由“私域”走向“公共”:近代留美中国学生的历史选择——以留美中国学生联合会为例
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摘要
20世纪初,由在美中国学生集聚成立的留美中国学生联合会,是近代中国留学生在异邦所组成的最具有影响力及号召力的社团。这一学生联合会是留美中国学生进行自我组织、自我管理的一个域外学生社团,在这一社团中,年轻的留美学生得以初步构建起一个开放的公共领域,并在这一领域中进行相互沟通。从留美学生公共领域成立的推动力来看,主要是由两股力量构成:一是外部的推动力,由美国社团文化对中国留美学生的影响所致;另一方面则是学生群体凝聚的内驱力,主要是留美中国学生结社的联合意识所驱动。在美留学生从"私域"逐渐走向"公共"的历史进程中,体现出彼时留美中国学生群体中一种难得的公众精神的确立,也反映出近代留美学生通过学生活动空间组织实现对"求同进化,以竞生存"的追求,无疑具有极大的历史价值。
The Chinese Students' Alliance in the US,organized by the Chinese students of the United States,is the representative of the most influential and appealing community. This student alliance is a student association organized and managed by the Chinese students in the United States,in which young Chinese students studying in the US have been able to build an open public sphere and communicate with each other in this open public field. From the impetus of the establishment of the public field,it is mainly composed of two forces: one is the external impetus,which is mainly due to the influence of American community culture on the Chinese students. On the other hand,the internal drive of the cohesion of the student group,mainly the joint consciousness of the Chinese students studying in the US. This kind of historical process of moving from"private sphere"to"autonomous public sphere",advocated by the Chinese students in the US,reflects the establishment of a valuable public spirit among the Chinese students in the US. It also reflects that the Chinese students' pursuit of "seeking common development and competing for existence " through student activity space organizations in modern America,which undoubtedly has great historical values.
The Chinese Students' Alliance in the US,organized by the Chinese students of the United States,is the representative of the most influential and appealing community. This student alliance is a student association organized and managed by the Chinese students in the United States,in which young Chinese students studying in the US have been able to build an open public sphere and communicate with each other in this open public field. From the impetus of the establishment of the public field,it is mainly composed of two forces: one is the external impetus,which is mainly due to the influence of American community culture on the Chinese students. On the other hand,the internal drive of the cohesion of the student group,mainly the joint consciousness of the Chinese students studying in the US. This kind of historical process of moving from"private sphere"to"autonomous public sphere",advocated by the Chinese students in the US,reflects the establishment of a valuable public spirit among the Chinese students in the US. It also reflects that the Chinese students' pursuit of "seeking common development and competing for existence " through student activity space organizations in modern America,which undoubtedly has great historical values.
引文
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[2]区克明.留美中国学生会小史[J].留美学生季报,1917(3):57-73.
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[27]李周麟,余簪传.论中国学生宜注重社交[J].留美学生季报,1916(4):39-48.
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[29]杜威论中国现状[J].尚贤堂纪事,1921(2):8-12.
[30]麻省理工学校中国学生会通信[J].留美学生季报,1915(3):113-118.
[31]刘树杞.中国学生年会五度纪事[J].留美学生季报,1914(1):79-82.
[32]S.T.Lok.Why Join the Alliance?[J].The Chinese Students’Monthly,Jan.1909:171-172.
[33]Neely Anne Elizabeth.The Foreign Student on the American Campus[D].Thesis submitted to the department of Sociology in the University of Chicago,1922:40-41.
[34]叶维丽.为中国寻找现代之路:中国留学生在美国(1900—1927)[M].周子平,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2012:33.
[35]Pittsburgh同学之努力[J].留美学生季报,1921(3):73-74.
[36]汪晖.文化与公共性[M].上海:上海三联书店,1998:125.
[37]陈业勳.再谈“关于留学教育问题”[J].留东学报,1935(2):122-129.
[38]颂民.民族主义的精神[N].民国日报,1927-04-09.
[2]区克明.留美中国学生会小史[J].留美学生季报,1917(3):57-73.
[3]张剑.清末民初留美学生社团组织分析[J].学术月刊,2003(5):37-42.
[4]任鸿隽.留美学界的几个问题[J].观察,1947(2):46.
[5]留美中国学生联合会.美洲留学报告[M].上海:开明书店,1904:1-2.
[6]林子勋.中国留学教育史(1847—1975)[M].台北:华岗出版社,1976:81.
[7]Chinese Students’Alliance of Eastern States.Who is Who of the Chinese Students in America[M].Berkeley,California:Lederer,Street&Zeus Company Press,1921:21.
[8]留美学生联合会近事[J].教育杂志,1911(5):42.
[9]麻省理工学校中国学生会通信[J].留美学生季报,1915(3):113-118.
[10]Chinese Students’Alliance.The Chinese Students Directory of 1918[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1918:58-61.
[11]孟治.为什么中国的学生们当组织Chautauqua呢?[J].生命(北京),1921(7):1-5.
[12]陶孟和.社会与教育[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2008:152-153.
[13]章清.“胡适派学人群”与现代中国自由主义[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2004:434.
[14]The Executive Council of the Chinese Students’Alliance.Pamphlet aims to tell you for the year of1919—1920[M].Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin Press,1920:18.
[15]哈贝马斯.公共领域的结构转型[M].曹卫东,刘北城,等译.上海:学林出版社,1999:23.
[16]各地学术建国讨论会消息[J].学建通讯,1945(22):2.
[17]陈学恂,周邦道.中国近代教育史教学参考资料:中册[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1987:373.
[18]Stacey Bieler.“Patriots”or“Traitors”?A History of American-educated Chinese Students[M].New York:M.E.Sharpe,2004:381.
[19]孟治.美国的几样好处[J].生命(北京),1920(1):1-4.
[20]C.Y.Chin.The Proper Meaning of the Chinese Students’Alliance[J].Chinese Students’Monthly,Jul.1913:52.
[21]康有为.大同书[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994:88.
[22]赫胥黎.天演论[M].严复,译.北京:华夏出版社,2002:3-7.
[23]梁启超.说群自序[M]//饮冰室合集(二).北京:中华书局,1989:3-7.
[24]张灏.梁启超与中国思想的过渡(1890—1907)[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1995:110-111.
[25]梁启超.梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984:40.
[26]郑大华,任菁.强学——戊戌时论选[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994:139.
[27]李周麟,余簪传.论中国学生宜注重社交[J].留美学生季报,1916(4):39-48.
[28]吴小龙.少年中国学会研究[M].上海:上海三联书店,2006:221-223.
[29]杜威论中国现状[J].尚贤堂纪事,1921(2):8-12.
[30]麻省理工学校中国学生会通信[J].留美学生季报,1915(3):113-118.
[31]刘树杞.中国学生年会五度纪事[J].留美学生季报,1914(1):79-82.
[32]S.T.Lok.Why Join the Alliance?[J].The Chinese Students’Monthly,Jan.1909:171-172.
[33]Neely Anne Elizabeth.The Foreign Student on the American Campus[D].Thesis submitted to the department of Sociology in the University of Chicago,1922:40-41.
[34]叶维丽.为中国寻找现代之路:中国留学生在美国(1900—1927)[M].周子平,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2012:33.
[35]Pittsburgh同学之努力[J].留美学生季报,1921(3):73-74.
[36]汪晖.文化与公共性[M].上海:上海三联书店,1998:125.
[37]陈业勳.再谈“关于留学教育问题”[J].留东学报,1935(2):122-129.
[38]颂民.民族主义的精神[N].民国日报,1927-04-09.