生草当年对枣园土壤性状及红枣品质的影响
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摘要
探讨生草当年对宁夏灵武枣园土壤水溶性总盐、有机质及酶活性等土壤生化性状及红枣品质的影响。以宁夏灵武长枣为供试材料,以清耕为对照,分别生自然草、黑麦草、蒲公英、三叶草和黑麦草+豌豆,研究不同生草类型当年对枣园土壤性状及长枣品质的影响。所有生草处理在当年均能降低枣园土壤盐分含量,以生蒲公英最为显著,较清耕降低30.36%。生草当年对枣园表层土壤速效养分消耗较大。其中,黑麦草+豌豆对于土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮消耗最大。生草当年可降低土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,同时对于提高过氧化氢酶的活性却有显著效果。各生草初期(除黑麦草和蒲公英)均可提升长枣Vc含量,以黑麦草+豌豆最为显著,较清耕提高60.66%;各生草处理可溶性糖含量均>清耕,且蒲公英处理达极显著水平,较清耕提高102.72%;但可溶性固形物含量除蒲公英外均<清耕。长枣纵径除自然草和三叶草外均>清耕;横径除自然草外均>清耕。生草当年能显著降低表层土壤盐分,提升长枣Vc和可溶性糖含量,但对表层土壤速效养分消耗较大。为了提升长枣的品质,确保枣园的健康可持续发展,在生草初期应根据生草带来的营养消耗及时补充矿质营养,避免草树争肥的问题。
Effects of growing grasses in jujube orchars in Lingwu of Ningxia on the water-soluble salts,organic matter and enzyme activities of the soils and the fruit quality were studied.A 1-year-long experiment was conducted in a jujube orchard in which cultivar"Lingwu Changzao"(long jujube fruit)was cultivated.Six treatments were designed:grasses growing naturally;planting grass species of ryegrass,dandelion,clover,and ryegrass+pea,and clean tillage(control).It was found that all the grass-growing treatments could decrease the salt contents in the orchard soil.The degree of decrease in dandelion growing soil was the most significant:30.36%lower than the control.Available nutrients in the surface soil were consumed significantly.Among the treatments,growing ryegrass+peas consumed the most soil organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,and total nitrogen.Growing grass could reduce the activities of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase,and had a significant effect on increasing the activity of catalase.Except for ryegrass and dandelion,the Vc content in the jujube fruit increased,especialley in the treatment of growing ryegrass+peas:60.66% higher than the control.The contents of soluble sugar in the fruit of all grass growing treatments were higher than the control,and the dandelion growing treatment was extremelyhigh:102.72% higher than the control.However,the contents of soluble solids in the grass growing treatments were lower than the control except for dandelion.The fruit longitudinal diameter of grass growing treatment was higher than the control except for the treatments of growing grasses naturally and planting clover.The transverse diameter of grass growing treatment was also higher than the control except for the treatment of growing grasses naturally.It was summarized that growing grasses could significantly reduce the surface soil salinity and increase the contents of Vc and soluble sugar in the fruit,but it consumed a large amount of available soil nutrients.In order to improve the quality of jujube and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of jujube orchard,in the early stage of grass planting,mineral nutrients should be replenished according to the nutrient consumption brought by the grasses,so that to avoid the problem of nutrient competition between grasses and jujube trees.
Effects of growing grasses in jujube orchars in Lingwu of Ningxia on the water-soluble salts,organic matter and enzyme activities of the soils and the fruit quality were studied.A 1-year-long experiment was conducted in a jujube orchard in which cultivar"Lingwu Changzao"(long jujube fruit)was cultivated.Six treatments were designed:grasses growing naturally;planting grass species of ryegrass,dandelion,clover,and ryegrass+pea,and clean tillage(control).It was found that all the grass-growing treatments could decrease the salt contents in the orchard soil.The degree of decrease in dandelion growing soil was the most significant:30.36%lower than the control.Available nutrients in the surface soil were consumed significantly.Among the treatments,growing ryegrass+peas consumed the most soil organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,and total nitrogen.Growing grass could reduce the activities of soil urease and alkaline phosphatase,and had a significant effect on increasing the activity of catalase.Except for ryegrass and dandelion,the Vc content in the jujube fruit increased,especialley in the treatment of growing ryegrass+peas:60.66% higher than the control.The contents of soluble sugar in the fruit of all grass growing treatments were higher than the control,and the dandelion growing treatment was extremelyhigh:102.72% higher than the control.However,the contents of soluble solids in the grass growing treatments were lower than the control except for dandelion.The fruit longitudinal diameter of grass growing treatment was higher than the control except for the treatments of growing grasses naturally and planting clover.The transverse diameter of grass growing treatment was also higher than the control except for the treatment of growing grasses naturally.It was summarized that growing grasses could significantly reduce the surface soil salinity and increase the contents of Vc and soluble sugar in the fruit,but it consumed a large amount of available soil nutrients.In order to improve the quality of jujube and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of jujube orchard,in the early stage of grass planting,mineral nutrients should be replenished according to the nutrient consumption brought by the grasses,so that to avoid the problem of nutrient competition between grasses and jujube trees.
