模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤养分和酶活性的影响
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摘要
为明晰牦牛和藏羊践踏对高寒草甸的分异影响,通过2年模拟践踏和降水双因子控制试验,研究了践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤养分和酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,践踏处理提高了0—20 cm土层土壤速效氮和速效钾含量,降低了0—20 cm全磷、脲酶和0—10 cm速效磷、碱性磷酸酶和有机质含量,且适度践踏促进了全氮的矿化。随降水强度的增加,0—30 cm土层土壤全氮和0—20 cm全磷和脲酶活性呈单峰曲线的变化态势,在平水下达到峰值;降水显著降低了0—30 cm土层土壤速效氮、磷、钾和0—10 cm土层土壤全钾含量,对土壤有机质含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。同一放牧强度下,藏羊践踏区的土壤养分和酶活性优于牦牛践踏区,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合可得,家畜的践踏作用促进了土壤氮和钾的矿化,抑制了磷的累积且加速了表层土壤有机质的耗竭,降低了土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性;适度降水提高了土壤全氮、全磷含量及酶活性,降水过多则相反。适度的家畜践踏与降水相耦合下草地土壤的养分循环和酶活性要优于重度践踏和不践踏小区。在对草地的适度放牧利用前提下,应注重土壤含水量和放牧畜种对草地的影响。草地干旱或土壤含水量过高时,应适当减少放牧畜种中牦牛比例增加藏羊比例,以期使草地得到健康可持续发展。
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of yak and Tibetan sheep trampling on the grassland in QinghaiTibetan Plateau. The effects of simulated trampling and rainfall on soil nutrients and enzyme activity in an alpine meadow were studied through two years of two-factor control experiments. The results showed that simulated trampling increased soil available nitrogen and available potassium but decreased soil total phosphorus and urease in the 0—20 cm soil layer,and decreased available phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase activity,and organic matter content in the 0—10 cm soil layer.Moderate trampling promoted the mineralization of soil total nitrogen. The soil nitrogen content in the 0—30 cm layer and total phosphorus content and urease activity in the 0—20 cm layer each showed a trend of a single peak curve with increased rainfall,reaching its peak at the average level of rainfall. Precipitation significantly reduced available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the 0—30 cm soil layer and total potassium in the 0—10 cm soil layer,but had no significant effect on soil organic matter content( P > 0.05). Under the same grazing intensity,the soil nutrients and enzyme activity of soil with Tibetan sheep were better than those with yak,but the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).Overall,livestock trampling promoted the mineralization of soil nitrogen and potassium,inhibited the accumulation ofphosphorus,and accelerated the depletion of soil organic matter in the topsoil,while reducing soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities. Moderate rainfall increased total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents and enzyme activity,while excessive rainfall had the opposite effect. Soil nutrient cycling and enzyme activity under the coupling of moderate trampling and precipitation were better than those of severe trampling and no trampling. As part of appropriate grazing and utilization of grassland,the influences of soil moisture and livestock species should be taken seriously. When grassland is under drought or soil water content is too high,the proportion of yak in grazing livestock should be reduced to increase the proportion of Tibetan sheep,so as to make the grassland achieve healthy and sustainable development.
The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of yak and Tibetan sheep trampling on the grassland in QinghaiTibetan Plateau. The effects of simulated trampling and rainfall on soil nutrients and enzyme activity in an alpine meadow were studied through two years of two-factor control experiments. The results showed that simulated trampling increased soil available nitrogen and available potassium but decreased soil total phosphorus and urease in the 0—20 cm soil layer,and decreased available phosphorus,alkaline phosphatase activity,and organic matter content in the 0—10 cm soil layer.Moderate trampling promoted the mineralization of soil total nitrogen. The soil nitrogen content in the 0—30 cm layer and total phosphorus content and urease activity in the 0—20 cm layer each showed a trend of a single peak curve with increased rainfall,reaching its peak at the average level of rainfall. Precipitation significantly reduced available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the 0—30 cm soil layer and total potassium in the 0—10 cm soil layer,but had no significant effect on soil organic matter content( P > 0.05). Under the same grazing intensity,the soil nutrients and enzyme activity of soil with Tibetan sheep were better than those with yak,but the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).Overall,livestock trampling promoted the mineralization of soil nitrogen and potassium,inhibited the accumulation ofphosphorus,and accelerated the depletion of soil organic matter in the topsoil,while reducing soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activities. Moderate rainfall increased total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents and enzyme activity,while excessive rainfall had the opposite effect. Soil nutrient cycling and enzyme activity under the coupling of moderate trampling and precipitation were better than those of severe trampling and no trampling. As part of appropriate grazing and utilization of grassland,the influences of soil moisture and livestock species should be taken seriously. When grassland is under drought or soil water content is too high,the proportion of yak in grazing livestock should be reduced to increase the proportion of Tibetan sheep,so as to make the grassland achieve healthy and sustainable development.
