京郊设施滴灌生菜氮素利用的季节性差异
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摘要
过量施用氮肥是造成土壤氮素累积和设施生菜产量和品质下降的一个重要原因,而不同季节设施生菜对于施用氮肥的反应可能存在明显的季节性差异。该研究通过秋冬季和春季两茬田间设施滴灌生菜试验,比较了2种(223、343kg·hm~(-2)秋冬季)和3种施氮水平(91、183、366kg·hm~(-2)春季)对不同季节设施生菜产量、养分吸收以及土壤氮素累积的影响。结果表明:不同季节生菜的经济产量和地上部生物量均随氮肥施用量的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,但生菜的产量和生长速率明显存在季节性差异。每生产1t生菜,秋冬季N、K的吸收量分别为1.90、4.69kg,春季分别为1.38、2.87kg。减量施氮有效降低两季生菜土壤无机氮的残留累积,但秋冬季氮素转化速率较春季慢,土壤残留的铵态氮水平较高。该试验条件下设施滴灌生菜秋冬季和春季的合理施氮量范围在120～150kg·hm~(-2),春季生菜比秋冬季需要相对较多的氮肥。
Excessive nitrogen(N)fertilizer input had resulted in accumulation of mineral N and reduced yield and quality of the lettuce planted in the protected-field.However,the response of lettuce to N fertilizer application rates varied with the different seasons.In the present study,field experiments including two nitrogen application levels(223,343 kg·hm~(-2) N)in autumn-winter season and three nitrogen application levels(91,183,366 kg·hm~(-2) N)in spring season were conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal variation and nitrogen application rates on lettuce yield,nutrient uptake and soil mineral N level.The results showed that the economic yields and shoot biomass of the lettuce increased up to the peak and then declined with the progressive increased N fertilizer applied rate.For1 tlettuce production,the N and K uptake were 1.90 kg and 4.69 kg in autumn-winter season and1.38 kg and 2.87 kg in spring season,respectively.Reducing applied N rate effectively decreased the soil residual mineral nitrogen in the two seasons of lettuce production.However,the nitrogen transformation rate was lower in autumn-winter season which led to higher soil residual NH_4~+-N level.The decreased nitrogen fertilizer effectively reduced the accumulation of soil inorganic nitrogen in two seasons.In this study,the reasonable nitrogen application for lettuce ranged from 120-150 kg·hm~(-2) N under drip-irrigated condition,with relatively high rate in spring season,other than in autumnwinter season.
Excessive nitrogen(N)fertilizer input had resulted in accumulation of mineral N and reduced yield and quality of the lettuce planted in the protected-field.However,the response of lettuce to N fertilizer application rates varied with the different seasons.In the present study,field experiments including two nitrogen application levels(223,343 kg·hm~(-2) N)in autumn-winter season and three nitrogen application levels(91,183,366 kg·hm~(-2) N)in spring season were conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal variation and nitrogen application rates on lettuce yield,nutrient uptake and soil mineral N level.The results showed that the economic yields and shoot biomass of the lettuce increased up to the peak and then declined with the progressive increased N fertilizer applied rate.For1 tlettuce production,the N and K uptake were 1.90 kg and 4.69 kg in autumn-winter season and1.38 kg and 2.87 kg in spring season,respectively.Reducing applied N rate effectively decreased the soil residual mineral nitrogen in the two seasons of lettuce production.However,the nitrogen transformation rate was lower in autumn-winter season which led to higher soil residual NH_4~+-N level.The decreased nitrogen fertilizer effectively reduced the accumulation of soil inorganic nitrogen in two seasons.In this study,the reasonable nitrogen application for lettuce ranged from 120-150 kg·hm~(-2) N under drip-irrigated condition,with relatively high rate in spring season,other than in autumnwinter season.
引文
[1]巨晓棠.氮肥有效率的概念及意义:兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):921-933.
[2]吴建繁.北京市无公害蔬菜诊断施肥与环境效应研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2001.
[3]邱炜红,刘金山,胡承孝,等.不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2238-2243.
[4]易琼,黄旭,张木,等.氮肥施用水平及种类对生菜产量及菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):2019-2025.
[5]王柳.京郊日光温室土壤环境特征与黄瓜优质高产相关性的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2003.
[6]FAN Z,LIN S,ZHANG X,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144(2):11-19.
[7]余泺.施氮对可变电荷土壤中硝酸根离子和盐基离子耦合迁移的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[8]葛晓光,王晓雪,付亚文,等.长期定位施用氮肥对菜田土壤肥力变化的影响[J].中国蔬菜,1997(5):1-6.
