林分密度及混交度对长白山天然风景林树木形态的影响
|
摘要
【目的】以期探明天然风景林不同林分密度、不同混交度条件下树木形态的变化规律,及林分密度、混交度及其交互作用对不同大小树木个体形态特征的影响机理。【方法】采用综合指数法建立4个树木形态指数,通过分析65块样地的林分空间结构信息与样地内1 891株林木个体各形态指数的关系,研究林分密度和混交度对长白山天然风景林树冠、树干形态及干冠协调程度的影响。【结果】林分密度对各树木形态指数均产生极显著影响(P<0.01),并与林木空间占有指数、干冠协调指数、树冠扩展指数呈负相关关系,与干形通直指数呈正相关关系,林木空间占有指数、干冠协调指数在各径级树木个体上受密度的影响均达到显著水平(P<0.000 5),树冠扩展指数、干形通直指数受林分密度的影响分别只在中径级(P<0.000 5)和小径级(P=0.017)树木个体中达到显著水平;混交度与林木空间占有指数、干冠协调指数、干形通直指数呈负相关关系,与树形扩展指数呈正相关关系,其中对干冠协调指数的影响达到显著水平(P<0.000 5),并且在小径级树木和大径级树木个体上作用分别达到极显著(P<0.000 5)和显著(P=0.038)水平;密度和混交度的交互作用对干冠协调指数产生极显著影响(P<0.000 5),林分密度对干冠协调指数的影响程度随混交度的增大而呈现先增后减的趋势,混交度对干冠协调指数的影响程度随林分密度的增大而呈现先减后增的趋势。【结论】林分密度和混交度通过改变风景林树木的邻体竞争关系,进而显著影响风景林树木个体的树冠、树干形态及其协调关系,其中林分密度是主导因素,在研究范围内高于1 200株·hm~(-2)的林分密度会抑制各径级树木体积的增大和干冠形态比例协调程度的提升,混交度在林分密度高于1 600株·hm~(-2)或小于800株·hm~(-2)时显著影响大径级和小径级树木个体干冠形态的协调性,低密度中度混交的林分最有利于树木个体干冠形态的协调发展。
【Objective】 This research aims at investigating the variation patterns of tree morphology with different stand densities and mingling intensities in natural scenic forest, and clarifying the effects of stand density, mingling intensity and their interaction on tree morphology of different diameter classes.【Method】65 plots were set up in typical areas of Changbai Mountain, the forest spatial structures and tree morphological indicators were investigated. By using synthetic index method, four morphology indices were established, and the effects of stand density, mingling intensity and their interaction on these indices were analyzed with variance analysis method. 【Result】 Stand density had very significant effects(P<0.01) on all tree morphology indices. The increase of stand density had adverse effects on tree spatial occupancy index(U_1), stem and crown coordination index(U_2) and crown expansion index(U_3), while had a beneficial effect on stem straight index(U_4). The effects of stand density on U_1 and U_2 were very significant(P<0.000 5) in all three diameter classes, while the effect on U_3 were very significant(P<0.000 5) only in middle diameter class, and the effect on U_4 were significant(P=0.017) only in small diameter class. Mingling intensity was negatively correlated with U_1, U_2 and U_4, while positively correlated with U_3. The effect of mingling intensity on U_2 were very significant(P<0.000 5), and this effect showed extremely significant difference(P<0.000 5) and significant difference(P=0.038) in small diameter class and large diameter class, respectively. The interaction had a very significant influence(P<0.000 5) on U_3, and the influence of stand density on U_2 showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of mingling intensity, while the influence of mingling intensity on U_2 was on the contrary.【Conclusion】 In scenic forest, stand density and mingling intensity significantly affected crown, stem and their coordination by changing the competition relationship of neighboring trees, and the stand density played a major role. Within the scope of the study, the stand density of more than 1 200 individual·hm~(-2) had a significant suppression on the increase of tree volume and tree morphology coordination of all three diameter classes, while mingling intensity showed a significant influence on the tree morphology coordination in large diameter and small diameter trees when the density was more than 1 600 individual·hm~(-2) or less than 800 individual·hm~(-2), and the forest with low density and moderate mingling intensity were most beneficial to the coordinated development of trunk and crown morphology.
