右腹外侧前额叶对高抑郁水平成年人社会情绪调节的作用:一项tDCS研究
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摘要
已有的经颅直流电刺激(transcranialdirectcurrentstimulation,t DCS)研究证明,右腹外侧前额叶(right ventrolateralprefrontalcortex,RVLPFC)是社会情绪调节的重要脑区,激活RVLPFC可显著降低人们对社会性负性情绪体验的强度。社会功能受损是抑郁症患者或抑郁倾向人群的重要特征之一。该群体对社会排斥的敏感性高,且对负性社会情绪体验的情绪调节能力降低。在本研究中,我们采用外显的情绪调节任务,研究了高、低抑郁水平的两组成年人被试在RVLPFC接受阳性t DCS后其情绪调节能力的改变。结果表明,虽然采用t DCS激活RVLPFC可帮助被试通过情绪调节(认知重评)减弱负性情绪体验,但高抑郁水平被试的负性情绪强度下降程度明显小于低抑郁水平被试。另外本文还发现,与源于个人的负性情绪相比,tDCS效应对源于社会的负性情绪(即社会排斥)更强。本研究是采用电或磁刺激提高抑郁人群社会情绪调节能力的首次尝试。实验结果表明,高抑郁水平成年人的RVLPFC仅通过单次、短时间(34min)的t DCS激活,其情绪调节能力并未得到显著提升。这提示对抑郁倾向群体或抑郁症患者的干预或治疗需要多次施加t DCS。
So far as we know, three studies demonstrated that that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(RVLPFC) plays an important role in down-regulating the emotional response to social exclusion. In a previous study, we explored the causal relationship between transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) and dominant emotional regulation in the context of social exclusion. Depression is an disorder that shows deficits of social functions. Compared with healthy controls, depressive individuals enjoy less in social interaction and the activation of the lateral prefrontal lobe of depressive subjects usually reduces. The current study aimed to explore whether the anodal tDCS targeting at RVLPFC could also improve the emotional regulation of social exclusion in subjects with high depressive levels. Furthermore, this study added individual negative images as a baseline to test the specificity of the RVLPFC on emotional regulation of social exclusion. Before the experiment, we classified the participants with a Beck Depression Inventory score of < 3 as low depressive tendency group and those with a score of ≥ 18 as high depression tendency group. Participants also completed a Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) on the day of the tDCS experiment. Finally, a total of ninety-eight participants were included. They were randomly divided into anodal tDCS group(including 25 high depressive and 25 low depressive subjects) and sham tDCS group. All participants viewed social exclusion images and individual negative images separately in two blocks. In the no-reappraisal condition, participants were instructed to passively view images; in the reappraisal condition, they reappraised images so to down-regulate the negative emotional responses. Ratings of negative emotion experience were provided at the end of each trial. There was a significant three-way interaction of group, tDCS type, and task. Simple simple effect analysis showed that in the reappraisal condition, anodal tDCS over the RVLPFC resulted in a decreased negative emotion rating in subjects with low-depressive levels, while this task effect(i.e., emotional regulation) was not significant in subjects with high-depressive levels. Another three-way interaction was found among image type, tDCS type, and task: when participants were presented with social exclusion images, in the reappraisal condition, anodal tDCS over the RVLPFC resulted in a decreased negative emotion rating in the emotional regulation condition; however this task effect was less significant when participants were presented with individualnegative images. Besides the two three-way interactions, this study also observed significant main effects of task, group, and tDCS type, as well as two-way interactions of group and task, tDCS type and task, image type and task, and group and tDCS type. The current findings indicate that the improvement of emotion regulation via tDCS targeting at RVLPFC may be invalid for depressive patients if only one session of tDCS is performed; thus multiple sessions are highly suggested for clinical practice. Furthermore, this is the first tDCS study that compared the RVLFPC role of emotional regulation of social versus individual based negative experiences. The result provides evidence of direct causal relationship between RVLPFC and emotional regulation in the context of social exclusion, highlighting the functional specificity of this brain region on emotional regulation.