[9]HAYNES R J.Movement and transformations of fertigatied nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume[J].Fertilizer Research,1990,23:105-112.
[10]KANG L Y,FAN B Q,CHEN S,et al.Fertigation combined with catch crop maximize vegetable yield and minimize N and Psurplus[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2018,112(1):87-99.
[11]张晓晟.京郊地区集约化蔬菜生产中氮素综合管理系统的建立和应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[12]雷宝坤,张维理,段宗颜,等.滇池流域设施条件下生菜氮磷减控研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,27(1):55-59.
[13]陈健,李卫勇,王志强.生菜氮肥施用效应与经济效益分析[J].现代农业科技,2014(1):104-105.
[14]孙旭霞,薛玉花,伍晓华.氮肥水平对生菜产量及品质的影响研究[J].北方园艺,2009(8):100-101.
[15]赵凤艳,魏自民,陈翠玲.氮肥用量对蔬菜产量和品质的影响[J].土壤与作物,2001,17(1):43-44.
[16]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004(3):11-14.
[17]SORENSEN J N.Use of the Nmin-method for optimization of vegetable nitrogen nutrition[C]//Acta Horticulturae,1993,339:179-192.
[18]SOUZA R S D,REZENDE R,HACHMANN T L,et al.Lettuce production in a greenhouse under fertigation with nitrogen and potassium silicate[J].Acta Sci Agron,2017,39(2):211-216.
[19]林俊杰,张帅,刘丹,等.季节性温度升高对落干期消落带土壤氮矿化影响[J].环境科学,2016(2):697-702.
[20]陆扣萍,谢寅峰,闵炬,等.不同施氮量对大棚莴苣根系形态及产量和品质的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(4):542-547.
[21]LOPES M S,REYNOLDS M P.Partitioning of assimilates to deeper roots is associated with cooler canopies and increased yield under drought in wheat[J].Functional Plant Biology,2010,37(2):147-156.
[22]汪建飞,邢素芝,吴娟娟.施用氮肥对生菜氮、磷、钾营养代谢的影响[J].安徽科技学院学报,2002,16(3):1-5.
[23]田霄鸿,王朝辉.不同氮素形态及配比对蔬菜生长和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),1999,27(2):6-10.
[24]CHEN S,YAN Z J,CHEN Q.Estimating the potential to reduce potassium surplus in intensive vegetable fields of China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,107(2):265-277.
[25]王玉霞.低温条件下氮素形态对烤烟生理代谢及产量和品质的影响[D].福建:福建农林大学,2016.
[26]樊军,郝明德.旱地农田土壤剖面硝态氮累积的原因初探[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):263-266.
[27]王士超,周建斌,陈竹君,等.温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):121-127.
[28]巨晓棠,李生秀.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42.
[29]龚雪文,刘浩,孙景生,等.不同水分下限对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜开花坐果期地温的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(10):2935-2943.
[30]范晓晖,朱兆良.旱地土壤中的硝化-反硝化作用[J].土壤通报,2002,33(5):385-391.
[31]张树兰,杨学云,吕殿青,等温度、水分及不同氮源对土壤硝化作用的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(12):2147-2153.
[32]张英鹏,林咸永,章永松,等.不同氮形态对菠菜生长及体内抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2006,32(2):139-144.
[33]王波,王梅农,赖涛,等.不同氮形态营养对生菜光合特性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2007,30(4):74-77.
[34]邱志平,杨其长,刘文科.氮素形态和水平对生菜生长、叶片光合色素及营养液中根分泌物累积的影响[C]//寿光:中国寿光国际设施园艺高层学术论坛,2013.
[35]张文波.氮肥对生菜产量、品质和土壤环境效应影响研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2004.
[36]侯迷红,李玉明,姚锦秋,等.不同氮素形态及其配比对叶类蔬菜生长和品质的影响[J].内蒙古民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016(2):137-140.
[37]吴振强.不同氮源营养液配方对生菜中硝酸盐和Vc含量的影响[J].福建农业科技,2009(6):65-66.
[2]吴建繁.北京市无公害蔬菜诊断施肥与环境效应研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2001.
[3]邱炜红,刘金山,胡承孝,等.不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2238-2243.
[4]易琼,黄旭,张木,等.氮肥施用水平及种类对生菜产量及菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):2019-2025.
[5]王柳.京郊日光温室土壤环境特征与黄瓜优质高产相关性的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2003.