【Objective】 This research aims at investigating the variation patterns of tree morphology with different stand densities and mingling intensities in natural scenic forest, and clarifying the effects of stand density, mingling intensity and their interaction on tree morphology of different diameter classes.【Method】65 plots were set up in typical areas of Changbai Mountain, the forest spatial structures and tree morphological indicators were investigated. By using synthetic index method, four morphology indices were established, and the effects of stand density, mingling intensity and their interaction on these indices were analyzed with variance analysis method. 【Result】 Stand density had very significant effects(P<0.01) on all tree morphology indices. The increase of stand density had adverse effects on tree spatial occupancy index(U_1), stem and crown coordination index(U_2) and crown expansion index(U_3), while had a beneficial effect on stem straight index(U_4). The effects of stand density on U_1 and U_2 were very significant(P<0.000 5) in all three diameter classes, while the effect on U_3 were very significant(P<0.000 5) only in middle diameter class, and the effect on U_4 were significant(P=0.017) only in small diameter class. Mingling intensity was negatively correlated with U_1, U_2 and U_4, while positively correlated with U_3. The effect of mingling intensity on U_2 were very significant(P<0.000 5), and this effect showed extremely significant difference(P<0.000 5) and significant difference(P=0.038) in small diameter class and large diameter class, respectively. The interaction had a very significant influence(P<0.000 5) on U_3, and the influence of stand density on U_2 showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of mingling intensity, while the influence of mingling intensity on U_2 was on the contrary.【Conclusion】 In scenic forest, stand density and mingling intensity significantly affected crown, stem and their coordination by changing the competition relationship of neighboring trees, and the stand density played a major role. Within the scope of the study, the stand density of more than 1 200 individual·hm~(-2) had a significant suppression on the increase of tree volume and tree morphology coordination of all three diameter classes, while mingling intensity showed a significant influence on the tree morphology coordination in large diameter and small diameter trees when the density was more than 1 600 individual·hm~(-2) or less than 800 individual·hm~(-2), and the forest with low density and moderate mingling intensity were most beneficial to the coordinated development of trunk and crown morphology.
引文
谌红辉, 方升佐, 丁贵杰, 等. 2010. 马尾松间伐的密度效应. 林业科学, 46(5):84-91.(Chen H H, Fang S Z, Ding G J, et al. 2010. Thinning density effects on masson pine plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 46(5):84-91. [in Chinese])
陈鑫峰, 贾黎明. 2003. 京西山区森林林内景观评价研究. 林业科学, 39(4): 59-66.(Chen X F, Jia L M. 2003. Research on evaluation of in-forest landscapes in west Beijing mountain area. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39(4): 59-66. [in Chinese])
陈鑫峰,沈国舫. 2000. 森林游憩的几个重要概念辨析. 世界林业研究, 13(1): 69-76.(Chen X F, Shen G F. 2000. Dissection of some concepts about forest recreation. World Forestry Research, 13(1): 69-76. [in Chinese])
陈瑜, 徐程扬, 李乐, 等. 2014. 阔叶红松风景林单木景观质量评价与模型研究. 北京林业大学学报, 36(5): 87-93.(Chen Y, Xu C Y, Li L, et al. 2014. Assessment and model research on scenic forest individual tree landscape quality in broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forests. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 36(5): 87-93. [in Chinese])