So far as we know, three studies demonstrated that that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(RVLPFC) plays an important role in down-regulating the emotional response to social exclusion. In a previous study, we explored the causal relationship between transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) and dominant emotional regulation in the context of social exclusion. Depression is an disorder that shows deficits of social functions. Compared with healthy controls, depressive individuals enjoy less in social interaction and the activation of the lateral prefrontal lobe of depressive subjects usually reduces. The current study aimed to explore whether the anodal tDCS targeting at RVLPFC could also improve the emotional regulation of social exclusion in subjects with high depressive levels. Furthermore, this study added individual negative images as a baseline to test the specificity of the RVLPFC on emotional regulation of social exclusion. Before the experiment, we classified the participants with a Beck Depression Inventory score of < 3 as low depressive tendency group and those with a score of ≥ 18 as high depression tendency group. Participants also completed a Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) on the day of the tDCS experiment. Finally, a total of ninety-eight participants were included. They were randomly divided into anodal tDCS group(including 25 high depressive and 25 low depressive subjects) and sham tDCS group. All participants viewed social exclusion images and individual negative images separately in two blocks. In the no-reappraisal condition, participants were instructed to passively view images; in the reappraisal condition, they reappraised images so to down-regulate the negative emotional responses. Ratings of negative emotion experience were provided at the end of each trial. There was a significant three-way interaction of group, tDCS type, and task. Simple simple effect analysis showed that in the reappraisal condition, anodal tDCS over the RVLPFC resulted in a decreased negative emotion rating in subjects with low-depressive levels, while this task effect(i.e., emotional regulation) was not significant in subjects with high-depressive levels. Another three-way interaction was found among image type, tDCS type, and task: when participants were presented with social exclusion images, in the reappraisal condition, anodal tDCS over the RVLPFC resulted in a decreased negative emotion rating in the emotional regulation condition; however this task effect was less significant when participants were presented with individualnegative images. Besides the two three-way interactions, this study also observed significant main effects of task, group, and tDCS type, as well as two-way interactions of group and task, tDCS type and task, image type and task, and group and tDCS type. The current findings indicate that the improvement of emotion regulation via tDCS targeting at RVLPFC may be invalid for depressive patients if only one session of tDCS is performed; thus multiple sessions are highly suggested for clinical practice. Furthermore, this is the first tDCS study that compared the RVLFPC role of emotional regulation of social versus individual based negative experiences. The result provides evidence of direct causal relationship between RVLPFC and emotional regulation in the context of social exclusion, highlighting the functional specificity of this brain region on emotional regulation.
引文
Amstadter,A.(2008).Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22(2),211-221.
Aparício,L.V.M.,Guarienti,F.,Razza,L.B.,Carvalho,A.F.,Fregni,F.,&Brunoni,A.R.(2016).A systematic review on the acceptability and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in neuropsychiatry trials.Brain Stimulation,9(5),671-681.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117(3),497-529.
Beck,A.T.,&Alford,B.A.(2009).Depression:Causes and Treatment(2nd Edition).Philadelphia,Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press,Inc.
Beck,A.T.,&Bredemeier,K.(2016).A unified model of depression:Integrating clinical,cognitive,biological,and evolutionary perspectives.Clinical Psychological Science4(4),596-619.
Beck,A.T.,Steer,R.A.&Brown,G.K.(1996).Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual.San Antonio,TX:The Psychological Corporation.
Buhle,J.T.,Silvers,J.A.,Wager,T.D.,Lopez,R.,Onyemekwu,C.,Kober,H.,Weber,J.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2014).Cognitive reappraisal of emotion:A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies.Cerebral Cortex,24(11),2981-2990.
Cai,Y.,Li,S.Y.,Liu,J.,Li,D.W.,Feng,Z.F.,Wang,Q.,Chen,C,S.&Xue,G.(2016).The role of the frontal and Parietal cortex in proactive and reactive inhibitory control:A transcranial direct current stimulation study.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,28(1),177-186.
Cisler,J.M.,&Olatunji,B.O.(2012).Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders.Current Psychiatry Reports,14(3),182-187.
