.1712, 0.0697 and 0.2457 during the period from 2004 to2014. There are five types of "capital-related-driven tourism growth model" in 24 provincial level areas(hereafter provinces). There are four types of "generalized technological progressrelated-driven growth model" in 21 provinces, mainly in the central and western regions. There are only two types of "tourism resources-related-driven growth model" in 3 provinces.(2) In the process of tourism growth in China's forest parks, there is not only a phenomenon of redundant capital investment, but also a phenomenon of insufficient utilization of tourism resources. The utilization of tourism resources in some provinces is unreasonable due to excessive capital investment, which directly leads to "over-utilization of tourism resources" and "underutilization of tourism resources". The analysis shows that tourism resources in 19 provinces have not been rationally utilized. Among them, the tourism resources in 8 provinces are over-developed, dominated by the eastern coastal and central provinces, and the tourism resources in 11 provinces are underutilized, which is mainly in the southwest and northwest regions. In addition, only the forest tourism resources in 12 provinces such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai can be developed and utilized reasonably.(3) There exists incomplete matchable development status among tourism resource endowment, comparative advantage of tourism resources and rational utilization of tourism resources due to the difference of capital investment in each province. The comparative advantages of tourism resources in the provinces with poor tourism resources are mostly at the intermediate level, but the state of resource utilization is mostly insufficient. The comparative advantage of tourism resources in provinces with medium tourism resources is mostly at a low level. Meanwhile, the provinces with rich tourism resources are generally those with a large amount of resources, but the state of tourism resource utilization is uncertain.
To study the rationality of tourism development model in forest parks can provide important bases for improving the utilization efficiency of forest tourism resources and protecting forest resources. This article uses the Cobb-Douglas production function to determine the type of the tourism growth model in forest parks at the provincial level and analyzes the effects and utilization efficiency of tourism resources in the tourism growth process of forest parks in perspectives of the "resource comparative advantage" and "resource utilization rationality". The main findings include:(1) The average contribution rates of capital investment, labor input, tourism resource endowment and generalized technological progress in forest parks are respectively 0.5132, 0.1712, 0.0697 and 0.2457 during the period from 2004 to2014. There are five types of "capital-related-driven tourism growth model" in 24 provincial level areas(hereafter provinces). There are four types of "generalized technological progressrelated-driven growth model" in 21 provinces, mainly in the central and western regions. There are only two types of "tourism resources-related-driven growth model" in 3 provinces.(2) In the process of tourism growth in China's forest parks, there is not only a phenomenon of redundant capital investment, but also a phenomenon of insufficient utilization of tourism resources. The utilization of tourism resources in some provinces is unreasonable due to excessive capital investment, which directly leads to "over-utilization of tourism resources" and "underutilization of tourism resources". The analysis shows that tourism resources in 19 provinces have not been rationally utilized. Among them, the tourism resources in 8 provinces are over-developed, dominated by the eastern coastal and central provinces, and the tourism resources in 11 provinces are underutilized, which is mainly in the southwest and northwest regions. In addition, only the forest tourism resources in 12 provinces such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai can be developed and utilized reasonably.(3) There exists incomplete matchable development status among tourism resource endowment, comparative advantage of tourism resources and rational utilization of tourism resources due to the difference of capital investment in each province. The comparative advantages of tourism resources in the provinces with poor tourism resources are mostly at the intermediate level, but the state of resource utilization is mostly insufficient. The comparative advantage of tourism resources in provinces with medium tourism resources is mostly at a low level. Meanwhile, the provinces with rich tourism resources are generally those with a large amount of resources, but the state of tourism resource utilization is uncertain.
引文
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[17]唐未兵,傅元海,王展祥.技术创新、技术引进与经济增长方式转变.经济研究,2014,(7):31-43.[TANG W B,FU YH,WANG Z X.Technology innovation,technology introduction and transformation of economic growth pattern.Economic Research,2014,(7):31-43.]
[18]毛琦梁,王菲.比较优势、可达性与产业升级路径:基于中国地区产品空间的实证分析.经济科学,2017,(1):48-62.[MAO Q L,WANG F.Comparative advantage,accessibility,and industry upgrade path:An empirical analysis based on product space in China.Economic Science,2017,(1):48-62.]
[19]郭熙保,张薇.“比较优势陷阱”存在吗?:基于马尔科夫链模型多维动态分析方法.贵州社会科学,2017,(2):117-126.[GUO X B,ZHANG W.Does the"comparative advantage trap"exist?:Based on the multidimensional dynamic analysis method of Markov chain model.Guizhou Social Science,2017,(2):117-126.]