段劼, 马履一, 贾黎明, 等. 2010. 北京地区侧柏人工林密度效应. 生态学报, 30(12): 3206-3214.(Duan J, Ma L Y, Jia L M, et al. 2010. The density effect of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(12): 3206-3214. [in Chinese])
段仁燕, 王孝安. 2005. 太白红杉种内和种间竞争研究. 植物生态学报, 29(2): 242-250.(Duan R Y, Wang X A. 2005. Intraspecific and interspecific competition in Larix chinensis. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 29(2): 242-250. [in Chinese])
冯晓燕, 刘宁, 郭晋平, 等. 2013. 控制光照条件下华北山地4个混交树种幼苗幼树的形态响应和可塑性. 林业科学, 49(11): 42-50.(Feng X Y, Liu N, Guo J P, et al. 2013. Morphological responses and morphological plasticity indices of seedlings and saplings of four woody species in montane forest of northern China to experimental light regimes. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 49(11): 42-50. [in Chinese])
郝建锋, 王德艺, 李艳, 等. 2015. 不同林分密度下川北白云山地区喜树人工林的群落结构和物种多样性. 植物研究, 35(5): 772-778.(Hao J F, Wang D Y, Li Y, et al. 2015. Effects of stand density on community structure and species diversity of Camptotheca acuminata plantation in Baiyun Mountain, Mianzhu district, Sichuan Province. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 35(5): 772-778. [in Chinese])
郝占庆, 李步杭, 张健, 等. 2008. 长白山阔叶红松林样地(CBS): 群落组成与结构. 植物生态学报, 32(2): 238-250.(Hao Z Q, Li B H, Zhang J, et al. 2008. Broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plot in Changbaishan (CBS) of China: community composition and structure. Journal of Plant Ecology, 32(2): 238-250. [in Chinese])
黄广远. 2012. 北京市城区城市森林结构及景观美学评价研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文.(Huang G Y. 2012. Studies on species composition and landscape aesthetics evaluation of urban forest in Beijing. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
惠刚盈, 克劳斯·冯佳多. 2001. 德国现代森林经营技术. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 6-134.(Hui G Y, Klaus G. 2001. Modern forest management of Germany. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 6-134. [in Chinese])
刘畅, 刘亚, 刘海轩, 等. 2016. 游憩型城镇景观林林内景观斑块类型特征研究. 西北林学院学报, 31(4): 305-311.(Liu C, Liu Y, Liu H X, et al. 2016. Characteristics of in-forest landscape patch types of recreational landscape forest in urban and suburban area. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 31(4): 305-311. [in Chinese])
毛斌, 徐程扬, 李翠翠, 等. 2013.不同修枝强度对侧伯、油松人工林林内景观美景度的影响.西北林学院学报,28(3): 123-125.(Mao B, Xu C Y, Li C C, et al. 2013. Effects of pruning intensity on in-forest landscape of Platcycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis plantations.Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 28(3): 123-125.[in Chinese])
毛斌, 徐程扬, 李乐, 等. 2014. 人工油松风景林的林木分级技术. 林业科学, 50(10): 49-58.(Mao B, Xu C Y, Li L, et al. 2014. Tree classification for Pinus tabulaeformis scenic plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 50(10): 49-58. [in Chinese])
欧阳勋志, 廖为明, 彭世揆. 2007. 天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术. 应用生态学报, 18(6): 1388-1392.(Ouyang X Z, Liao W M, Peng S K. 2007. Landscape quality evaluation and vertical structure optimization of natural broadleaf forest. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(6): 1388-1392. [in Chinese])
孙澜, 苏智先, 张素兰, 等. 2008. 马尾松-川灰木人工混交林种内、种间竞争强度. 生态学杂志, 27(8): 1274-1278.(Sun L, Su Z X, Zhang S L, et al. 2008. Intra- and inter-specific competition intensities in Pinus massoniana-Symplocos szechumensis mixed plantation. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 27(8): 1274-1278. [in Chinese])
汤孟平, 唐守正, 雷相东, 等. 2004. 两种混交度的比较分析. 林业资源管理, (4): 25-27.(Tang M P, Tang S Z, Lei X D, et al. 2004. Comparison analysis on two minglings. Forest Resources Management, (4): 25-27. [in Chinese])
