冷战造就美国大学“黄金时代”——斯坦福大学崛起之管窥
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摘要
得益于"二战"中的卓越贡献,引发战后美国联邦政府对研究型大学科研的倚重,旋即一系列旨在推动学术科学发展的联邦科技政策相继推出。热战之后冷战接踵而来,军备重整迫在眉睫,由此进一步塑造了美国研究型大学在国际军备竞赛中的"关键"角色。冷战危机下,研究型大学纷纷入伍,斯坦福大学成为其中之典范:在政府与大学之间开启了官学关系新篇章;在与政府企业的合作定位上,构建军工体合作桥梁;开拓产学合作新边界。在冷战军事科研浪潮中,斯坦福大学顺势而为,招募一流教授组建学术"智囊团",集中优势资源缔造学科"金字塔",使其迈上学术新台阶。管窥冷战下斯坦福大学之崛起,可见冷战如何造就美国大学的"黄金时代"。
Owing to the outstanding contributions in World War II,the American research universities aroused great attention from federal government,and a series of federal science and technology policies aimed at promoting the development of academic science were launched after war.During cold war,the reorganization of armaments was urgent,which further shaped the "key" role of research universities in the international arms race.The war brought the " Golden Age" to American research universities.Under Cold War crisis,the research universities participated in military research,and thus Stanford University became a model.It is especially important to study the rise of Stanford University in Cold War and to analyze the academic excellence of American research universities.
Owing to the outstanding contributions in World War II,the American research universities aroused great attention from federal government,and a series of federal science and technology policies aimed at promoting the development of academic science were launched after war.During cold war,the reorganization of armaments was urgent,which further shaped the "key" role of research universities in the international arms race.The war brought the " Golden Age" to American research universities.Under Cold War crisis,the research universities participated in military research,and thus Stanford University became a model.It is especially important to study the rise of Stanford University in Cold War and to analyze the academic excellence of American research universities.
引文
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[22] 薛虎圣.硅谷和斯坦福创新体系发展历程及启示[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2015(4):48-51.
[23] 硅谷密探.从斯坦福到硅谷,从被人看不起到称霸全球[N/OL].[2017-11-15][2018-07-18].http://www.cniteyes.com/archives/32510.
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[25] [美]克拉克·克尔.大学的功用[M].陈学飞,译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1993:75.
[26] 王宏月.斯坦福大学的崛起研究(1945-1970)[D].沈阳:沈阳师范大学,2016.
[27] Mervis, J. How Long Can the U.S. Stay on Top?[J].Science,2013,340(6139):1394.
[28] Labaree, D F. Learning to Love the Bomb: The Cold War Brings the Best of Times to American Higher Education[M].Springer International Publishing,2016:100.
[2] 罗杰·L·盖格.研究与相关知识:第二次世界大战以来的美国研究型大学[M].保定:河北大学出版社,2008.
[3] Scientific Development U S O O , Science, Bush V. , the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President[J].Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science,1945,37(1):32-35.
[4] 沈红.美国研究型大学形成与发展[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999:88.
[5] J.L.小彭奈克,等.美国的科学政策[J].国外社会科学,1978(5):62-74.
[6] Roche, G C. The Fall of the Ivory Tower: Government Funding, Corruption, and the Bankrupting of American Higher Education[J].College Administration,1994:32.
[7] Brooks, Harvey. Impact of Defense Establishment on Science and Education in Hearings on National Science Policy, Subcommittee on Science, Research, Development, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 91st Congress[M].Washington D.C: Government Printing Office,1970:931.
[8] Leslie, Stuart W. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1993:197.
[9] 杨九斌.二战后美国联邦政府对研究型大学科研资助政策研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2014.
[10] 吴必康.权力与知识[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1998:375.
[11] 休·戴维斯·格拉汉姆,等.美国研究型大学的兴起:战后年代的精英大学及其挑战者[M].保定:河北大学出版社,2008.
[12] 於荣. 冷战中的美国大学学术研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008.
[13] Geiger, R L. Science, Universities, and National Defense,1945-1970[J].Osiris,1992(7):26-48.
[14] Geiger, Robert L. Research and Relevant Knowledge[M].Oxford University Press, 1993:189.
[15] 许云昭,石鸥.差距与超越:中美教育管理比较研究[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,2000:263.
[16] [美]克拉克·克尔.高等教育不能回避的历史[M]. 王承绪,译.浙江教育出版社,2001:21.
[17] 刘超.日本大学的成败之鉴[J].21世纪评论, 2010(8):17.
[18] 丽贝卡·S.洛温,等.创建冷战大学:斯坦福大学的转型[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[19] 舸昕.从哈佛到斯坦福[M].上海:东方出版社,1999.
[20] Stanford University. A History of Stanford [N/OL].Stanford University. [2018-06-20][2018-07-11].https://www.stanford.edu/about/history/.
[21] Adams, S B. Stanford and Silicon Valley: Lessons on Becoming a High-Tech Region[J].California Management Review,2005,48(1):29-51.
[22] 薛虎圣.硅谷和斯坦福创新体系发展历程及启示[J].全球科技经济瞭望,2015(4):48-51.
[23] 硅谷密探.从斯坦福到硅谷,从被人看不起到称霸全球[N/OL].[2017-11-15][2018-07-18].http://www.cniteyes.com/archives/32510.
[24] 萨克森宁,曹蓬,杨宇光.地区优势[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1999:28.
[25] [美]克拉克·克尔.大学的功用[M].陈学飞,译.南昌:江西教育出版社,1993:75.
[26] 王宏月.斯坦福大学的崛起研究(1945-1970)[D].沈阳:沈阳师范大学,2016.
[27] Mervis, J. How Long Can the U.S. Stay on Top?[J].Science,2013,340(6139):1394.
[28] Labaree, D F. Learning to Love the Bomb: The Cold War Brings the Best of Times to American Higher Education[M].Springer International Publishing,2016:100.