养殖场颗粒物的环境与健康危害研究进展
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摘要
养殖场是空气环境中颗粒物和微生物气溶胶的主要来源之一。微生物气溶胶是引起畜禽呼吸道疾病发生的重要原因,尤其是致病性微生物气溶胶,如口蹄疫、禽流感、布鲁菌病等每年给畜牧业生产造成巨大经济损失。颗粒物带来的环境和健康危害很大程度上与其形态、组成成分和浓度水平有关。明确及不断更新养殖场微生物气溶胶背景信息,是提出合理减排策略和有效控制其危害水平的重要依据,也是紧跟我国环境治理步伐以及加快改善生态环境系统的重要理论基础。
Livestock farm is one of the main sources of particulate matter( PM) and microbial aerosols in the air environment. Microbial aerosol,especially pathogenic microorganism aerosol,is an important cause of respiratory diseases in livestock and poultry,such as foot-and-mouth disease,avian influenza and brucellosis,which causes huge economic losses to animal husbandry every year. Particles in the environmental which cause health hazards are associated largely with their morphology,composition and concentration. Clear and constantly updated background information of microbial aerosol in livestock farms is an important basis for making reasonable emission reduction strategy and exercising effective control of its hazard level. It is also an important theoretical basis for keeping pace with China's environmental governance and accelerating the improvement of the ecological environmental system.
Livestock farm is one of the main sources of particulate matter( PM) and microbial aerosols in the air environment. Microbial aerosol,especially pathogenic microorganism aerosol,is an important cause of respiratory diseases in livestock and poultry,such as foot-and-mouth disease,avian influenza and brucellosis,which causes huge economic losses to animal husbandry every year. Particles in the environmental which cause health hazards are associated largely with their morphology,composition and concentration. Clear and constantly updated background information of microbial aerosol in livestock farms is an important basis for making reasonable emission reduction strategy and exercising effective control of its hazard level. It is also an important theoretical basis for keeping pace with China's environmental governance and accelerating the improvement of the ecological environmental system.
引文
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[26]Bongers P,Houthuijs D,Remijn B,et al.Lung function and respiratory symptoms in pig farmers[J].Br J Ind Med,1987,44(12):819-823.
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[33]Ssematimba A,Hagenaars T J,De Jong M C.Modelling the windborne spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus between farms[J].Plos One,2012,7(2):e31114.
[34]Hugh-Jones M,Allan W H,Dark F A,et al.The evidence for the airborne spread of Newcastle disease[J].Epidemiol Infect,1973,71(2):325-339.
[35]Zucker B A,Trojan S,Müller W.Airborne gram-negative bacterial flora in animal houses[J].Thai J Vet Med,2010,47(1):37-46.
[36]Gast R K,Mitchell B W,Holt P S.Detection of airborne salmonella enteritidis in the environment of experimentally Infected laying hens by an electrostatic sampling device[J].Avian Dis,2004,48(1):148-154.
[37]Man S C,Han J K,Kim D,et al.On-site application of air cleaner emitting plasma ion to reduce airborne contaminants in pig building[J].Atmos Environ,2012,63(63):276-281.
[38]Melse R W,Ogink N W M,Rulkens W H.Overview of European and Netherlands'regulations on airborne emissions from intensive livestock production with a focus on the application of air scrubbers[J].Biosyst Eng,2009,104(3):289-298.
[39]Samer M.Abatement techniques for reducing emissions from livestock buildings[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer International Publishing,2016.
[40]周忠凯,余刚,秦竹,等.发酵床育肥猪舍的氨气浓度及其排放率[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(7):210-212.
[2]Institution B S.BS EN 481:Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles[S].Brussels:CENELEC,1993.
[3]EPA.Air quality criteria for particular matter:vol.II of II[S].Washington DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency,2004.
[4]ISO.ISO 7708 Air quality—Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling[S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,1995.
[5]Pilling M.Particulate matter in the United Kingdom[R].The University of Birmingham,2005.
[6]Seinfeld J H.ES Books:Atmospheric chemistry and physics of air pollution[J].Environ Sci Technol,1986,20(9):863-863.
[7]Brunekreef B,Forsberg B.Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health[J].Eur Respir J,2005,26(2):309-318.
[8]Cambra-López M,Aarnink A J A,Zhao Y,et al.Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems:A review of an air pollution problem[J].Environ Pollut,2010,158(1):1-17.
[9]Almeida S M,Pio C A,Freitas M C,et al.Approaching PM(2.5)and PM(2.5-10)source apportionment by mass balance analysis,principal component analysis and particle size distribution[J].Sci Total Environ,2006,368(2):663-674.
[10]Mazzei F,D'alessandro A,Lucarelli F,et al.Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban environment[J].Sci Total Environ,2008,401(1):81-89.
[11]Cs Cox C W.Bioaerosols handbook[M].Lewis Publishers,1995.
[12]Pilinis C,Charalampidis P E,Mihalopoulos N,et al.Contribution of particulate water to the measured aerosol optical properties of aged aerosol[J].Atmos Environ,2014,82(1):144-153.
[13]Grantz D A,Garner J H,Johnson D W.Ecological effects of particulate matter[J].Environ Int,2003,29(2-3):213-239.
