高寒区施肥和混播对燕麦栽培草地植物氮素储量的影响
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摘要
了解燕麦(Avena sativa)品种、施肥和箭筈豌豆混播比例对燕麦栽培草地各器官生物氮素储量的影响及动态变化,为燕麦栽培草地生态评价提供理论依据。采用3因素4水平正交试验设计[L16(45)],研究了高寒区燕麦栽培草地在品种、施肥和混播处理下的生物氮素储量。结果表明,对燕麦混播栽培草地群落而言,地上和地下生物氮素储量均受品种、施肥和混播共同作用影响,其中品种、施肥和混播比例均显著影响燕麦草地植物各器官氮素储量,品种主要影响燕麦茎和花序生物氮素储量,施肥主要影响燕麦叶生物氮素储量,品种和施肥共同影响燕麦根生物氮素储量;混播主要影响箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)茎、叶和根生物氮素储量。选用青海甜燕麦、尿素+磷酸二铵+有机肥施肥处理和混播75 kg·hm–2箭筈豌豆处理下,乳熟期地上、地下总生物氮素储量分别可达128.60和13.20、112.45和10.08、122.20和11.30 kg·hm–2。随着生育期的推进,群落地上总生物氮素储量呈增加变化,地下总生物氮素储量则呈下降变化;燕麦地上、茎、叶和根生物氮素储量分别呈增加、"先增后降"、"先增后降"和下降的变化;箭筈豌豆地上总生物、茎生物、叶生物氮素储量呈增加变化,而箭筈豌豆根生物氮素储量呈"先增后降"的变化。
To reveal the effects of oat variety, fertilizer, and legume mixture on plant nitrogen storage and allocation patterns,we examined the effects of four levels of nutrient addition and four legume mixture levels on four oat varieties in an orthogonal experiment [L16(45)]. Results showed that aboveground and belowground plant nitrogen storage was affected by variety, fertilizer, and mixture. Fertilizer had the largest influence on oat leaf nitrogen storage, and both variety and fertilizer influenced root nitrogen storage in oats. The legume mixture had a large influence on stem, leaf, and root nitrogen storage in legumes. Under the Avena sativa ‘Qinghai ', urea + diammonium phosphate + organic fertilizer and a mixture level75 kg·ha–1, above and belowground nitrogen storage increased during the milk period. Aboveground plant nitrogen storage increased during the growth period, but belowground nitrogen storage decreased. Variation in the aboveground biomass increased, stem and leaf increased first and decreased later, and root nitrogen storage of oats, decrease. The aboveground biomass, stem nitrogen storage, and leaf nitrogen storage of legumes increased, but root nitrogen storage decreased during the growth period.
To reveal the effects of oat variety, fertilizer, and legume mixture on plant nitrogen storage and allocation patterns,we examined the effects of four levels of nutrient addition and four legume mixture levels on four oat varieties in an orthogonal experiment [L16(45)]. Results showed that aboveground and belowground plant nitrogen storage was affected by variety, fertilizer, and mixture. Fertilizer had the largest influence on oat leaf nitrogen storage, and both variety and fertilizer influenced root nitrogen storage in oats. The legume mixture had a large influence on stem, leaf, and root nitrogen storage in legumes. Under the Avena sativa ‘Qinghai ', urea + diammonium phosphate + organic fertilizer and a mixture level75 kg·ha–1, above and belowground nitrogen storage increased during the milk period. Aboveground plant nitrogen storage increased during the growth period, but belowground nitrogen storage decreased. Variation in the aboveground biomass increased, stem and leaf increased first and decreased later, and root nitrogen storage of oats, decrease. The aboveground biomass, stem nitrogen storage, and leaf nitrogen storage of legumes increased, but root nitrogen storage decreased during the growth period.
引文
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[17]任佰朝,范霞,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺.种植密度和施氮量对不同株高夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):269-277.REN B Z,FAN X,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effect of plant density and nitrogen rate on yield,nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of summer maize hybrids with different plant height.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):269-277.
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[19]冯蕾.施肥对水稻植株碳氮分配与积累的影响.西安:西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2011.FENG L.The effect of fertilization on the absorption,partition and accumulation of carbon and nitrogen in rice plants.Master Thesis.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2011.
[20]曹卫东.小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)苗期氮、磷、钾吸收和利用的数量性状位点研究.北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2000.CAO W D.Study on QTL for absorption and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)seedlings.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2000.
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[2]马春晖,韩建国.高寒地区燕麦及其混播草地最佳刈割期的研究.塔里木农垦大学学报,2000,12(3):15-19.MA C H,HAN J G.The studies on the optimal harvest time of oat and vetch in both monoculture and mixture in high-cold area.Journal of Tarim University of Agricultural Reclamation,2000,12(3):15-19.
[3]王乐,张玉霞,于华荣,郭园,朱爱民.氮肥对沙地燕麦生长特性及产量的影响.草业科学,2017,34(7):1516-1521.WANG L,ZHANG Y X,YU H R,GUO Y,ZHU A M.Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on growth characteristics and yield of oats in sandy soil.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(7):1516-1521.
[4]陈功,张自和,胡自治.高寒地区一年生人工草地地上生物量动态及光能转化效率.草业学报,2003,12(1):69-73.CHEN G,ZHANG Z H,HU Z Z.Herbage yield dynamics and solar energy conversion of annual cultivated grassland in Xining City.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2003,12(1):69-73.
