美国网络安全战略变化趋势及问题研究
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摘要
美国方面认为未来十年的网络安全问题的首要挑战将来自中国和俄罗斯,并将视中国为主要对手。在攻击模式上开始由原来的"硬入侵"向"软入侵"转变。其中病毒工具的开发将上升到了战略武器的地位,并将进一步重视社交网络的网络价值。同时,美国在网络安全方面高度重视反介入/区域拒止(A2/AD)战略。在组织架构上,强化了网络安全相关部门联合作战的能力。同时,最近五年来美国在网络安全战略方面加强了亚太地区针对性监控,建立了网络安全问题联动机制。另一方面,美国在网络安全方面也存在自身基础设施运营和政府体制方面的问题,并需要加强对美国网络安全国际战略和公私合作模式相关方面的研究。
According to the survey in the U.S.,it is found that the U.S.authority believes that China and Russia will become the main challenges in the situation of cybersecurity.And the U.S.will take China as the main competitor in the field of cybersecurity.It is also found that the U.S.cybersecurity strategies have changed immensely,from"hard attack"to"soft attack".The computer virus attacking tools have been employed as strategic weapons,and the social network is increasingly becoming important.Besides,the U.S.authorities pay much intention to the utilization of cyber A2/AD strategy,and display great efforts on the joint operation efficiency of multi-departments.Meanwhile,they have strengthened the cybersecurity cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.But,the issue of public information infrastructure management and the limitation of government bureaucracy institutions have become obstacles to the U.S.cybersecurity.The further research will need to pay due attention to the U.S.international cybersecurity cooperation and the cooperation in public-private agencies.
According to the survey in the U.S.,it is found that the U.S.authority believes that China and Russia will become the main challenges in the situation of cybersecurity.And the U.S.will take China as the main competitor in the field of cybersecurity.It is also found that the U.S.cybersecurity strategies have changed immensely,from"hard attack"to"soft attack".The computer virus attacking tools have been employed as strategic weapons,and the social network is increasingly becoming important.Besides,the U.S.authorities pay much intention to the utilization of cyber A2/AD strategy,and display great efforts on the joint operation efficiency of multi-departments.Meanwhile,they have strengthened the cybersecurity cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.But,the issue of public information infrastructure management and the limitation of government bureaucracy institutions have become obstacles to the U.S.cybersecurity.The further research will need to pay due attention to the U.S.international cybersecurity cooperation and the cooperation in public-private agencies.
引文
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(11)该报告于4月17日签署,4月23日发布。https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/Final_2015_Do D_CYBER_STRATEGY_for_web.pdf(访问时间:2017年4月22日).
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(15)同上注。
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(25)CSIS.Cyber disrupt 2017.Mar.2017.https://www.csis.org/events/cyber-disrupt-2017(访问时间:2017年3月21日).
(26)Segal A.US Offensive Cyber Operations in a China-US Military Confrontation.June 2016.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2836203(访问时间:2017年3月19日).
(27)South Africa:Food Used as Election Weapon,Say Monitors.Apr.2009.https://www.socialengineer.org/wiki/archives/Governments/Governments-Food Election Weapon.html(访问时间:2017年3月21日).
(28)胡波,“美国人眼中的中国'反介入'威胁及其应对”,《中国海权策:外交、海洋经济及海上力量》,网址:http://blog.ifeng.com/article/33534490.htm(l访问时间:2017年4月22日).
(29)General Michael Hayden discusses the Stuxnet Virus on 60 Minutes.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HK3XPXBb Nk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FEr0DFwvc Y(访问时间:2017年6月19日).
(30)The Relationship of U.S.Army Cyber Command and Second Army.http://www.arcyber.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx(访问时间:2017年6月19日)。
(31)2017年8月中旬,特朗普宣布将提升网军司令部的地位。但根据美国国防部相关网页的官方说明,以及作者本人直接致电美国网军司令部问询(美国网军司令部电话:402-294-4130),截至2017年10月12日,美国网军司令部依然是美国战略司令部下的一个次级联合司令部。相关网址:https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/08/18/president-trump-announcesmove-to-elevate-cyber-command/?utm_term=.89418d32a0d9http://www.stratcom.mil/Media/Factsheets/Factsheet-View/Article/960492/us-cyber-command-uscybercom/
(32)根据美国网军司令部资料绘制,网址:http://www.arcyber.army.mil/Pages/USCyber Command.aspx(访问时间:2017年4月19日).
(33)根据美国防部资料绘制,网址:http://dcmo.defense.gov/Portals/47/Documents/OSD%20DA-FA%20Organization.pdf https://www.defense.gov/About/Military-Departments/Unified-Combatant-Commands/(访问时间:2017年4月19日).
(34)NSA.gov.https://www.nsa.gov/about/faqs/(访问时间:2017年4月19日).
(35)Curtis L.The Cyber Bridge to Improved India-U.S.Cooperation,The Heritage Foundation.Oct,2014.http://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/the-cyber-bridge-improved-india-us-cooperation(访问时间:2017年5月9日).
(36)Framework for the U.S.-India Cyber Relationship.The White House,June 2016.https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/07/fact-sheet-framework-us-india-cyber-relationship(访问时间:2017年7月1日).
(37)Rand Corporation.Strengthening Strategic Cooperation.US-Japan Alliance Conference.2016.https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF300/CF351/RAND_CF351.pdf(访问时间:2017年6月20日).
(38)The Department of Defense,Cyber Strategy.https://www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0415_Cyber-Strategy(/访问时间:2017年6月18日).
(39)Lord M.and Sharp T.Americas Cyber Future:Security and Prosperity in the Information Age.Washington,DC:Center for a New American Security,2011.1:20-24.
(40)Lewis J A,Langevin J R,Mc Caul M.Securing cyberspace for the 44th presidency.Center for Strategic and International Studies,2008,8.
(41)Hunt C,Chesser N.Deterrence 2.0:Deterring Violent Non-State Actors in Cyberspace.Workshop Proceedings,Arlington,VA:US Strategic Command Global Innovation and Strategy Center.2008.p.141
(42)Political denial-of-service attacks on the rise,Homeland Security News Wire,Mar.,2009.http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/political-denial-service-attacks-rise(访问时间:2017年4月20日).
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