王秀花, 马丽珍, 马雪红, 等. 2011. 木荷人工林生长和木材基本密度. 林业科学, 47(7): 138-144.(Wang X H, Ma L Z, Ma X H, et al. 2011. Growth and wood basic density of Schima surperba plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(7): 138-144. [in Chinese])
徐程扬. 2001. 不同光环境下紫椴幼树树冠结构的可塑性响应. 应用生态学报, 12(3): 339-343.(Xu C Y. 2001. Response of structural plasticity of Tilia amurensis sapling crowns to different light conditions. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 12(3): 339-343 [in Chinese])
徐程扬, 张 华, 贾忠奎, 等. 2007. 林分密度和立地类型对北京山区侧柏人工林根系的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 29(4): 95-99.(Xu C Y, Zhang H, Jia Z K, et al. 2007. Effects of stand density and site types on root characteristics of Platycladus orientalis plantations in Beijing mountainous area. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 29(4): 95-99. [in Chinese])
徐小牛, 李宏开. 1997. 马尾松枫香混交林生长及其效应研究. 林业科学, 33(5): 385-392.(Xu X N, Li H K. 1997. Study on the growth of mixed stands of Pinus massoniana and Liquidambar formosana and its ecological benefits. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 33(5): 385-392. [in Chinese])
杨鑫霞, 亢新刚, 杜志, 等. 2012. 基于SBE法的长白山森林景观美学评价. 西北农林科技大学学报: 自然科学版, 40(6): 86-91.(Yang X X, Kang X G, Du Z, et al. 2012. SBE method-based forest landscape aesthetic quality evaluation of Changbai Mountain. Journal of Northwest A&F University: Natural Science Edition, 40(6):86-91. [in Chinese])
章志都. 2010. 北京市低山风景游憩林质量评价及调控关键技术研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文.(Zhang Z D. 2010. Quality assessing and key adjusting technologies for scenic-recreational forests in the lower mountains of suburbans in Beijing. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
章志都, 徐程扬, 蔡宝军, 等. 2009. 林分密度对山桃树冠结构的影响研究. 北京林业大学学报, 31(6): 187-192.(Zhang Z D, Xu C Y, Cai B J, et al. 2009. Influence of stock density on crown structure of Prunus davidiana. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 31(6): 187-192. [in Chinese])
赵娜, 郑小贤. 2014. 福建三明拟赤杨混交林的空间结构. 东北林业大学学报, 42(1): 23-26.(Zhao N, Zheng X X. 2014. Spatial structure of Alniphyllum fortune mixed forest in Sanming, Fujian Province. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 42(1): 23-26. [in Chinese])
周荣伍, 安玉涛, 马润国, 等. 2013. 风景林概念及其研究现状. 林业科学, 49(8):117-125.(Zhou R W, An Y T, Ma R G, et al. 2013. A review of the concept and research status in scenic forests. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 49(8):117-125. [in Chinese])
Briggs D J, France J. 1980. Landscape evaluation: a comparative study. Journal of Environmental Management, 10(3):263-275.
Cornwell W, Ackerly D. 2009. Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecological Monographs, 79(1):109-126.
Garber S M, Monserud R A, Maguire D A. 2008. Crown recession patterns in three conifer species of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Forest Science, 54(6): 633-646.
Hamilton G J. 1969. The dependence of volume increment of individual trees on dominance, crown dimensions and competition. Forestry, 42(2): 133-144.
Mao B, Gong L, Xu C Y. 2015. Evaluating the scenic beauty of individual trees: a case study using a nonlinear model for a Pinus tabulaeformis scenic forest in Beijing, China. Forests, 6(6):1933-1948.
Mohler C L, Marks P L, Sprugel D G. 1978. Stand structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. Journal of Ecology, 66(2):599.
Silvennoinen H, Alho J. 2001. Prediction models of landscape preferences at the forest stand level. Landscape & Urban Planning, 56(1):11-20.