引文
[1]刘晓东,张敏锋,惠晓英,康兴成.青藏高原当代气候变化特征及其对温室效应的响应.地理科学,1998,18(2):113-121.
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[6]朱昊,柯梅,李学森,任玉平,侯钰荣,魏鹏,贠静.放牧对蒿类荒漠草地植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响.草原与草坪,2017,37(4):68-73.
[7] Hiltbrunner D,Schulze S,Hagedorn F,Schmidt M W I,Zimmmermann S. Cattle trampling alters soil properties and changes soil microbial communities in a Swiss sub-alpine pasture. Geoderma,2012,170:369-377.
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[15]刘秀梅.不同放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤特性和地上生物量的影响.草食家畜,2017,38(3):45-48.
[16]戎郁萍,韩建国,王培,毛培胜.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响.中国草地,2001,23(4):41-47.
[17] Evans R W,Krzic M,Broersma K,Thompson D J. Long-term grazing effects on grassland soil properties in southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2012,92(4):685-693.
[18] Dunne T,Western D,Dietrich W E. Effects of cattle trampling on vegetation,infiltration,and erosion in a tropical rangeland. Journal of Arid Environments,2011,75(1):58-69.
[19] Abdel-Magid A H,Trlica M J,Hart R H. Soil and vegetation responses to simulated trampling. Journal of Range Management,1987,40(4):303-306.
[20]林慧龙,任继周.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究.草地学报,2008,16(1):97-99.
[21]杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
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[24] Zak J C,Willig M R,Moorhead D L,Wildman H G. Functional diversity of microbial communities:A quantitative approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1994,26(9):1101-1108.
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[26]李文,曹文侠,李小龙,徐长林,师尚礼.放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响.草原与草坪,2016,36(2):8-13,20-20.
[27]赵帅,张静妮,赖欣,杨殿林,赵建宁.放牧与围封对呼伦贝尔针茅草原土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响.中国草地学报,2011,33(1):71-76.
[28]侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价.生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495.
[29] Reeder J D,Schuman G E. Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Enviromnetal Pullution. 2002,116(3):457-463.
[30]王艳芬,陈佐忠,Tieszen L T.人类活动对锡林郭勒地区主要草原土壤有机碳分布的影响.植物生态学报,1998,22(6):545-551.
[31] Wienhold B J,Hendrickson J R,Karn J F. Pasture management influences on soil properties in the northern Great Plains. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,56(1):27-31.
[32]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,施建军,王彦龙,盛丽.放牧强度对高寒人工草地土壤有机质和有机碳的影响.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2007,37(1):6-8.
[33]张建文.牦牛和藏羊放牧及模拟践踏对天祝高寒草甸凋落物化学计量特征的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[34]尹伟,胡玉昆,柳妍妍,公延明,张伟,刘伟,阿德列提"艾列吾塔力甫.巴音布鲁克不同建植期人工草地土壤生物学特性研究.草业学报,2010,19(5):218-226.
[35]冯瑞章,周万海,龙瑞军,马玉寿.江河源区不同退化程度高寒草地土壤物理、化学及生物学特征研究.土壤通报,2010,41(2):263-269.
[36]冯瑞章,周万海,龙瑞军,马玉寿,齐文娟.江河源区不同建植期人工草地土壤养分及微生物量磷和磷酸酶活性研究.草业学报,2007,16(6):1-6.
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[2]鱼小军,柴锦隆,徐长林,师尚礼,肖红,马隆喜,曹国顺.覆膜种植对甘南高寒区苜蓿生长和杂草数量的影响.中国农业科学,2016,49(4):791-801.
[3] Yang K,Ye B S,Zhou D G,Wu B Y,Foken T,Qin J,Zhou Z Y. Response of hydrological cycle to recent climate changes in the Tibetan Plateau. Climatic Change,2011,109(3/4):517-534.
[4] Yao T D,Thompson L G,Mosbrugger V,Zhang F,Ma Y M,Luo T X,Xu B Q,Yang X X,Joswiak D R,Wang W C,Joswiak M E,Devkota L P,Tayal S,Jilani R,Fayziev R. Third Pole Environment(TPE). Environmental Development,2012,3:52-64.