引文
[1]巩庆利,翟丙年,郑伟,等.渭北旱地苹果园生草覆盖下不同肥料配施对土壤养分和酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):205-212.GONG Q L,ZHAI B N,ZHENG W,et al.Effects of grass cover combined with different fertilization regimes on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in apple orchard in Weibei dryland,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):205-212.(in Chinese)
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[3]陈学森,张瑞洁,王艳廷,等.苹果园种植长柔毛野豌豆结合自然生草对土壤综合肥力的影响[J].园艺学报,2016,43(12):2325-2334.CHEN X S,ZHANG R J,WANG Y T,et al.Effects of growing hairy vetch(Vicia villosa)on the soil nutrient,enzyme activities and microorganisms in apple orchard[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2016,43(12):2325-2334.(in Chinese)
[4]吕德国,秦嗣军,杜国栋,等.果园生草的生理生态效应研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(2):131-136.
[5]李会科,赵政阳,张广军.果园生草的理论与实践--以黄土高原南部苹果园生草实践为例[J].草业科学,2005,22(8):32-37.
[6]王艳廷,冀晓昊,吴玉森,等.我国果园生草的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1892-1900.WANG Y T,JI X H,WU Y S,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1892-1900.(in Chinese)
[7] MEYER A H,WOOLDRIDGE J,DAMES J F.Effect of conventional and organic orchard floor management practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a‘Cripp’s Pink’/M7apple orchard soil[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,213:114-120.
[8] MORENO B,GARCIARODRIGUEZ S,CANIZARES R,et al.Rainfed olive farming in south-eastern Spain:long-term effect of soil management on biological indicators of soil quality.[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(3):333-339.
[9]宋丽华,曹兵,张向东.不同药剂喷施处理对设施栽培‘灵武长枣’的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(4):190-194.SONG L H,CAO B,ZHANG X D.Effect of different chemical treatment on ‘Lingwu Changzao’planted in greenhouse[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(4):190-194.(in Chinese)
[10]宋丽华,秦芳,白祥,等.气温升高与干旱胁迫对灵武长枣坐果与果实品质的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):129-133.SONG L H,QIN F,BAI X,et al.Effect of elevated temperature and drought stress on fruit setting rate and fruit quality of Lingwu long jujube[J].Journal of Northwest Forest University,2015,30(2):129-133.(in Chinese)
[11]周丽,王长柱,李新岗.新疆现代红枣栽培模式研究[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):139-143.ZHOU L,WANG C Z,LI X G.Modern cultivated mode of Chinese jujube in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(2):139-143.(in Chinese)
[12]党娜娜.行间生草对灵武长枣园区土壤特性与果实品质的影响[D].银川:宁夏大学,2017.
