紫色土坡耕地硝态氮随壤中流迁移的时空分布模拟
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摘要
通过建立紫色土坡耕地耕作层和非耕作层土壤养分淋失的二维对流-弥散模型,针对全层施肥和基穴施肥两种方式,数值模拟坡耕地硝态氮淋失的时空分布。模拟结果表明:紫色土的壤中流发生在土壤饱和后的降雨中后期;硝态氮淋失在降雨初期全层施肥表现为垂直下渗,基穴施肥表现为由基穴向周围扩散,在降雨后期两者的养分淋失情况相似,壤中流成为硝态氮淋失的主要方式,并且二者耕作层硝态氮淋失速度均大于非耕作层;在相同施肥量(150 kg·hm-2)条件下,降雨结束后,全层施肥耕作层土壤硝态氮浓度处于0.110~0.160 kg·m-3,基穴施肥的硝态氮浓度处于0.040~0.120 kg·m-3,因而基穴施肥的养分淋失多于全层施肥。
A two-dimension convection-dispersion model was established to simulate the transport of nitrate in cultivated and non-cultivated layers in a sloping cropland of purple soil under broadcast incorporated and hole fertilization. Water transport in purple soil could be divided into saturation stage and interflow stage, and the interflow occurred during the middle and later period of rainfall when the soil was saturated. During the early period of rainfall, the loss of nitrate nitrogen was via downward infiltration under broadcast incorporated fertilization, while it was through diffusion from the holes under hole fertilization. During the later period of rainfall, however, losses of nitrate nitrogen were mainly via subsurface flow under both fertilization methods, with faster nitrate leaching in cultivated layer than in non-cultivated layer. At the same amount of fertilizer(150 kg·hm-2), soil nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 0.110~0.160 kg·m-3 under broadcast incorporated fertilization, but were 0.040~0.120 kg·m-3 under hole fertilization, at the end of raining. The present results indicate that cumulative nitrate nitrogen losses are greater under hole fertilization than under broadcast incorporated fertilization.
A two-dimension convection-dispersion model was established to simulate the transport of nitrate in cultivated and non-cultivated layers in a sloping cropland of purple soil under broadcast incorporated and hole fertilization. Water transport in purple soil could be divided into saturation stage and interflow stage, and the interflow occurred during the middle and later period of rainfall when the soil was saturated. During the early period of rainfall, the loss of nitrate nitrogen was via downward infiltration under broadcast incorporated fertilization, while it was through diffusion from the holes under hole fertilization. During the later period of rainfall, however, losses of nitrate nitrogen were mainly via subsurface flow under both fertilization methods, with faster nitrate leaching in cultivated layer than in non-cultivated layer. At the same amount of fertilizer(150 kg·hm-2), soil nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 0.110~0.160 kg·m-3 under broadcast incorporated fertilization, but were 0.040~0.120 kg·m-3 under hole fertilization, at the end of raining. The present results indicate that cumulative nitrate nitrogen losses are greater under hole fertilization than under broadcast incorporated fertilization.
引文
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[15]王永艳,李阳兵,邵景安,等.基于斑块评价的三峡库区腹地坡耕地优化调控方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3245-3256.WANG Yong-yan,LI Yang-bing,SHAO Jing-an,et al.Optimizing theory and case studies of cultivated slope land in the center of ThreeGorges reservoir area based on patch-scale land evaluation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3245-3256.
[16]蒋锐,朱波,唐家良,等.紫色丘陵区小流域典型降雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1353-1358.JIANG Rui,ZHU Bo,TANG Jia-liang,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in typical rainfall-runoff events in a small water shed in hilly area of purple soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1353-1358.
[17]汪涛,朱波,罗专溪,等.紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程与特征研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(5):962-970.WANG Tao,ZHU Bo,LUO Zhuan-xi,et al.Nitrate loss from sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(5):962-970.
[18]谭新,陈善雄,杨明.降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流分析[J].岩土力学,2003,24(3):381-384.TAN Xin,CHEN Shan-xiong,YANG Ming.Saturated-unsaturated seepage analysis of slope under rainfall[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2003,24(3):381-384.
[19]任秀文,李开明,刘爱萍,等.模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面硝态氮流失特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(Suppl1):119-124.REN Xiu-wen,LI Kai-ming,LIU Ai-ping,et al.Characteristics of nitrate nitrogen loss on red soil slope under simulated rainfall conditions[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(Suppl1):119-124.