[5]崔莹.燕麦和箭筈豌豆混播对人工草地生产性能及土壤性质的影响.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2014.CUI Y.Effect on production performance and soil properties of artificial grassland mixed sowing oats and common vetch.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.
[6]杨丽娜,赵桂琴,侯建杰.播期、肥料种类及其配比对燕麦生长及产量的影响.中国草地学报,2013,35(4):47-51,60.YANG L N,ZHAO G Q,HOU J J.Effects of seeding dates,fertilizers and their ratio on oat growth and yield.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(4):47-51,60.
[7]琚泽亮,赵桂琴,覃方锉,焦婷.含水量对燕麦及燕麦+箭筈豌豆裹包青贮品质的影响.草业科学,2016,33(7):1426-1433.JU Z L,ZHAO G Q,QIN F C,JIAO T.Effects of fermentation interval and additives on the quality of baled oat and common vetch mixture silage in an alpine area.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(7):1426-1433.
[8]吴巍,赵军.植物对氮素吸收利用的研究进展.中国农学通报,2010,26(13):75-78.WU W,ZHAO J.Advances on plants’nitrogen assimilation and utilization.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(13):75-78.
[9]陈雅君,闫庆伟,张璐,刘威,刘慧民,闫永庆.氮素与植物生长相关研究进展.东北农业大学学报,2013,44(4):144-148.CHEN Y J,YAN Q W,ZHANG L,LIU W,LIU H M,YAN Y Q.Research progress on nitrogen and plant growth.Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2013,44(4):144-148.
[10]李世清,王瑞军,张兴昌,伍维模,邵明安.小麦氮素营养与籽粒灌浆期氮素转移的研究进展.水土保持学报,2004,18(3):106-111.LI S Q,WANG R J,ZHANG X C,WU W M,SHAO M A.Research advancement of wheat nitrogen nutrition and nitrogen transportation in wheat grain filling.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):106-111.
[11]李东方,张胜利,单长卷,王丙丽,任秀娟,张喜焕.小麦氮素营养效率的研究进展.资源开发与市场,2011,27(2):164-166.LI D F,ZHANG S L,SHAN C J,WANG B L,REN X J,ZHANG X H.Research progress on wheat nitrogen nutrition efficiency.Resource Development&Market,2011,27(2):164-166.
[12]徐富贤,熊洪,谢戎,张林,朱永川,郭晓艺,杨大金,周兴兵,刘茂.水稻氮素利用效率的研究进展及其动向.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1215-1225.XU F X,XIONG H,XIE R,ZHANG L,ZHU Y C,GUO X Y,YANG D J,ZHOU X B,LIU M.Advance of rice fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1215-1225.
[13]任涛,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略.中国农业科学,2016,49(18):3506-3521.REN T,LU J W.Integrated nitrogen management strategy for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(18):3506-3521.
[14]剧成欣,周著彪,赵步洪,王志琴,杨建昌.不同氮敏感性粳稻品种的氮代谢与光合特性比较.作物学报,2018,44(3):405-413.JU C X,ZHOU Z B,ZHAO B H,WANG Z Q,YANG J C.Comparison in nitrogen metabolism and photosynthetic characteristics between Japonica rice varieties differing in nitrogen sensitivity.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2018,44(3):405-413.
[15]马雪琴,赵桂琴,龚建军.高寒牧区播期和施氮对不同燕麦品种氮素利用的作用.草业科学,2008,25(5):36-41.MA X Q,ZHAO G Q,GONG J J.Effect of sowing date and N-fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization of different oat varieties in alpine grassland area.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(5):36-41.
[16]郑凤霞,董树亭,刘鹏,张吉旺,赵斌.长期有机无机肥配施对冬小麦籽粒产量及氨挥发损失的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(3):567-577.ZHENG F X,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHANG J W,ZHAO B.Effects of combined application of manure and chemical fertilizers on ammonia volatilization loss and yield of winter wheat.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(3):567-577.
[17]任佰朝,范霞,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺.种植密度和施氮量对不同株高夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):269-277.REN B Z,FAN X,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effect of plant density and nitrogen rate on yield,nitrogen uptake and use efficiency of summer maize hybrids with different plant height.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(2):269-277.
[18]王振.黄土高原苜蓿草地碳、氮变化特征研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2013.WANG Z.The characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of alfalfa grassland in the loess plateau.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2013.
[19]冯蕾.施肥对水稻植株碳氮分配与积累的影响.西安:西安建筑科技大学硕士学位论文,2011.FENG L.The effect of fertilization on the absorption,partition and accumulation of carbon and nitrogen in rice plants.Master Thesis.Xi’an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2011.
[20]曹卫东.小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)苗期氮、磷、钾吸收和利用的数量性状位点研究.北京:中国农业科学院博士学位论文,2000.CAO W D.Study on QTL for absorption and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)seedlings.PhD Thesis.Beijing:Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2000.
[21]HARVEY P H.Hereditary variation in plant nutrition.Genetics,1939,24(4):437-461.
[22]CLáRK R B.Plant genotype differences in the uptake,translocation,accumulation,and use of mineral elements required for plant growth.Plant and Soil,1983,72(2):175-196.
[23]叶利庭,樊剑波,徐晔红,赵海娟,图尔迪,沈其荣,张亚丽.不同氮效率水稻的生长特性.南京农业大学学报,2010,33(3):77-81.YE L T,FAN J B,XU Y H,ZHAO H J,TU E D,SHEN Q R,ZHANG Y L.Characteristics of growth in rice genotypes with different nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2010,33(3):77-81.
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