[13]樊保国,李月梅,李登科.鲜食枣品质性状的综合评价[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):79-82.FAN B G,LI Y M,LI D K.Comprehensive assessmet of the quality characters of fresh-jujube cultivars[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):79-82.(in Chinese)
[14]郭昌勋,谢宗周,潘志勇,等.生草栽培对橘园土壤肥力和红肉脐橙果实品质的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2016,35(4):25-28.GUO C X,XIE Z Z,PAN Z Y,et al.Effects of white clover culture on orchard soil fertility and fruit quality of Cara Cara naval orange[J].Journal of Central China Agricultural University,2016,35(4):25-28.(in Chinese)
[15]霍颖,张杰,王美超,等.梨园行间种草对土壤有机质和矿质元素变化及相互关系的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1415-1424.HUO Y,ZHANG J,WANG M C,et al.Effects of inter-row planting grasses on variations and relationships of soil organic matter and soil nutrients in pear orchard[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(7):1415-1424.(in Chinese)
[16]吴玉森,张艳敏,冀晓昊,等.自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(1):99-108.WU Y S,ZHANG Y M,JI X H,et al.Effects of natural grass on soil nutrient,enzyme activity and fruit quality of pear orchard in Yellow River Delta[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(1):99-108.(in Chinese)
[17]刘术新,丁枫华,朱伟清,等.山地李园生草对土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响[J].中国果树,2014(5):39-41.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[19]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[20]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[21] SANCHEZ E E,GIAYETTO A,CICHON L,et al.Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance in an organic apple(Malus domestica Borkh)orchard in northern Patagonia[J].Plant&Soil,2007,292(1/2):193-203.
[22]寇建村,杨文权,韩明玉,等.行间种植豆科牧草对苹果园土壤微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响[J].草地学报,2013,21(4):676-682.KOU J C,YANG W Q,HAN M Y,et al.Effects of interplanted legumes in apple orchard on soil microbial population and enzymc activities[J].Acta Agrectir Sinica,2013,21(4):676-682.(in Chinese)
[23]刘灵芝,吕德国,秦嗣军.果园土壤生态系统功能微生物多样性研究进展[J].北方果树,2014(6):1-4.
[24]杨洪晓,周美华,李俊良,等.温带果园护土生草鼠茅草的腐解和养分释放[J].草业学报,2015,24(4):208-213.YANG H X,ZHOU M H,LI J L,et al.Decay and nutrient release in Vulpia myuros grasses,a species suitable for soil conservation in temperate zone orchards[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(4):208-213.(in Chinese)
[25] CERCIOGLU M,ANDERSON S H,UDAWATTA R P,et al.Effects of cover crop and biofuel crop management on computed tomography-measured pore parameters[J].Geoderma,2018,319:80-88.
[26]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.
[27]李国怀,伊华林.生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):161-163.
[28]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.HUI Z M,YUE T X,ZHANG J.Relationship between soil biological characteristics and nutrient content under intercropping system of vineyard in northwestern semiarid area[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(11):2310-2317.(in Chinese)
[29]郑伟尉,徐凯,刘兴泉,等.自然生草对梨园小气候生态因子和果实品质的影响研究[J].中国南方果树,2013,42(5):28-32.
[2]魏倩倩,杨文权,韩明玉,等.白三叶返园对苹果园土壤微生物群落的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(3):385-392.WEI Q Q,YANG W Q,HAN M Y,et al.Influences of white clover returning to apple orchard on soil microbial community[J].Pratacultural Science,2016,33(3):385-392.(in Chinese)
[3]陈学森,张瑞洁,王艳廷,等.苹果园种植长柔毛野豌豆结合自然生草对土壤综合肥力的影响[J].园艺学报,2016,43(12):2325-2334.CHEN X S,ZHANG R J,WANG Y T,et al.Effects of growing hairy vetch(Vicia villosa)on the soil nutrient,enzyme activities and microorganisms in apple orchard[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2016,43(12):2325-2334.(in Chinese)
[4]吕德国,秦嗣军,杜国栋,等.果园生草的生理生态效应研究与应用[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2012,43(2):131-136.
[5]李会科,赵政阳,张广军.果园生草的理论与实践--以黄土高原南部苹果园生草实践为例[J].草业科学,2005,22(8):32-37.
[6]王艳廷,冀晓昊,吴玉森,等.我国果园生草的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1892-1900.WANG Y T,JI X H,WU Y S,et al.Research progress of cover crop in Chinese orchard[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(6):1892-1900.(in Chinese)
[7] MEYER A H,WOOLDRIDGE J,DAMES J F.Effect of conventional and organic orchard floor management practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a‘Cripp’s Pink’/M7apple orchard soil[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,213:114-120.
[8] MORENO B,GARCIARODRIGUEZ S,CANIZARES R,et al.Rainfed olive farming in south-eastern Spain:long-term effect of soil management on biological indicators of soil quality.[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(3):333-339.