[14]Lammel G,Schneider F,Brüggemann E,et al.Aerosols emitted from a livestock farm in Southern Germany[J].Water Air Soil Poll,2004,154(1-4):313-330.
[15]Cottier T,Aerni P,Karapinar B,et al.The Principle of common concern and climate change[J].Archiv Des V2lkerrechts,2014,52:293-324.
[16]Wang Z,Lin L,Zhang X,et al.Scenario dependence of future changes in climate extremes under 1.5℃and 2℃global warming[J].Sci Rep UK,2017,7:46432.
[17]Martin R S,Silva P J,Moore K,et al.Particle composition and size distributions in and around a deep-pit swine operation,Ames,IA[J].J Atmos Chem,2008,59(2):135-150.
[18]O'neill D H,Phillips V R.A review of the control of odour nuisance from livestock buildings:Part 3,properties of the odorous substances which have been identified in livestock wastes or in the air around them[J].J Agr Eng Res,1992,53(1):23-50.
[19]Das K C,Kastner J R,Hassan S M.Potential of particulate matter as a pathway for odor dispersion[C].Ottawa,Canada,2004.
[20]Reynolds S J,Chao D Y,Thorne P S,et al.Field comparison of methods for evaluation of vapor/particle phase distribution of ammonia in livestock buildings[J].J Agr Saf Health,1998,4(2):81-93.
[21]Cai L,Koziel J A,Lo Y C,et al.Characterization of volatile organic compounds and odorants associated with swine barn particulate matter using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographymass spectrometry-olfactometry[M].Iowa,USA:Animal Industry Report,2007.
[22]Robarge W P,Walker J T,Mcculloch R B,et al.Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and ammonium at an agricultural site in the southeast United States[J].Atmos Environ,2002,36(10):1661-1674.
[23]Curtis S E,Drummond J G,Grunloh D J,et al.Relative and qualitative aspects of aerial bacteria and dust in swine houses[J].J Anim Sci,1975,41(5):1512-1520.
[24]Maurer D L,Koziel J A,Harmon J D,et al.Summary of performance data for technologies to control gaseous,odor,and particulate emissions from livestock operations:Air management practices assessment tool(AMPAT)[J].Data In Brief,2016,7(C):1413
[25]Harry E G.Air pollution in farm buildings and methods of control:a review[J].Avian Pathol,1978,7(4):441-454.
[26]Bongers P,Houthuijs D,Remijn B,et al.Lung function and respiratory symptoms in pig farmers[J].Br J Ind Med,1987,44(12):819-823.
[27]Donham K J.Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and productivity in swine[J].Am J Vet Res,1991,52(10):1723.
[28]Matkovic'K,Vucˇemilo M,Vinkovic'B,et al.Qualitative structure of airborne bacteria and fungi in dairy barn and nearby environment[J].Czech J Anim Sci,2007,52(8):249-253.
[29]Seedorf J,Hartung J,Schr9der M,et al.Concentrations and emissions of airborne endotoxins and microorganisms in livestock buildings in Northern Europe[J].J Agr Eng Res,1998,70(1):97-109.
[30]Bakutis B,Monstviliene E,Januskeviciene G.Analyses of airborne contamination with bacteria,endotoxins and dust in livestock barns and poultry houses[J].Acta Vet Brno,2004,73(2):283-289.
[31]Ryan E,Wright C,Gloster J.Measurement of airborne foot-andmouth disease virus:preliminary evaluation of two portable air sampling devices[J].Vet J,2009,179(3):458-461.
[32]Berrang M E,Northcutt J K,Dickens J A.The contribution of airborne contamination to campylobacter counts on defeathered broiler carcasses[J].J Appl Poultry Res,2004,13(1):1-4.
[33]Ssematimba A,Hagenaars T J,De Jong M C.Modelling the windborne spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus between farms[J].Plos One,2012,7(2):e31114.
[34]Hugh-Jones M,Allan W H,Dark F A,et al.The evidence for the airborne spread of Newcastle disease[J].Epidemiol Infect,1973,71(2):325-339.
[35]Zucker B A,Trojan S,Müller W.Airborne gram-negative bacterial flora in animal houses[J].Thai J Vet Med,2010,47(1):37-46.
[36]Gast R K,Mitchell B W,Holt P S.Detection of airborne salmonella enteritidis in the environment of experimentally Infected laying hens by an electrostatic sampling device[J].Avian Dis,2004,48(1):148-154.
[37]Man S C,Han J K,Kim D,et al.On-site application of air cleaner emitting plasma ion to reduce airborne contaminants in pig building[J].Atmos Environ,2012,63(63):276-281.
[38]Melse R W,Ogink N W M,Rulkens W H.Overview of European and Netherlands'regulations on airborne emissions from intensive livestock production with a focus on the application of air scrubbers[J].Biosyst Eng,2009,104(3):289-298.
[39]Samer M.Abatement techniques for reducing emissions from livestock buildings[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer International Publishing,2016.
[40]周忠凯,余刚,秦竹,等.发酵床育肥猪舍的氨气浓度及其排放率[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(7):210-212.