[20]任建成,王明涛,郑宝枝.滨州市旅游资源评价及开发策略研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(S2):283-286.[REN J C,WANG M T,ZHENG B Z.Study on evaluation and development strategy of tourism resources in Binzhou.China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(S2):283-286.]
[21]杨丽婷,刘大均,赵越,等.长江中游城市群森林公园空间分布格局及可达性评价.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(8):1228-1237.[YANG L T,LIU D J,ZHAO Y,et al.Spatial pattern and accessibility of the forest parks in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangzte River.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(8):1228-1237.]
[22]SOLOWR M.A contribution to the theory of economic growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1956,70(1):65-94.
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[26]吕中楼.新制度经济学研究.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.[LYU Z L.Research on New Institutional Economics.Beijing:China Economic Press,2005.]
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[28]左冰.中国旅游经济增长因素及其贡献度分析.商业经济与管理,2011,(10):82-90.[ZUO B.An empirical study of the factors influencing the tourism economic growth of China.Journal of Business Economics,2011,(10):82-90.]
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(1)本文重点研究森林公园旅游增长方式中资本和旅游资源要素的贡献水平,因此不对广义技术进步和劳动要素的贡献率进行详细分析,留待另外的文章进行专门探讨。
[2]余凤龙,黄震方,曹芳东,等.中国城镇化进程对旅游经济发展的影响.自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1297-1309.[YUF L,HUANG Z F,CAO F D,et al.Influence of China's urbanization on tourism economic development.Jouranl of Nature Resources,2014,29(8):1297-1309.]
[3]赵敏燕,陈鑫峰.中国森林公园的发展与管理.林业科学,2016,52(1):118-127.[ZHAO M Y,CHEN X F.The development and management of forest parks in China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2016,52(1):118-127.]
[4]黄秀娟.中国森林公园旅游发展效率的比较与分析.林业科学,2011,47(12):21-27.[HUANG X J.Comparison and analysis on the tourism efficiency of forest parks in China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2011,47(12):21-27.]
[5]刘东霞.基于Malmquist指数法的中国省域森林公园运营效率动态实证分析.林业经济问题,2014,34(3):229-235.[LIU D X.Dynamic empirical analysis of operation efficiency of provincial forest parks in China based on Malmquist index.Journal of Forest Economic Issue,2014,34(3):229-235.]
[6]李平,王维薇,张俊飚.我国林业旅游资源开发效率动态演进与区域差异的实证研究:基于省际森林公园的面板数据.华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2016,(4):42-46.[LI P,WANG W W,ZHANG J B.An empirial study on dynamic evolution and regional diference of efficiency of China's forestry tourism resource development:Based on panel data of provincial forest park.Journal of Huazhong Agriculture University:Social Science Edition,2016,(4):42-46.]
[7]程南洋,屈作新.国内森林公园旅游服务业TFP演变及其地区差异:基于DEA-MPI的分析.林业经济,2015,(1):75-81.[CHENG N Y,QU Z X.The TFP evolution and its regional differences of domestic forest park tourism service industry.Forestry Economics,2015,(1):75-81.]
[8]黄秀娟,黄福才.中国省域森林公园技术效率测算与分析.旅游学刊,2011,26(3):25-30.[HUANG X J,HUANG FC.On the measurement and analysis of technical efficiency of China's provincial forest parks.Tourism Tribune,2011,26(3):25-30.]
[9]刘振滨,林丽梅,郑逸芳.中国森林公园经营效率及其资源投入过剩分析.干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(2):74-78.[LIU Z B,LIN L M,ZHENG Y F.Analysis on the operational efficiency and resource redundancy of forest parks in China.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(2):74-78.]
[10]黄秀娟,林秀治.我国森林公园旅游效率及其影响因素.林业科学,2015,51(2):137-146.[HUANG X J,LIN X Z.Tourism efficiency and influence factors of Chinese forest parks.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(2):137-146.]
[11]罗芬,保继刚.中国国家森林公园演变历程与特点研究:基于国家、市场和社会的逻辑.经济地理,2013,33(3):164-169.[LUO F,BAO J G.Evolutional process and characteristics of national forest parks in China:A perspective of the logic of state,market and society.Economic Geography,2013,33(3):164-169.]
