长屿采矿遗址1997年采石塌陷及地震记录
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摘要
采矿塌陷在开采施工中被给予了特别关注,也是施工地质灾害重要表现形式之一。已有地震记录中不乏对其形态辨识,然而少见对塌陷机理和发生过程中能量转换等较全面的研究。温岭市长屿硐天采矿遗址区碧玉潭洞室群1997年8月11日早晨发生持续时间约20 s大塌方。现场残留了面积约31 380 m~2、体积约1.35×10~6m~3的塌陷岩体。通过现场工程地质调查、塌陷过程追溯、邻近地震台站频谱记录分析,笔者认为这次发生在凝灰岩中的大规模塌陷系因地下采石过程中保安矿柱被过量开挖掉而引发局部顶板破裂和应力分布的大改变,进而发展至整个矿区岩体塌落破坏,使矿坑积水飞溅和压缩空气冲击波带来了沿途150 m范围内人员伤亡、树木折断和财产损失。塌陷区南93 km的温州台地震波谱记录了这次采矿塌陷地震活动,其波形数据与现场塌陷破坏能量转化情况基本吻合。在采矿活动中保安矿柱的合理配置、为人员安全设置变形破坏过程监测等,是需考虑的预防塌陷措施。
Quarrying-induced collapse,an issue of particular concern in mining industry,is a typical form of manmade disaster. Identification of the morphological characteristics of such collapses is commonly based on seismic records. But comprehensive studies regarding the mechanism and energy conversion mode utilizing the seismic record are seldom undertaken. A huge collapse event occurred at the Biyutan mining cavern at Changyu Dongtian in Wenling city,China. It lasted for about 20 seconds and was observed and recorded on August 11,1997. After the collapse,nearly 1. 35×10~6 m~3 of rock blocks were left on the floor and occupied an area of about 31 380 m~2. the authors conducted a field survey on engineering geology,retrospectively analyzed the collapsing process through interviewing local residents and referring related documents,and identified the seismic records from surrounding seismic stations. The roof collapse is established at the Biyutan cavern that was excavated in massive tuff. The over excavation of several pillars substantially affected the stress field in cavern roof,which gave a rise to a local failureof the roof and then gradually developed into a widespread failure. During the collapse,outbursts of water and air shock waves resulted in loss of life and property within a distance of 150 m from the mine opening. The seismic records of Wenzhou Station 93 km south from the site revealed the collapse event,which is agreement with the energy transformation in site retrospective analysis on building failures and subject movement. This event reminds us that reasonable allocation of sufficiently strong safety pillars and installation of monitoring system are absolutely essential in underground quarrying operations to avoid overall failure and ensure the safety of the people nearby.
Quarrying-induced collapse,an issue of particular concern in mining industry,is a typical form of manmade disaster. Identification of the morphological characteristics of such collapses is commonly based on seismic records. But comprehensive studies regarding the mechanism and energy conversion mode utilizing the seismic record are seldom undertaken. A huge collapse event occurred at the Biyutan mining cavern at Changyu Dongtian in Wenling city,China. It lasted for about 20 seconds and was observed and recorded on August 11,1997. After the collapse,nearly 1. 35×10~6 m~3 of rock blocks were left on the floor and occupied an area of about 31 380 m~2. the authors conducted a field survey on engineering geology,retrospectively analyzed the collapsing process through interviewing local residents and referring related documents,and identified the seismic records from surrounding seismic stations. The roof collapse is established at the Biyutan cavern that was excavated in massive tuff. The over excavation of several pillars substantially affected the stress field in cavern roof,which gave a rise to a local failureof the roof and then gradually developed into a widespread failure. During the collapse,outbursts of water and air shock waves resulted in loss of life and property within a distance of 150 m from the mine opening. The seismic records of Wenzhou Station 93 km south from the site revealed the collapse event,which is agreement with the energy transformation in site retrospective analysis on building failures and subject movement. This event reminds us that reasonable allocation of sufficiently strong safety pillars and installation of monitoring system are absolutely essential in underground quarrying operations to avoid overall failure and ensure the safety of the people nearby.
引文
Chen Y H,Zhu J Y.2012.World heritage perspective on stone culture landscape in Changyudongtian[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,28(7):13-18.