Cogiamanian,F.,Vergari,M.,Schiaffi,E.,Marceglia,S.,Ardolino,G.,Barbieri,S.,&Priori,A.(2011).Transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation inhibits the lower limb nociceptive flexion reflex in human beings.Pain,152(2),370-375.
Cristofori,I.,Moretti,L.,Harquel,S.,Posada,A.,Deiana,G.,Isnard,J.,Mauguiere,F.,&Sirigu,A.(2013).Theta signal as the neural signature of social exclusion.Cerebral Cortex,23(10),2437-2447.
Donofry,S.D.,Roecklein,K.A.,Wildes,J.E.,Miller,M.A.,&Erickson,K.I.(2016).Alterations in emotion generation and regulation neurocircuitry in depression and eating disorders:A comparative review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,68,911-927.
Eisenberger,N.I.,Lieberman,M.D.,&Williams,K.D.(2003).Does rejection hurt?An fMRI study of social exclusion.Science,302(5643),290-292.
Elliott,R.,Lythe,K.,Lee,R.,McKie,S.,Juhasz,G.,Thomas,E.J.,Downey,D.,Deakin,J.F.W.,&Anderson,I.M.(2012).Reduced medial prefrontal responses to social interaction images in remitted depression.Archives of General Psychiatry,69(1),37-45.
Feeser,M.,Prehn,K.,Kazzer,P.,Mungee,A.,&Bajbouj,M.(2014).Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive control during emotion regulation.Brain Stimulation,7(1),105-112.
Filmer,H.L.,Dux,P.E.,&Mattingley,J.B.(2014).Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function.Trends in Neuroscience,37(12),742-753.
Hammen,C.(2005).Stress and depression.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,1,293-319.
He,Z.H.,Lin,Y.Q.,Xia,L.S.,Liu,Z.L.,Zhang,D.D.,&Elliott,R.(2018).Critical role of the right VLPFC in emotional regulation of social exclusion:A tDCS study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,13(4),357-366.
Henriques,J.B.,&Davidson,R.J.(2000).Decreased responsiveness to reward in depression.Cognition and Emotion,14(5),711-724.
Horvath,J.C.,Forte,J.D.,Carter,O.(2015).Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS).Brain Stimulation,8(3),535-550.
Koenigs,M.,Ukueberuwa,D.,Campion,P.,Grafman,J.,&Wassermann,E.(2009).Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation:Failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects.Clinical Neurophysiology,120(1),80-84.
Kohn,N.,Eickhoff,S.B.,Scheller,M.,Laird,A.R.,Fox,P.T.,&Habel,U.(2014).Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation-An ALE meta-analysis and MACManalysis.Neuroimage,87,345-355.
Kross,E.,Egner,T.,Ochsner,K.,Hirsch,J.,&Downey,G.(2007).Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,19(6),945-956.
Kupferberg,A.,Bicks,L.,&Hasler,G.(2016).Social functioning in major depressive disorder.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,69,313-332.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,&Cuthbert,B.N.(1995).The international affective picture system(IAPS).University of Florida,Center for Research in Psychophysiology:Gainesville.
MacDonald,G.,Kingsury,R.,&Shaw,S.(2005).Adding insult to injury:social pain theory and response to social exclusion.In K.D.Williams,J.P.Forgas,&W.von Hippel.(Eds.),Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology series The Social Outcast:Ostracism,Social Exclusion,Rejection,&Bullying(pp.77-90).New York:Psychology Press.
MacDonald,G.,&Leary,M.R.(2005).Why does social exclusion hurt?The relationship between social and physical pain.Psychological Bulletin,131(2),202-223.
Masten,C.L.,Eisenberger,N.I.,Borofsky,L.A.,Pfeifer,J.H.,McNealy,K.,Mazziotta,J.C.,&Dapretto,M.(2009).Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence:Understanding the distress of peer rejection.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,4(2),143-157.
Mazefsky,C.A.,Herrington,J.,Siegel,M.,Scarpa,A.,Maddox,B.B.,Scahill,L.,&White,S.W.(2013).The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,52(7),679-688.
Meron,D.,Hedger,N.,Garner,M.,&Baldwin,D.S.(2015).Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)in the treatment of depression:Systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and tolerability.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,57,46-62.