陈鑫峰, 贾黎明. 2003. 京西山区森林林内景观评价研究. 林业科学, 39(4): 59-66.(Chen X F, Jia L M. 2003. Research on evaluation of in-forest landscapes in west Beijing mountain area. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 39(4): 59-66. [in Chinese])
陈鑫峰,沈国舫. 2000. 森林游憩的几个重要概念辨析. 世界林业研究, 13(1): 69-76.(Chen X F, Shen G F. 2000. Dissection of some concepts about forest recreation. World Forestry Research, 13(1): 69-76. [in Chinese])
陈瑜, 徐程扬, 李乐, 等. 2014. 阔叶红松风景林单木景观质量评价与模型研究. 北京林业大学学报, 36(5): 87-93.(Chen Y, Xu C Y, Li L, et al. 2014. Assessment and model research on scenic forest individual tree landscape quality in broadleaved and Korean pine mixed forests. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 36(5): 87-93. [in Chinese])
段劼, 马履一, 贾黎明, 等. 2010. 北京地区侧柏人工林密度效应. 生态学报, 30(12): 3206-3214.(Duan J, Ma L Y, Jia L M, et al. 2010. The density effect of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(12): 3206-3214. [in Chinese])
段仁燕, 王孝安. 2005. 太白红杉种内和种间竞争研究. 植物生态学报, 29(2): 242-250.(Duan R Y, Wang X A. 2005. Intraspecific and interspecific competition in Larix chinensis. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 29(2): 242-250. [in Chinese])
冯晓燕, 刘宁, 郭晋平, 等. 2013. 控制光照条件下华北山地4个混交树种幼苗幼树的形态响应和可塑性. 林业科学, 49(11): 42-50.(Feng X Y, Liu N, Guo J P, et al. 2013. Morphological responses and morphological plasticity indices of seedlings and saplings of four woody species in montane forest of northern China to experimental light regimes. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 49(11): 42-50. [in Chinese])
郝建锋, 王德艺, 李艳, 等. 2015. 不同林分密度下川北白云山地区喜树人工林的群落结构和物种多样性. 植物研究, 35(5): 772-778.(Hao J F, Wang D Y, Li Y, et al. 2015. Effects of stand density on community structure and species diversity of Camptotheca acuminata plantation in Baiyun Mountain, Mianzhu district, Sichuan Province. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 35(5): 772-778. [in Chinese])
郝占庆, 李步杭, 张健, 等. 2008. 长白山阔叶红松林样地(CBS): 群落组成与结构. 植物生态学报, 32(2): 238-250.(Hao Z Q, Li B H, Zhang J, et al. 2008. Broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plot in Changbaishan (CBS) of China: community composition and structure. Journal of Plant Ecology, 32(2): 238-250. [in Chinese])
黄广远. 2012. 北京市城区城市森林结构及景观美学评价研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文.(Huang G Y. 2012. Studies on species composition and landscape aesthetics evaluation of urban forest in Beijing. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
惠刚盈, 克劳斯·冯佳多. 2001. 德国现代森林经营技术. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 6-134.(Hui G Y, Klaus G. 2001. Modern forest management of Germany. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 6-134. [in Chinese])
刘畅, 刘亚, 刘海轩, 等. 2016. 游憩型城镇景观林林内景观斑块类型特征研究. 西北林学院学报, 31(4): 305-311.(Liu C, Liu Y, Liu H X, et al. 2016. Characteristics of in-forest landscape patch types of recreational landscape forest in urban and suburban area. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 31(4): 305-311. [in Chinese])
毛斌, 徐程扬, 李翠翠, 等. 2013.不同修枝强度对侧伯、油松人工林林内景观美景度的影响.西北林学院学报,28(3): 123-125.(Mao B, Xu C Y, Li C C, et al. 2013. Effects of pruning intensity on in-forest landscape of Platcycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis plantations.Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 28(3): 123-125.[in Chinese])
毛斌, 徐程扬, 李乐, 等. 2014. 人工油松风景林的林木分级技术. 林业科学, 50(10): 49-58.(Mao B, Xu C Y, Li L, et al. 2014. Tree classification for Pinus tabulaeformis scenic plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 50(10): 49-58. [in Chinese])
欧阳勋志, 廖为明, 彭世揆. 2007. 天然阔叶林景观质量评价及其垂直结构优化技术. 应用生态学报, 18(6): 1388-1392.(Ouyang X Z, Liao W M, Peng S K. 2007. Landscape quality evaluation and vertical structure optimization of natural broadleaf forest. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(6): 1388-1392. [in Chinese])