Cheng H Y,Wu A X,Han B,et al.2016.Stability of safety pillars in opencast-underground combined mining[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),47(9):3183-3192.
Datong Earthaquake.1974.Exploring the law of the coal mining collapse by using seismic method[J].Journal of Shanxi Earthquake,(1):14-16.
Di X L,Wang P,Jin Z D,et al.2009.Preliminary analysis on collapse earthquakes in Northern Yulin,Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,24(4):81-83.
Gao Y,Cao M M,Dai H F,et al.2014.Research on prediction of collapse earthquake disaster in Yulin Region,Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,23(3):213-221.
Gu C Z.1982.Collapse earthquakes in Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River[J].Earthquake,(3):21-22.
Gu D Z.1979.Engineering geomechanical basement of rock mass[M].Beijing:Science Press:204-207.
He X Q,Cao J L,Xu Z.1997.Study on the featuer of collapse earthquake caused by coal mining and its forecast,Shanxi[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,8(S1):108-113.
Hu B N,Jiang Z L,Guo W Y.2017.Temporal and spatial analysis of surface collapses factors in Qujiang Mine[J].Coal Science and Technology,45(1):189-193.
Hu Y L,Yang Q Y,Chen X C.1998.Mining-induced earthquakes in the area around the Yangtze Gorge Project[J].Seismology and Geology,20(4):349-360.
Li J L,Dong C L.2001.Explosion identification for digital seismic record[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,22(3):28-35.
Lin H C,Wang B P,Liu H R,et al.1990.Comparative study of tectonic and collapse earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,12(4):448-455.
Liu Z X,Chen S M,Jia Q.2016.Study on optimization of thickness of safety pillar in deep mining transition zone in a copper mine[J].Industrial Minerals and Processing,(11):54-58.
Ma W T,Xu C P,Li H O,et al.2010.Intensive observation of reservoirinduced earthquake and preliminary analysis on the causes of earthquakes in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Seismology and Geology,32(4):552-563.
Tan Z J.1996.Earthquakes of Chinese karst region and their damage characteristics[J].Journal of Seismology,(4):34-38.
Wang G Z,Ling X S,Zhang Y L,et al.2012.Characteristic Recognition of Non-natural Earthquakes such as Explosions in Anhui and the Periphery[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology,12(2):26-31.
Wang S J,Yang Z F,Liu Z H.1984.Analysis on surrounding rock stability for underground projects[M].Beijing:Science Press:282.
Wenling City TAB.2008.The demystify of the forming reason for Changyu Dongtian[J].Landscape&Historic Sites,(5):68-71.
Yang Q Y,Chen X C,Ma W T,et al.1993.Formation mechanism of microearthquakes warm in Yanguan area on the Yangtze Gorges[J].Seismology and Geology,15(3):247-252.
Yao H.1989.Preliminary geotechnical investigation of the collapse earthquake in Yangshuo,1987[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,(5):5-7.
Zhang L F,Yao Y S,Li J G,et al.2013.Corner frequency characteristic of tectonic earthquakes and collapsed ones in Three Gorges region[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,33(2):27-40.
Zhang Z D,Zheng J H,Jing J C,et al.1991.Effect of the collapse earthquake induced in the mine of Taozhuang at the water level of pressure well[J].South China Journal of Seismology,11(4):75-82.
陈耀华,朱镜颖.2012.世界遗产视角下的长屿硐天石文化景观[J].中国园林,28(7):13-18.
程海勇,吴爱祥,韩斌,等.2016.露天-地下联合开采保安矿柱稳定性[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),47(9):3183-3192.
大同地震台.1974.利用地震方法探索煤矿塌陷的规律[J].山西地震,(1):14-16.
狄秀玲,王平,金昭娣,等.2009.陕西榆林地区北部塌陷地震初步分析[J].灾害学,24(4):81-83.
高宇,曹明明,戴慧芳,等.2014.陕西省榆林地区塌陷地震灾害预测研究[J].自然灾害学报,23(3):213-221.
古成志.1982.长江三峡地区的塌陷地震[J].地震,(3):21-22.
谷德振.1979.岩体工程地质力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社:204-207.
贺秀全,曹金亮,许枝.1997.山西煤矿采空区塌陷地震特征与预报研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,8(S1):108-113.