Miranda,P.C.,Lomarev,M.,&Hallett,M.(2006).Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation.Clinical Neurophysiology,117(7),1623-1629.
Onoda,K.,Okamoto,Y.,Nakashima,K.,Nittono,H.,Yoshimura,S.,Yamawaki,S.,Yamaguchi,S.,&Ura,M.(2010).Does low self-esteem enhance social pain?The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,5(4),385-391.
Pitskel,N.B.,Bolling,D.Z.,Kaiser,M.D.,Pelphrey,K.A.,&Crowley,M.J.(2014).Neural systems for cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,10,117-128.
Riva P.,&Eck,J.(2016).Social exclusion:Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact.New York:Springer.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,DeWall,C.N.,&Bushman,B.J.(2012).Buffer the pain away stimulating the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex reduces pain following social exclusion.Psychological Science,23(12),1473-1475.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,DeWall,C.N.,Chester,D.S.,&Bushman,B.J.(2015b).Reducing aggressive responses to social exclusion using transcranial direct current stimulation.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(3),352-356.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,Vergallito,A.,DeWall,C.N.,&Bushman,B.J.(2015a).Electrified emotions:modulatory effects of transcranial direct stimulation on negative emotional reactions to social exclusion.Social Neuroscience,10(1),46-54.
Riva,P.,Wirth,J.,&Williams,K.D.(2011).The consequences of pain:The social and physical pain overlap on psychological responses.European Journal of Social Psychology,41(6),681-687.
Rive,M.M.,van Rooijen,G.,Veltman,D.J.,Phillips,M.L.,Schene,A.H.,&Ruhe,H.G.(2013).Neural correlates of dysfunctional emotion regulation in major depressive disorder.A systematic review of neuroimaging studies.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(10),2529-2553.
Samson,A.C.,Phillips,J.M.,Parker,K.J.,Shah,S.,Gross,J.J.,&Hardan,A.Y.(2014).Emotion dysregulation and the core features of autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(7),1766-1772.
Scarpa,A.,&Reyes,N.M.(2011).Improving emotion regulation with CBT in young children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders:A pilot study.Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,39(4),495-500.
Sellaro,R.,Nitsche,M.A.,&Colzato,L.S.(2016).The stimulated social brain:Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on social cognition.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1369(1),218-239.
Somerville,L.H.,Heatherton,T.F.,&Kelley,W.M.(2006)Anterior cingulate cortex responds differentially to expectancy violation and social rejection.Nature Neuroscience,9(8),1007-1008.
Spielberger,C.D.,Gorsuch,R.L.,Lushene,R.E.,Vagg,P.R.,&Jacobs,G.A.(1983).Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.Palo Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Williams,K.D.(2007).Ostracism.Annual Review of Psychology,58(1),425-452.
Yanagisawa,K.,Masui,K.,Furutani,K.,Nomura,M.,Ura,M.,&Yoshida,H.(2011).Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain?An NIRS study of social exclusion.Social Neuroscience,6(2),190-197.
Zilverstand,A.,Parvaz,M.A.,&Goldstein,R.Z.(2017).Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation.A systematic review.Neuroimage,151,105-116.
Zung,W.W.,Richards,C.B.,&Short,M.J.(1965).Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic.Further validation of the SDS.Archives of General Psychiatry,13(6),508-515.
Bai,L.,Ma,H.,Huang,Y.X.,&Luo,Y.J.(2005).The development of Native Chinese Affective Picture System.Chinese Mental Health Journal,19(11),719-722.[白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制.中国心理卫生杂志,19(11):719-722.]
Aparício,L.V.M.,Guarienti,F.,Razza,L.B.,Carvalho,A.F.,Fregni,F.,&Brunoni,A.R.(2016).A systematic review on the acceptability and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in neuropsychiatry trials.Brain Stimulation,9(5),671-681.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117(3),497-529.
Beck,A.T.,&Alford,B.A.(2009).Depression:Causes and Treatment(2nd Edition).Philadelphia,Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press,Inc.