[5]王常顺,孟凡栋,李新娥,姜丽丽,白玲,汪诗平.青藏高原草地生态系统对气候变化的响应.生态学杂志,2013,32(6):1587-1595.
[6]朱昊,柯梅,李学森,任玉平,侯钰荣,魏鹏,贠静.放牧对蒿类荒漠草地植物群落和土壤理化性质的影响.草原与草坪,2017,37(4):68-73.
[7] Hiltbrunner D,Schulze S,Hagedorn F,Schmidt M W I,Zimmmermann S. Cattle trampling alters soil properties and changes soil microbial communities in a Swiss sub-alpine pasture. Geoderma,2012,170:369-377.
[8]江小蕾,张卫国,杨振宇,王刚.不同干扰类型对高寒草甸群落结构和植物多样性的影响.西北植物学报,2003,23(9):1479-1485.
[9]张静妮,赖欣,李刚,赵建宁,张永生,杨殿林.贝加尔针茅草原植物多样性及土壤养分对放牧干扰的响应.草地学报,2010,18(2):177-182.
[10]柴锦隆,徐长林,杨海磊,张建文,肖红,潘涛涛,王艳,鱼小军.模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量的影响.草业学报,2017,26(2):30-42.
[11]林慧龙.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007.
[12]王天乐,卫智军,刘文亭,白玉婷,张爽,丁莉君,肖嘉圃,吕世杰.不同放牧强度下荒漠草原土壤养分和植被特征变化研究.草地学报,2017,25(4):711-716.
[13]徐志超,宋彦涛,乌云娜,霍光伟,王晓朦,道日娜.放牧影响下克氏针茅草原不同物候期土壤酶活性与微生物生物量的变化.生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2022-2028.
[14]安慧,徐坤.放牧干扰对荒漠草原土壤性状的影响.草业学报,2013,22(4):35-42.
[15]刘秀梅.不同放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤特性和地上生物量的影响.草食家畜,2017,38(3):45-48.
[16]戎郁萍,韩建国,王培,毛培胜.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响.中国草地,2001,23(4):41-47.
[17] Evans R W,Krzic M,Broersma K,Thompson D J. Long-term grazing effects on grassland soil properties in southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2012,92(4):685-693.
[18] Dunne T,Western D,Dietrich W E. Effects of cattle trampling on vegetation,infiltration,and erosion in a tropical rangeland. Journal of Arid Environments,2011,75(1):58-69.
[19] Abdel-Magid A H,Trlica M J,Hart R H. Soil and vegetation responses to simulated trampling. Journal of Range Management,1987,40(4):303-306.
[20]林慧龙,任继周.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究.草地学报,2008,16(1):97-99.
[21]杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[22]南京农业大学.土壤农化分析(第二版).北京:农业出版社,1981.
[23]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[24] Zak J C,Willig M R,Moorhead D L,Wildman H G. Functional diversity of microbial communities:A quantitative approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1994,26(9):1101-1108.
[25]刘建新.不同农田土壤酶活性与土壤养分相关关系研究.土壤通报,2004,35(4):523-525.
[26]李文,曹文侠,李小龙,徐长林,师尚礼.放牧管理模式对高寒草甸草原土壤养分特征的影响.草原与草坪,2016,36(2):8-13,20-20.
[27]赵帅,张静妮,赖欣,杨殿林,赵建宁.放牧与围封对呼伦贝尔针茅草原土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响.中国草地学报,2011,33(1):71-76.
[28]侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价.生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495.
[29] Reeder J D,Schuman G E. Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Enviromnetal Pullution. 2002,116(3):457-463.
[30]王艳芬,陈佐忠,Tieszen L T.人类活动对锡林郭勒地区主要草原土壤有机碳分布的影响.植物生态学报,1998,22(6):545-551.
[31] Wienhold B J,Hendrickson J R,Karn J F. Pasture management influences on soil properties in the northern Great Plains. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,56(1):27-31.
[32]董全民,赵新全,马玉寿,施建军,王彦龙,盛丽.放牧强度对高寒人工草地土壤有机质和有机碳的影响.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2007,37(1):6-8.
[33]张建文.牦牛和藏羊放牧及模拟践踏对天祝高寒草甸凋落物化学计量特征的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016.
[34]尹伟,胡玉昆,柳妍妍,公延明,张伟,刘伟,阿德列提"艾列吾塔力甫.巴音布鲁克不同建植期人工草地土壤生物学特性研究.草业学报,2010,19(5):218-226.
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