[6]FAN Z,LIN S,ZHANG X,et al.Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144(2):11-19.
[7]余泺.施氮对可变电荷土壤中硝酸根离子和盐基离子耦合迁移的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[8]葛晓光,王晓雪,付亚文,等.长期定位施用氮肥对菜田土壤肥力变化的影响[J].中国蔬菜,1997(5):1-6.
[9]HAYNES R J.Movement and transformations of fertigatied nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume[J].Fertilizer Research,1990,23:105-112.
[10]KANG L Y,FAN B Q,CHEN S,et al.Fertigation combined with catch crop maximize vegetable yield and minimize N and Psurplus[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2018,112(1):87-99.
[11]张晓晟.京郊地区集约化蔬菜生产中氮素综合管理系统的建立和应用[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.
[12]雷宝坤,张维理,段宗颜,等.滇池流域设施条件下生菜氮磷减控研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,27(1):55-59.
[13]陈健,李卫勇,王志强.生菜氮肥施用效应与经济效益分析[J].现代农业科技,2014(1):104-105.
[14]孙旭霞,薛玉花,伍晓华.氮肥水平对生菜产量及品质的影响研究[J].北方园艺,2009(8):100-101.
[15]赵凤艳,魏自民,陈翠玲.氮肥用量对蔬菜产量和品质的影响[J].土壤与作物,2001,17(1):43-44.
[16]康跃虎.实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法[J].节水灌溉,2004(3):11-14.
[17]SORENSEN J N.Use of the Nmin-method for optimization of vegetable nitrogen nutrition[C]//Acta Horticulturae,1993,339:179-192.
[18]SOUZA R S D,REZENDE R,HACHMANN T L,et al.Lettuce production in a greenhouse under fertigation with nitrogen and potassium silicate[J].Acta Sci Agron,2017,39(2):211-216.
[19]林俊杰,张帅,刘丹,等.季节性温度升高对落干期消落带土壤氮矿化影响[J].环境科学,2016(2):697-702.
[20]陆扣萍,谢寅峰,闵炬,等.不同施氮量对大棚莴苣根系形态及产量和品质的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(4):542-547.
[21]LOPES M S,REYNOLDS M P.Partitioning of assimilates to deeper roots is associated with cooler canopies and increased yield under drought in wheat[J].Functional Plant Biology,2010,37(2):147-156.
[22]汪建飞,邢素芝,吴娟娟.施用氮肥对生菜氮、磷、钾营养代谢的影响[J].安徽科技学院学报,2002,16(3):1-5.
[23]田霄鸿,王朝辉.不同氮素形态及配比对蔬菜生长和品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),1999,27(2):6-10.
[24]CHEN S,YAN Z J,CHEN Q.Estimating the potential to reduce potassium surplus in intensive vegetable fields of China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2017,107(2):265-277.
[25]王玉霞.低温条件下氮素形态对烤烟生理代谢及产量和品质的影响[D].福建:福建农林大学,2016.
[26]樊军,郝明德.旱地农田土壤剖面硝态氮累积的原因初探[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(3):263-266.
[27]王士超,周建斌,陈竹君,等.温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):121-127.
[28]巨晓棠,李生秀.土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):37-42.
[29]龚雪文,刘浩,孙景生,等.不同水分下限对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜开花坐果期地温的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(10):2935-2943.
[30]范晓晖,朱兆良.旱地土壤中的硝化-反硝化作用[J].土壤通报,2002,33(5):385-391.
[31]张树兰,杨学云,吕殿青,等温度、水分及不同氮源对土壤硝化作用的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(12):2147-2153.
[32]张英鹏,林咸永,章永松,等.不同氮形态对菠菜生长及体内抗氧化酶活性的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2006,32(2):139-144.
[33]王波,王梅农,赖涛,等.不同氮形态营养对生菜光合特性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2007,30(4):74-77.
[34]邱志平,杨其长,刘文科.氮素形态和水平对生菜生长、叶片光合色素及营养液中根分泌物累积的影响[C]//寿光:中国寿光国际设施园艺高层学术论坛,2013.
[35]张文波.氮肥对生菜产量、品质和土壤环境效应影响研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2004.
[36]侯迷红,李玉明,姚锦秋,等.不同氮素形态及其配比对叶类蔬菜生长和品质的影响[J].内蒙古民族大学学报(自然科学版),2016(2):137-140.
[37]吴振强.不同氮源营养液配方对生菜中硝酸盐和Vc含量的影响[J].福建农业科技,2009(6):65-66.