胡炳南,江中乐,郭文砚.2017.曲江煤矿地表塌陷成因时空关系分析[J].煤炭科学技术,45(1):189-193.
胡毓良,杨清源,陈献程.1998.长江三峡工程周边地区的采矿诱发地震[J].地震地质,20(4):349-360.
李金龙,董长利.2001.数字地震记录的爆破识别[J].地震地磁观测与研究,22(3):28-35.
林怀存,王保平,刘洪瑞,等.1990.构造地震与塌陷地震对比研究[J].地震学报,12(4):448-455.
刘志新,陈顺满,贾琪.2016.某铜矿深部开采过渡区保安矿柱厚度优化研究[J].化工矿物与加工,(11):54-58.
马文涛,徐长朋,李海鸥,等.2010.长江三峡水库诱发地震加密观测及地震成因初步分析[J].地震地质,32(4):552-563.
覃子建.1996.中国岩溶区的地震及其震害特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,(4):34-38.
汪贵章,凌学书,张佑龙,等.2010.安徽及周边爆破塌陷特殊地震动特征识别[J].防灾科技学院学报,12(2):26-31.
王思敬,杨志法,刘竹华.1984.地下工程岩体稳定分析[M].北京:科学出版社:282.
温岭市旅游管理局.2008.长屿硐天成因揭秘[J].风景名胜,(5):68-71.
杨清源,陈献程,马文涛,等.1993.长江三峡地区盐关微地震群的成因机制[J].地震地质,15(3):247-252.
姚宏.1989.1987年阳朔塌陷地震初探[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1989,(5):5-7.
张丽芬,姚运生,李井冈,等.2013.三峡库区构造和塌陷地震的拐角频率特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,33(2):27-30.
张昭栋,郑金涵,靖继才,等.1991.陶庄矿山诱发塌陷地震对承压井水位的影响[J].华南地震,11(4):75-82.
浙江省地质矿产局.1989.浙江省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版:688.
浙江省区域地质调查大队.1978.区域地质调查报告:仙居幅(1︰200000)[R].杭州:浙江省区域地质调查大队.
Cheng H Y,Wu A X,Han B,et al.2016.Stability of safety pillars in opencast-underground combined mining[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),47(9):3183-3192.
Datong Earthaquake.1974.Exploring the law of the coal mining collapse by using seismic method[J].Journal of Shanxi Earthquake,(1):14-16.
Di X L,Wang P,Jin Z D,et al.2009.Preliminary analysis on collapse earthquakes in Northern Yulin,Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Catastrophology,24(4):81-83.
Gao Y,Cao M M,Dai H F,et al.2014.Research on prediction of collapse earthquake disaster in Yulin Region,Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,23(3):213-221.
Gu C Z.1982.Collapse earthquakes in Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River[J].Earthquake,(3):21-22.
Gu D Z.1979.Engineering geomechanical basement of rock mass[M].Beijing:Science Press:204-207.
He X Q,Cao J L,Xu Z.1997.Study on the featuer of collapse earthquake caused by coal mining and its forecast,Shanxi[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,8(S1):108-113.
Hu B N,Jiang Z L,Guo W Y.2017.Temporal and spatial analysis of surface collapses factors in Qujiang Mine[J].Coal Science and Technology,45(1):189-193.
Hu Y L,Yang Q Y,Chen X C.1998.Mining-induced earthquakes in the area around the Yangtze Gorge Project[J].Seismology and Geology,20(4):349-360.
Li J L,Dong C L.2001.Explosion identification for digital seismic record[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,22(3):28-35.
Lin H C,Wang B P,Liu H R,et al.1990.Comparative study of tectonic and collapse earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,12(4):448-455.
Liu Z X,Chen S M,Jia Q.2016.Study on optimization of thickness of safety pillar in deep mining transition zone in a copper mine[J].Industrial Minerals and Processing,(11):54-58.
Ma W T,Xu C P,Li H O,et al.2010.Intensive observation of reservoirinduced earthquake and preliminary analysis on the causes of earthquakes in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Seismology and Geology,32(4):552-563.
Tan Z J.1996.Earthquakes of Chinese karst region and their damage characteristics[J].Journal of Seismology,(4):34-38.
