地仗层结构对中国古代大漆家具漆皮加固强度的影响
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摘要
漆皮加固是中国古代大漆家具修复的关键,其强度受地仗层结构的影响。结构粗糙的地仗层,漆皮的加固强度较大;结构较细腻的地仗层,漆皮的加固强度减弱。通过内结合强度测试的方式,对被黏结在料灰地仗与漆灰地仗上的漆皮进行强度测试。漆皮、黏结材料(生漆、骨胶与乳胶)以及木方(附着料灰与漆灰)是本实验所用的材料,通过力学试验机,可得漆皮(分别以生漆、骨胶与乳胶为黏结材料)在料灰地仗与漆灰地仗上的内结合强度;通过扫描电镜,可对料灰地仗的结构、漆灰地仗的结构以及黏结材料的渗透性进行观察;通过裸眼观测法,可知黏结材料在料灰地仗与漆灰地仗上的黏结情况。实验结果表明:料灰地仗结构粗糙,漆灰地仗结构较细腻。以生漆、骨胶与乳胶黏结漆皮的内结合强度在料灰地仗层上较在漆灰地仗上强。生漆、骨胶与乳胶在料灰地仗上的渗透性与黏结情况较在漆灰上好。分析可知,地仗层结构对漆皮的加固强度具有影响作用,在结构粗糙的地仗层上,生漆、骨胶与乳胶的渗透性与黏结情况良好,以三者黏结漆皮,其加固强度较大;在结构较细腻的地仗层上,生漆、骨胶与乳胶的渗透性与黏结情况较差,以三者黏结漆皮,其加固强度减弱。
The reinforcement of lacquer film is significant in the restoration of Chinese ancient lacquer furniture,and its strength is affected by the structure of ground layer. There are two kinds of ground layer including the Liao-hui layer that is mixed by pig-blood and stucco and the Qi-hui ground layer that is mixed by lacquer and stucco in the Chinese ancient lacquer furniture. The coarse ground layer can generate the strong reinforced strength,while the smooth ground layer can decrease the reinforced strength of lacquer film. This study applied cohered strength to test the reinforced strength of lacquer film. The materials included the lacquer film,adhesives,namely lacquer,bone glue and polymer vinyl acetate( PVAC),and woodblocks( covered with Liao-hui layer and Qi-hui layer) in the experiment.The mechanical test machine was applied to measure the cohered strength of lacquer film. The scanning electron microscope( SEM) was used to observe the structure of ground layer and permeation of adhesives. The binding situation of adhesive including lacquer,bone glue and PVAC on the ground layer covered Liao-hui layer and Qi-hui layer were examined using SEM. The results revealed that the structure of Liao-hui was coarse,while the structure of Qi-hui was smooth. The lacquer film had higher cohering strength on the ground layer with Liao-hui than on the ground layer with Qi-hui. The adhesives including lacquer,bone glue and PVAC had better permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with Liao-hui than on the ground layer with Qi-hui. The conclusion can be drawn by analyzing the results of experiment. The structure of ground layer affected the reinforced strength of lacquer film. The lacquer film had strong reinforced strength with well permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with coarse structure. The lacquer film had weak reinforced strength with worse permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with smooth structure.
The reinforcement of lacquer film is significant in the restoration of Chinese ancient lacquer furniture,and its strength is affected by the structure of ground layer. There are two kinds of ground layer including the Liao-hui layer that is mixed by pig-blood and stucco and the Qi-hui ground layer that is mixed by lacquer and stucco in the Chinese ancient lacquer furniture. The coarse ground layer can generate the strong reinforced strength,while the smooth ground layer can decrease the reinforced strength of lacquer film. This study applied cohered strength to test the reinforced strength of lacquer film. The materials included the lacquer film,adhesives,namely lacquer,bone glue and polymer vinyl acetate( PVAC),and woodblocks( covered with Liao-hui layer and Qi-hui layer) in the experiment.The mechanical test machine was applied to measure the cohered strength of lacquer film. The scanning electron microscope( SEM) was used to observe the structure of ground layer and permeation of adhesives. The binding situation of adhesive including lacquer,bone glue and PVAC on the ground layer covered Liao-hui layer and Qi-hui layer were examined using SEM. The results revealed that the structure of Liao-hui was coarse,while the structure of Qi-hui was smooth. The lacquer film had higher cohering strength on the ground layer with Liao-hui than on the ground layer with Qi-hui. The adhesives including lacquer,bone glue and PVAC had better permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with Liao-hui than on the ground layer with Qi-hui. The conclusion can be drawn by analyzing the results of experiment. The structure of ground layer affected the reinforced strength of lacquer film. The lacquer film had strong reinforced strength with well permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with coarse structure. The lacquer film had weak reinforced strength with worse permeation and binding situation on the ground layer with smooth structure.