[2]林超文,罗春燕,庞良玉,等.不同雨强和施肥方式对紫色土养分损失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(9):1847-1854.LIN Chao-wen,LUO Chun-yan,PANG Liang-yu,et al.Effect of different fertilization methods and rain intensities on soil nutrient loss from a purple soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(9):1847-1854.
[3]Wang T,Zhu B,Kuang F H.Reducing interflow nitrogen loss from hillslope cropland in a purple soil hilly region in Southwestern China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,93(3):285-295.
[4]Yang X L,Zhu B,Li Y L.Spatial and temporal patterns of soil nitrogen distribution under different land uses in a watershed in the hilly area of purple soil,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2013,10(3):410-417.
[5]Zhou M H,Zhu B,Butterbach-Bahl K,et al.Nitrate leaching,direct and indirect nitrous oxide fluxes from sloping cropland in the purple soil area,Southwestern China[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,162:361-368.
[6]贾海燕,雷阿林,雷俊山,等.紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(10):1658-1664.JIA Hai-yan,LEI A-lin,LEI Jun-shan,et al.Nitrate-N loss effected by the runoff process in purple soil:A simulation study[J].Acta ScientiaeCircumstantiae,2006,26(10):1658-1664.
[7]陈正维,朱波,刘兴年.自然降雨条件下紫色土坡地氮素随径流迁移特征[J].人民长江,2014,45(13):82-85.CHEN Zheng-wei,ZHU Bo,LIU Xing-nian.Characteristics of nitrogen transfer with runoff on sloping cropland of purple soil under natural rainfall[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(13):82-85.
[8]汪涛,罗贵生,朱波,等.施肥对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):716-722.WANG Tao,LUO Gui-sheng,ZHU Bo,et al.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen leaching from hillslope cropland of purple soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(4):716-722.
[9]汪涛,朱波,况福虹,等.有机-无机肥配施对紫色土坡耕地氮素淋失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(4):781-788.WANG Tao,ZHU Bo,KUANG Fu-hong,et al.Effects of a combination of organic and inorganic fertilization on nitrogen leaching from purple soil with sloping cropland[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(4):781-788.
[10]Chambers B J,Smith K A,Pain B F,et al.Strategies to encourage better use of nitrogen in animal manures[J].Soil Use Manage,2000,16(Suppl):157-161.
[11]Simunek J,Sejna M,van Genuchten M T.HYDRUS-2D Simulating water flow,heat,and solute transport in two-dimensional variably saturated media[M].Calif.International Ground Water Modeling Center,Riverside,1999.
[12]王康.非饱和土壤水流运动及溶质迁移[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.WANG Kang.Flow and solute transport of unsaturated soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[13]Ge Y,Cao F.Multigrid method based on the transformation-free HOC scheme on nonuniform grids for 2D convection diffusion problems[J].Journal of Computational Physics,2011,230(10):4051-4070.
[14]李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.LI Jiu-sheng,ZHANG Jian-jun,RAO min-jie.Model verification of water and nitrate transport from a surface point source[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(8):932-938.
[15]王永艳,李阳兵,邵景安,等.基于斑块评价的三峡库区腹地坡耕地优化调控方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3245-3256.WANG Yong-yan,LI Yang-bing,SHAO Jing-an,et al.Optimizing theory and case studies of cultivated slope land in the center of ThreeGorges reservoir area based on patch-scale land evaluation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3245-3256.
[16]蒋锐,朱波,唐家良,等.紫色丘陵区小流域典型降雨径流氮磷流失特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1353-1358.JIANG Rui,ZHU Bo,TANG Jia-liang,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in typical rainfall-runoff events in a small water shed in hilly area of purple soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1353-1358.
[17]汪涛,朱波,罗专溪,等.紫色土坡耕地硝酸盐流失过程与特征研究[J].土壤学报,2010,47(5):962-970.WANG Tao,ZHU Bo,LUO Zhuan-xi,et al.Nitrate loss from sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(5):962-970.
[18]谭新,陈善雄,杨明.降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流分析[J].岩土力学,2003,24(3):381-384.TAN Xin,CHEN Shan-xiong,YANG Ming.Saturated-unsaturated seepage analysis of slope under rainfall[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2003,24(3):381-384.
[19]任秀文,李开明,刘爱萍,等.模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面硝态氮流失特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(Suppl1):119-124.REN Xiu-wen,LI Kai-ming,LIU Ai-ping,et al.Characteristics of nitrate nitrogen loss on red soil slope under simulated rainfall conditions[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(Suppl1):119-124.