Wang G Z,Ling X S,Zhang Y L,et al.2012.Characteristic Recognition of Non-natural Earthquakes such as Explosions in Anhui and the Periphery[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster-Prevention Science and Technology,12(2):26-31.
Wang S J,Yang Z F,Liu Z H.1984.Analysis on surrounding rock stability for underground projects[M].Beijing:Science Press:282.
Wenling City TAB.2008.The demystify of the forming reason for Changyu Dongtian[J].Landscape&Historic Sites,(5):68-71.
Yang Q Y,Chen X C,Ma W T,et al.1993.Formation mechanism of microearthquakes warm in Yanguan area on the Yangtze Gorges[J].Seismology and Geology,15(3):247-252.
Yao H.1989.Preliminary geotechnical investigation of the collapse earthquake in Yangshuo,1987[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,(5):5-7.
Zhang L F,Yao Y S,Li J G,et al.2013.Corner frequency characteristic of tectonic earthquakes and collapsed ones in Three Gorges region[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,33(2):27-40.
Zhang Z D,Zheng J H,Jing J C,et al.1991.Effect of the collapse earthquake induced in the mine of Taozhuang at the water level of pressure well[J].South China Journal of Seismology,11(4):75-82.
陈耀华,朱镜颖.2012.世界遗产视角下的长屿硐天石文化景观[J].中国园林,28(7):13-18.
程海勇,吴爱祥,韩斌,等.2016.露天-地下联合开采保安矿柱稳定性[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),47(9):3183-3192.
大同地震台.1974.利用地震方法探索煤矿塌陷的规律[J].山西地震,(1):14-16.
狄秀玲,王平,金昭娣,等.2009.陕西榆林地区北部塌陷地震初步分析[J].灾害学,24(4):81-83.
高宇,曹明明,戴慧芳,等.2014.陕西省榆林地区塌陷地震灾害预测研究[J].自然灾害学报,23(3):213-221.
古成志.1982.长江三峡地区的塌陷地震[J].地震,(3):21-22.
谷德振.1979.岩体工程地质力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社:204-207.
贺秀全,曹金亮,许枝.1997.山西煤矿采空区塌陷地震特征与预报研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,8(S1):108-113.
胡炳南,江中乐,郭文砚.2017.曲江煤矿地表塌陷成因时空关系分析[J].煤炭科学技术,45(1):189-193.
胡毓良,杨清源,陈献程.1998.长江三峡工程周边地区的采矿诱发地震[J].地震地质,20(4):349-360.
李金龙,董长利.2001.数字地震记录的爆破识别[J].地震地磁观测与研究,22(3):28-35.
林怀存,王保平,刘洪瑞,等.1990.构造地震与塌陷地震对比研究[J].地震学报,12(4):448-455.
刘志新,陈顺满,贾琪.2016.某铜矿深部开采过渡区保安矿柱厚度优化研究[J].化工矿物与加工,(11):54-58.
马文涛,徐长朋,李海鸥,等.2010.长江三峡水库诱发地震加密观测及地震成因初步分析[J].地震地质,32(4):552-563.
覃子建.1996.中国岩溶区的地震及其震害特征[J].防灾减灾工程学报,(4):34-38.
汪贵章,凌学书,张佑龙,等.2010.安徽及周边爆破塌陷特殊地震动特征识别[J].防灾科技学院学报,12(2):26-31.
王思敬,杨志法,刘竹华.1984.地下工程岩体稳定分析[M].北京:科学出版社:282.
温岭市旅游管理局.2008.长屿硐天成因揭秘[J].风景名胜,(5):68-71.
杨清源,陈献程,马文涛,等.1993.长江三峡地区盐关微地震群的成因机制[J].地震地质,15(3):247-252.
姚宏.1989.1987年阳朔塌陷地震初探[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1989,(5):5-7.
张丽芬,姚运生,李井冈,等.2013.三峡库区构造和塌陷地震的拐角频率特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,33(2):27-30.
张昭栋,郑金涵,靖继才,等.1991.陶庄矿山诱发塌陷地震对承压井水位的影响[J].华南地震,11(4):75-82.
浙江省地质矿产局.1989.浙江省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版:688.
浙江省区域地质调查大队.1978.区域地质调查报告:仙居幅(1︰200000)[R].杭州:浙江省区域地质调查大队.