Beck,A.T.,&Bredemeier,K.(2016).A unified model of depression:Integrating clinical,cognitive,biological,and evolutionary perspectives.Clinical Psychological Science4(4),596-619.
Beck,A.T.,Steer,R.A.&Brown,G.K.(1996).Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual.San Antonio,TX:The Psychological Corporation.
Buhle,J.T.,Silvers,J.A.,Wager,T.D.,Lopez,R.,Onyemekwu,C.,Kober,H.,Weber,J.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2014).Cognitive reappraisal of emotion:A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies.Cerebral Cortex,24(11),2981-2990.
Cai,Y.,Li,S.Y.,Liu,J.,Li,D.W.,Feng,Z.F.,Wang,Q.,Chen,C,S.&Xue,G.(2016).The role of the frontal and Parietal cortex in proactive and reactive inhibitory control:A transcranial direct current stimulation study.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,28(1),177-186.
Cisler,J.M.,&Olatunji,B.O.(2012).Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders.Current Psychiatry Reports,14(3),182-187.
Cogiamanian,F.,Vergari,M.,Schiaffi,E.,Marceglia,S.,Ardolino,G.,Barbieri,S.,&Priori,A.(2011).Transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation inhibits the lower limb nociceptive flexion reflex in human beings.Pain,152(2),370-375.
Cristofori,I.,Moretti,L.,Harquel,S.,Posada,A.,Deiana,G.,Isnard,J.,Mauguiere,F.,&Sirigu,A.(2013).Theta signal as the neural signature of social exclusion.Cerebral Cortex,23(10),2437-2447.
Donofry,S.D.,Roecklein,K.A.,Wildes,J.E.,Miller,M.A.,&Erickson,K.I.(2016).Alterations in emotion generation and regulation neurocircuitry in depression and eating disorders:A comparative review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,68,911-927.
Eisenberger,N.I.,Lieberman,M.D.,&Williams,K.D.(2003).Does rejection hurt?An fMRI study of social exclusion.Science,302(5643),290-292.
Elliott,R.,Lythe,K.,Lee,R.,McKie,S.,Juhasz,G.,Thomas,E.J.,Downey,D.,Deakin,J.F.W.,&Anderson,I.M.(2012).Reduced medial prefrontal responses to social interaction images in remitted depression.Archives of General Psychiatry,69(1),37-45.
Feeser,M.,Prehn,K.,Kazzer,P.,Mungee,A.,&Bajbouj,M.(2014).Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive control during emotion regulation.Brain Stimulation,7(1),105-112.
Filmer,H.L.,Dux,P.E.,&Mattingley,J.B.(2014).Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function.Trends in Neuroscience,37(12),742-753.
Hammen,C.(2005).Stress and depression.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,1,293-319.
He,Z.H.,Lin,Y.Q.,Xia,L.S.,Liu,Z.L.,Zhang,D.D.,&Elliott,R.(2018).Critical role of the right VLPFC in emotional regulation of social exclusion:A tDCS study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,13(4),357-366.
Henriques,J.B.,&Davidson,R.J.(2000).Decreased responsiveness to reward in depression.Cognition and Emotion,14(5),711-724.
Horvath,J.C.,Forte,J.D.,Carter,O.(2015).Quantitative review finds no evidence of cognitive effects in healthy populations from single-session transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS).Brain Stimulation,8(3),535-550.
Koenigs,M.,Ukueberuwa,D.,Campion,P.,Grafman,J.,&Wassermann,E.(2009).Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation:Failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects.Clinical Neurophysiology,120(1),80-84.
Kohn,N.,Eickhoff,S.B.,Scheller,M.,Laird,A.R.,Fox,P.T.,&Habel,U.(2014).Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation-An ALE meta-analysis and MACManalysis.Neuroimage,87,345-355.
Kross,E.,Egner,T.,Ochsner,K.,Hirsch,J.,&Downey,G.(2007).Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,19(6),945-956.
Kupferberg,A.,Bicks,L.,&Hasler,G.(2016).Social functioning in major depressive disorder.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,69,313-332.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,&Cuthbert,B.N.(1995).The international affective picture system(IAPS).University of Florida,Center for Research in Psychophysiology:Gainesville.