引文
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[14]吴双成,蔡友振.山东日照海曲墓地出土夹纻胎漆器初步分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(1):67-75. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2012.01.017.WU S C,CAI Y Z. Preliminary study on fabric core lacquer wares excavated from Haiqu tomb site in Rizhao, Shandong[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 2012, 24(1):67-75.
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[16]赵桂芳.漆器和漆器保护概说[J].中国文物科学研究,2007(3):53-60. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9677.2007.03.012.ZHAO G F. Summarize for lacquerware and the protection of lacquerware[J]. Chinese Relics Science Research,2007(3):53-60.
[17]张飞龙,张志军,张武桥,等.漆物质文化遗产保护技术研究[J].中国生漆,2007,26(1):11-37. DOI:10.3969/j. issn.1000-7067.2007.01.004.ZHANG F L,ZHANG Z J,ZHANG W Q,et al. Study on protection of lacquer-ware cultural heritage[J]. Journal of Chinese Lacquer,2007,26(1):11-37.
[18]张飞龙.生漆成膜聚合过程[J].涂料工业,1993,23(4):40-46,4.ZHANG F L. Filmforming process of Chinese lacquer[J]. Paint&Coatings Industry,1993,23(4):40-46,4.
[19]廉鹏.生漆的化学组成及成膜机理[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(S1):99-101. DOI:10. 15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2004.s1.032.LIAN P. Chemical cmposition and filming mechanism of the oriental lacquer[J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2004,32(S1):99-101.
[20]蔡奋.生漆化学[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1987.CAI F. Lacquer chemistry[M]. Guiyang:Guizhou People’s Press,1987.
[21]王谢军,张金明,刘海津.骨胶的制备及在应用中提高防水性的方法[J].广东化工,2013,40(7):41-42. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2013.07.024.WANG X J,ZHANG J M,LIU H J. Preparation on hide glue and methods of its water-proof modification in application procedure[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2013,40(7):41-42.
[22]李仲谨,张莎,余丽丽,等.骨胶在胶粘剂领域中的应用[J].中国胶粘剂,2009,18(6):52-55. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2849.2009.06.013.LI Z J,ZHANG S,YU L L,et al. Application of bone glue in field of adhesives[J]. China Adhesives,2009,18(6):52-55.
[23]胡丽婷.蛋白质基粘结剂粘结固化机理的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2014.HU L T. Research on bonding and hardening mechanism ofprotein based binder used for foundry[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang University of Technology,2014.
[24]覃万珂.白乳胶粘接强度的影响因素研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2004.QIN W K. Study on the influencing factors of the adhesive strength of the white glue[D]. Nanning:Guangxi University,2004.
[2]马清林,卢燕玲,胡之德,等.中国北方干燥地区出土漆器漆皮回软方法研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2000,12(2):31-35.MA Q L,LU Y L,HU Z D,et al. The coated layer of lacquerware softening methods research[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2000,12(2):31-35.
[3]蒋成光,佘玲珠,莫泽,等.长沙风篷岭M1出土漆器检测研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2016,28(1):112-117. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2016.01.016.JIANG C G,SHE L Z,MO Z,et al. Analysis of the unearthed lacquer from Fengpengling M1 in Changsha[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2016,28(1):112-117.
[4]金普军,毛振伟,秦颍,等.江苏盱眙出土夹纻胎漆器的测试分析[J].分析测试学报,2008,27(4):372-376.JIN P J,MAO Z W,QIN Y,et al. Analysis of ramee-lacquer unearthed in Xuyi City of Jiangsu Province[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2008,27(4):372-376.
[5]郑佳宝,单伟芳,张炜,等.古代漆器的红外光谱[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),1992,31(3):345-349. DOI:10.15943/j.cnki.fdxb-jns.1992.03.017.ZHENG J B,SHAN W F,ZHANG W,et al. Infrared spectra of ancient lacquer objects[J]. Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),1992,31(3):345-349.
[6]LIU L,WU H,LIU W X,et al. Lacquering craft of Qing Dynasty lacquered wooden coffins excavated from Shanxi,China-A technical study[J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage,2016,20:676-681.DOI:10.1016/j.culher.2016.01.001.