[12]丁振民,黄秀娟.资本投入对中国森林公园旅游效率的影响研究.资源科学,2016,38(7):1363-1372.[DING Z M,HUANG X J.Capital input effects on the tourism efficiency of forest parks in China.Resources Science,2016,38(7):1363-1372.]
[13]白翠玲,秦安臣.基于因子分析的河北省森林公园资源利用效率研究.林业经济,2012,(7):113-116.[BAI C L,QINA C.Research on the resources use efficiency of Hebei province forest park based on factor analysis.Forestry Economics,2012,(7):113-116.]
[14]黄秀娟.基于DEA方法的福建省国家级森林公园旅游效率测算.福建论坛,2014,(11):128-131.[HUANG X J.Estimation of tourism efficiency of national forest park in Fujian province based on DEA method.Fujian Forum,2014,(11):128-131.]
[15]仇维佳,谭益民,张双全.基于聚集分形的湖南省国家森林公园空间结构研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2016,36(10):128-133,146.[QIU W J,TAN Y M,ZHANG S Q.Study on the spatial structural evolution in national forest park of Hunan province based on aggregation and fractal.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2016,36(10):128-133,146.]
[16]王丽芳,苏建军,黄解宇.山西省森林公园旅游经济发展与生态环境耦合协调度分析.农业技术经济,2013,(8):98-104.[WANG L F,SU J J,HUANG J Y.Analysis on coupling coordination degree between tourism economic development and eco-environment in forest parks in Shanxi province.Agricultural Technology Economy,2013,(8):98-104.]
[17]唐未兵,傅元海,王展祥.技术创新、技术引进与经济增长方式转变.经济研究,2014,(7):31-43.[TANG W B,FU YH,WANG Z X.Technology innovation,technology introduction and transformation of economic growth pattern.Economic Research,2014,(7):31-43.]
[18]毛琦梁,王菲.比较优势、可达性与产业升级路径:基于中国地区产品空间的实证分析.经济科学,2017,(1):48-62.[MAO Q L,WANG F.Comparative advantage,accessibility,and industry upgrade path:An empirical analysis based on product space in China.Economic Science,2017,(1):48-62.]
[19]郭熙保,张薇.“比较优势陷阱”存在吗?:基于马尔科夫链模型多维动态分析方法.贵州社会科学,2017,(2):117-126.[GUO X B,ZHANG W.Does the"comparative advantage trap"exist?:Based on the multidimensional dynamic analysis method of Markov chain model.Guizhou Social Science,2017,(2):117-126.]
[20]任建成,王明涛,郑宝枝.滨州市旅游资源评价及开发策略研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(S2):283-286.[REN J C,WANG M T,ZHENG B Z.Study on evaluation and development strategy of tourism resources in Binzhou.China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(S2):283-286.]
[21]杨丽婷,刘大均,赵越,等.长江中游城市群森林公园空间分布格局及可达性评价.长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(8):1228-1237.[YANG L T,LIU D J,ZHAO Y,et al.Spatial pattern and accessibility of the forest parks in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangzte River.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(8):1228-1237.]
[22]SOLOWR M.A contribution to the theory of economic growth.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1956,70(1):65-94.
[23]LUCAS R E.On the mechanics of economic development.Journal of Monetary Economics,1988,22(1):3-42.
[24]彭宜钟,童健,吴敏.究竟是什么推动了我国经济增长方式转支.数量经济技术经济研究,2014,(6):20-35.[PENGY Z,TONG J,WU M.What exactly promotes the transformation of China's economic growth pattern.Quantitative,Technical and Economic Research,2014,(6):20-35.]
[25]罗浩,颜钰荛,杨旸.中国各省的旅游增长方式“因地制宜”吗?:中国省际旅游增长要素贡献与旅游资源比较优势研究.旅游学刊,2016,31(3):43-53.[LUO H,YAN Y R,YANG Y.Can comparative advantage theory explains tourism growth models of Chinese provinces?:An inter-provincial study on the contribution of production factors to tourism growth and the comparative advantage of tourism resources in China.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(3):43-53.]
[26]吕中楼.新制度经济学研究.北京:中国经济出版社,2005.[LYU Z L.Research on New Institutional Economics.Beijing:China Economic Press,2005.]
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(1)本文重点研究森林公园旅游增长方式中资本和旅游资源要素的贡献水平,因此不对广义技术进步和劳动要素的贡献率进行详细分析,留待另外的文章进行专门探讨。