MacDonald,G.,Kingsury,R.,&Shaw,S.(2005).Adding insult to injury:social pain theory and response to social exclusion.In K.D.Williams,J.P.Forgas,&W.von Hippel.(Eds.),Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology series The Social Outcast:Ostracism,Social Exclusion,Rejection,&Bullying(pp.77-90).New York:Psychology Press.
MacDonald,G.,&Leary,M.R.(2005).Why does social exclusion hurt?The relationship between social and physical pain.Psychological Bulletin,131(2),202-223.
Masten,C.L.,Eisenberger,N.I.,Borofsky,L.A.,Pfeifer,J.H.,McNealy,K.,Mazziotta,J.C.,&Dapretto,M.(2009).Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescence:Understanding the distress of peer rejection.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,4(2),143-157.
Mazefsky,C.A.,Herrington,J.,Siegel,M.,Scarpa,A.,Maddox,B.B.,Scahill,L.,&White,S.W.(2013).The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,52(7),679-688.
Meron,D.,Hedger,N.,Garner,M.,&Baldwin,D.S.(2015).Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)in the treatment of depression:Systematic review and metaanalysis of efficacy and tolerability.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,57,46-62.
Miranda,P.C.,Lomarev,M.,&Hallett,M.(2006).Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation.Clinical Neurophysiology,117(7),1623-1629.
Onoda,K.,Okamoto,Y.,Nakashima,K.,Nittono,H.,Yoshimura,S.,Yamawaki,S.,Yamaguchi,S.,&Ura,M.(2010).Does low self-esteem enhance social pain?The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,5(4),385-391.
Pitskel,N.B.,Bolling,D.Z.,Kaiser,M.D.,Pelphrey,K.A.,&Crowley,M.J.(2014).Neural systems for cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,10,117-128.
Riva P.,&Eck,J.(2016).Social exclusion:Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact.New York:Springer.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,DeWall,C.N.,&Bushman,B.J.(2012).Buffer the pain away stimulating the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex reduces pain following social exclusion.Psychological Science,23(12),1473-1475.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,DeWall,C.N.,Chester,D.S.,&Bushman,B.J.(2015b).Reducing aggressive responses to social exclusion using transcranial direct current stimulation.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(3),352-356.
Riva,P.,Romero Lauro,L.J.,Vergallito,A.,DeWall,C.N.,&Bushman,B.J.(2015a).Electrified emotions:modulatory effects of transcranial direct stimulation on negative emotional reactions to social exclusion.Social Neuroscience,10(1),46-54.
Riva,P.,Wirth,J.,&Williams,K.D.(2011).The consequences of pain:The social and physical pain overlap on psychological responses.European Journal of Social Psychology,41(6),681-687.
Rive,M.M.,van Rooijen,G.,Veltman,D.J.,Phillips,M.L.,Schene,A.H.,&Ruhe,H.G.(2013).Neural correlates of dysfunctional emotion regulation in major depressive disorder.A systematic review of neuroimaging studies.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,37(10),2529-2553.
Samson,A.C.,Phillips,J.M.,Parker,K.J.,Shah,S.,Gross,J.J.,&Hardan,A.Y.(2014).Emotion dysregulation and the core features of autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(7),1766-1772.
Scarpa,A.,&Reyes,N.M.(2011).Improving emotion regulation with CBT in young children with high functioning autism spectrum disorders:A pilot study.Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,39(4),495-500.
Sellaro,R.,Nitsche,M.A.,&Colzato,L.S.(2016).The stimulated social brain:Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on social cognition.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1369(1),218-239.
Somerville,L.H.,Heatherton,T.F.,&Kelley,W.M.(2006)Anterior cingulate cortex responds differentially to expectancy violation and social rejection.Nature Neuroscience,9(8),1007-1008.
Spielberger,C.D.,Gorsuch,R.L.,Lushene,R.E.,Vagg,P.R.,&Jacobs,G.A.(1983).Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.Palo Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Williams,K.D.(2007).Ostracism.Annual Review of Psychology,58(1),425-452.
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