[7]范陶峰.汉代文物彩绘的保护与回贴修复研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2006.FAN T F. Research on the conservation and reattachment of Han dynasty colored painting[D]. Xi’ an:Shaanxi Normal University,2006.
[8]李锐.文物保护新材料评价体系研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2012.LI R. Study on new material assessment system in heritage conservation[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2012.
[9]周宗华,钟安永.文物修复用粘接剂的研制[J].化学研究与应用,1993,5(1):101-105.ZHOU Z H,ZHONG A Y. Studies on adhesives for restoring historical relics of pottery and porcelain[J]. Chemical Research and Application,1993,5(1):101-105.
[10]王世襄.髹饰录解说:中国传统漆工艺研究[M].修订版.北京:文物出版社,1998.WANG S X. Explain for Xiushilu:research of Chinese traditional crafts[M]. Beijing:Cultural Relics Press,1998.
[11]王世襄.中国古代漆器[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2014.WANG S X. Chinese ancient lacquerware[M]. Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2014.
[12]张燕.扬州漆器史[M].南京:江苏科学技术出版社,1995.ZHANG Y. The lacquerware history of Yangzhou[M]. Nanjing:Jiangsu Science and Technology Press,1995.
[13]陈潇俐.盱眙大云山汉墓出土夹纻胎漆器保护前期研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(3):7-12. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2014.03.002.CHEN X L. Preliminary research on the conservation of “Jiazhutai” lacquer wares unearthed from the Dayunshan Han Dynasty tomb in Xuyu county[J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(3):7-12.
[14]吴双成,蔡友振.山东日照海曲墓地出土夹纻胎漆器初步分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2012,24(1):67-75. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2012.01.017.WU S C,CAI Y Z. Preliminary study on fabric core lacquer wares excavated from Haiqu tomb site in Rizhao, Shandong[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 2012, 24(1):67-75.
[15]吴嘉诠.漆画教程[M].沈阳:辽宁美术出版社,2010.WU J Q. Research of lacquer painting[M]. Shenyang:Liaoning Fine Arts Press,2010.
[16]赵桂芳.漆器和漆器保护概说[J].中国文物科学研究,2007(3):53-60. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9677.2007.03.012.ZHAO G F. Summarize for lacquerware and the protection of lacquerware[J]. Chinese Relics Science Research,2007(3):53-60.
[17]张飞龙,张志军,张武桥,等.漆物质文化遗产保护技术研究[J].中国生漆,2007,26(1):11-37. DOI:10.3969/j. issn.1000-7067.2007.01.004.ZHANG F L,ZHANG Z J,ZHANG W Q,et al. Study on protection of lacquer-ware cultural heritage[J]. Journal of Chinese Lacquer,2007,26(1):11-37.
[18]张飞龙.生漆成膜聚合过程[J].涂料工业,1993,23(4):40-46,4.ZHANG F L. Filmforming process of Chinese lacquer[J]. Paint&Coatings Industry,1993,23(4):40-46,4.
[19]廉鹏.生漆的化学组成及成膜机理[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(S1):99-101. DOI:10. 15983/j.cnki.jsnu.2004.s1.032.LIAN P. Chemical cmposition and filming mechanism of the oriental lacquer[J]. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2004,32(S1):99-101.
[20]蔡奋.生漆化学[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1987.CAI F. Lacquer chemistry[M]. Guiyang:Guizhou People’s Press,1987.
[21]王谢军,张金明,刘海津.骨胶的制备及在应用中提高防水性的方法[J].广东化工,2013,40(7):41-42. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2013.07.024.WANG X J,ZHANG J M,LIU H J. Preparation on hide glue and methods of its water-proof modification in application procedure[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2013,40(7):41-42.
[22]李仲谨,张莎,余丽丽,等.骨胶在胶粘剂领域中的应用[J].中国胶粘剂,2009,18(6):52-55. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2849.2009.06.013.LI Z J,ZHANG S,YU L L,et al. Application of bone glue in field of adhesives[J]. China Adhesives,2009,18(6):52-55.
[23]胡丽婷.蛋白质基粘结剂粘结固化机理的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2014.HU L T. Research on bonding and hardening mechanism ofprotein based binder used for foundry[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang University of Technology,2014.
[24]覃万珂.白乳胶粘接强度的影响因素研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2004.QIN W K. Study on the influencing factors of the adhesive strength of the white glue[D]. Nanning:Guangxi University,2004.