[9]宋丽华,曹兵,张向东.不同药剂喷施处理对设施栽培‘灵武长枣’的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(4):190-194.SONG L H,CAO B,ZHANG X D.Effect of different chemical treatment on ‘Lingwu Changzao’planted in greenhouse[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(4):190-194.(in Chinese)
[10]宋丽华,秦芳,白祥,等.气温升高与干旱胁迫对灵武长枣坐果与果实品质的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):129-133.SONG L H,QIN F,BAI X,et al.Effect of elevated temperature and drought stress on fruit setting rate and fruit quality of Lingwu long jujube[J].Journal of Northwest Forest University,2015,30(2):129-133.(in Chinese)
[11]周丽,王长柱,李新岗.新疆现代红枣栽培模式研究[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):139-143.ZHOU L,WANG C Z,LI X G.Modern cultivated mode of Chinese jujube in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015,30(2):139-143.(in Chinese)
[12]党娜娜.行间生草对灵武长枣园区土壤特性与果实品质的影响[D].银川:宁夏大学,2017.
[13]樊保国,李月梅,李登科.鲜食枣品质性状的综合评价[J].西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):79-82.FAN B G,LI Y M,LI D K.Comprehensive assessmet of the quality characters of fresh-jujube cultivars[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012,27(2):79-82.(in Chinese)
[14]郭昌勋,谢宗周,潘志勇,等.生草栽培对橘园土壤肥力和红肉脐橙果实品质的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2016,35(4):25-28.GUO C X,XIE Z Z,PAN Z Y,et al.Effects of white clover culture on orchard soil fertility and fruit quality of Cara Cara naval orange[J].Journal of Central China Agricultural University,2016,35(4):25-28.(in Chinese)
[15]霍颖,张杰,王美超,等.梨园行间种草对土壤有机质和矿质元素变化及相互关系的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(7):1415-1424.HUO Y,ZHANG J,WANG M C,et al.Effects of inter-row planting grasses on variations and relationships of soil organic matter and soil nutrients in pear orchard[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(7):1415-1424.(in Chinese)
[16]吴玉森,张艳敏,冀晓昊,等.自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(1):99-108.WU Y S,ZHANG Y M,JI X H,et al.Effects of natural grass on soil nutrient,enzyme activity and fruit quality of pear orchard in Yellow River Delta[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(1):99-108.(in Chinese)
[17]刘术新,丁枫华,朱伟清,等.山地李园生草对土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响[J].中国果树,2014(5):39-41.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[19]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[20]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[21] SANCHEZ E E,GIAYETTO A,CICHON L,et al.Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance in an organic apple(Malus domestica Borkh)orchard in northern Patagonia[J].Plant&Soil,2007,292(1/2):193-203.
[22]寇建村,杨文权,韩明玉,等.行间种植豆科牧草对苹果园土壤微生物区系及土壤酶活性的影响[J].草地学报,2013,21(4):676-682.KOU J C,YANG W Q,HAN M Y,et al.Effects of interplanted legumes in apple orchard on soil microbial population and enzymc activities[J].Acta Agrectir Sinica,2013,21(4):676-682.(in Chinese)
[23]刘灵芝,吕德国,秦嗣军.果园土壤生态系统功能微生物多样性研究进展[J].北方果树,2014(6):1-4.
[24]杨洪晓,周美华,李俊良,等.温带果园护土生草鼠茅草的腐解和养分释放[J].草业学报,2015,24(4):208-213.YANG H X,ZHOU M H,LI J L,et al.Decay and nutrient release in Vulpia myuros grasses,a species suitable for soil conservation in temperate zone orchards[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(4):208-213.(in Chinese)
[25] CERCIOGLU M,ANDERSON S H,UDAWATTA R P,et al.Effects of cover crop and biofuel crop management on computed tomography-measured pore parameters[J].Geoderma,2018,319:80-88.
[26]李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.
[27]李国怀,伊华林.生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2005,13(2):161-163.
[28]惠竹梅,岳泰新,张瑾,等.西北半干旱区葡萄园生草体系中土壤生物学特性与土壤养分的关系[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(11):2310-2317.HUI Z M,YUE T X,ZHANG J.Relationship between soil biological characteristics and nutrient content under intercropping system of vineyard in northwestern semiarid area[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(11):2310-2317.(in Chinese)
[29]郑伟尉,徐凯,刘兴泉,等.自然生草对梨园小气候生态因子和果实品质的影响研究[J].中国南方果树,2013,42(5):28-32.