孙澜, 苏智先, 张素兰, 等. 2008. 马尾松-川灰木人工混交林种内、种间竞争强度. 生态学杂志, 27(8): 1274-1278.(Sun L, Su Z X, Zhang S L, et al. 2008. Intra- and inter-specific competition intensities in Pinus massoniana-Symplocos szechumensis mixed plantation. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 27(8): 1274-1278. [in Chinese])
汤孟平, 唐守正, 雷相东, 等. 2004. 两种混交度的比较分析. 林业资源管理, (4): 25-27.(Tang M P, Tang S Z, Lei X D, et al. 2004. Comparison analysis on two minglings. Forest Resources Management, (4): 25-27. [in Chinese])
王秀花, 马丽珍, 马雪红, 等. 2011. 木荷人工林生长和木材基本密度. 林业科学, 47(7): 138-144.(Wang X H, Ma L Z, Ma X H, et al. 2011. Growth and wood basic density of Schima surperba plantation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 47(7): 138-144. [in Chinese])
徐程扬. 2001. 不同光环境下紫椴幼树树冠结构的可塑性响应. 应用生态学报, 12(3): 339-343.(Xu C Y. 2001. Response of structural plasticity of Tilia amurensis sapling crowns to different light conditions. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 12(3): 339-343 [in Chinese])
徐程扬, 张 华, 贾忠奎, 等. 2007. 林分密度和立地类型对北京山区侧柏人工林根系的影响. 北京林业大学学报, 29(4): 95-99.(Xu C Y, Zhang H, Jia Z K, et al. 2007. Effects of stand density and site types on root characteristics of Platycladus orientalis plantations in Beijing mountainous area. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 29(4): 95-99. [in Chinese])
徐小牛, 李宏开. 1997. 马尾松枫香混交林生长及其效应研究. 林业科学, 33(5): 385-392.(Xu X N, Li H K. 1997. Study on the growth of mixed stands of Pinus massoniana and Liquidambar formosana and its ecological benefits. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 33(5): 385-392. [in Chinese])
杨鑫霞, 亢新刚, 杜志, 等. 2012. 基于SBE法的长白山森林景观美学评价. 西北农林科技大学学报: 自然科学版, 40(6): 86-91.(Yang X X, Kang X G, Du Z, et al. 2012. SBE method-based forest landscape aesthetic quality evaluation of Changbai Mountain. Journal of Northwest A&F University: Natural Science Edition, 40(6):86-91. [in Chinese])
章志都. 2010. 北京市低山风景游憩林质量评价及调控关键技术研究. 北京: 北京林业大学博士学位论文.(Zhang Z D. 2010. Quality assessing and key adjusting technologies for scenic-recreational forests in the lower mountains of suburbans in Beijing. Beijing: PhD thesis of Beijing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
章志都, 徐程扬, 蔡宝军, 等. 2009. 林分密度对山桃树冠结构的影响研究. 北京林业大学学报, 31(6): 187-192.(Zhang Z D, Xu C Y, Cai B J, et al. 2009. Influence of stock density on crown structure of Prunus davidiana. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 31(6): 187-192. [in Chinese])
赵娜, 郑小贤. 2014. 福建三明拟赤杨混交林的空间结构. 东北林业大学学报, 42(1): 23-26.(Zhao N, Zheng X X. 2014. Spatial structure of Alniphyllum fortune mixed forest in Sanming, Fujian Province. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 42(1): 23-26. [in Chinese])
周荣伍, 安玉涛, 马润国, 等. 2013. 风景林概念及其研究现状. 林业科学, 49(8):117-125.(Zhou R W, An Y T, Ma R G, et al. 2013. A review of the concept and research status in scenic forests. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 49(8):117-125. [in Chinese])
Briggs D J, France J. 1980. Landscape evaluation: a comparative study. Journal of Environmental Management, 10(3):263-275.
Cornwell W, Ackerly D. 2009. Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecological Monographs, 79(1):109-126.
Garber S M, Monserud R A, Maguire D A. 2008. Crown recession patterns in three conifer species of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Forest Science, 54(6): 633-646.
Hamilton G J. 1969. The dependence of volume increment of individual trees on dominance, crown dimensions and competition. Forestry, 42(2): 133-144.
Mao B, Gong L, Xu C Y. 2015. Evaluating the scenic beauty of individual trees: a case study using a nonlinear model for a Pinus tabulaeformis scenic forest in Beijing, China. Forests, 6(6):1933-1948.
Mohler C L, Marks P L, Sprugel D G. 1978. Stand structure and allometry of trees during self-thinning of pure stands. Journal of Ecology, 66(2):599.
Silvennoinen H, Alho J. 2001. Prediction models of landscape preferences at the forest stand level. Landscape & Urban Planning, 56(1):11-20.