论人工岛屿的法律地位
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摘要
人工岛屿的法律地位主要指人工岛屿享有海洋权利和承担义务的资格,《联合国海洋法公约》并未明确规定人工岛屿法律地位的界定标准,引发了学界的热议。争议主要围绕"建造基础"、"建造用途"和"建造方式"的界定标准,按照不同界定标准得到的人工岛屿法律地位的结论不同。明确人工岛屿的法律地位,不光影响着人工岛屿的海洋权利和义务,还影响着海洋划界。为了完善人工岛屿的法律地位制度,可以采用以上三个标准来界定人工岛屿的法律地位,再根据法律地位进一步确定人工岛屿应享有的海洋权利和义务以及对海洋划界的影响。
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea doesn't provide the definition standard of legal status of artificial islands which includes maritime rights and obligations. The controversy of definition standard surrounds "construction foundation"、"construction purpose" and "the mode of construction". Different definition standards lead to different conclusions. The legal status of artificial islands affects not only the maritime rights and obligations of artificial islands,but also the maritime delimitation. The best solution to the problem of the legal status of artificial islands appears to make a new definition standard which includes the above three standards. Finally,we can get the maritime rights and obligations and maritime delimitation of artificial islands according to the legal status.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea doesn't provide the definition standard of legal status of artificial islands which includes maritime rights and obligations. The controversy of definition standard surrounds "construction foundation"、"construction purpose" and "the mode of construction". Different definition standards lead to different conclusions. The legal status of artificial islands affects not only the maritime rights and obligations of artificial islands,but also the maritime delimitation. The best solution to the problem of the legal status of artificial islands appears to make a new definition standard which includes the above three standards. Finally,we can get the maritime rights and obligations and maritime delimitation of artificial islands according to the legal status.
引文
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[2]中国海洋法学会.中国海洋法年刊2016[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2017.455.
[3]刘丹,戴正清.国际法视域下的人工固“岛”---兼论我国对南海岛礁的保护性开发[J].武大国际法评论,2016,(2):262-280.
[4]中国国际法学会.南海仲裁案裁决之批判[M].北京:外交出版社,2018.43.
[5]邹克渊.岛礁建设对南海领土争端的影响:国际法上的挑战[J].亚太安全与海洋研究,2015,(3):112-125.
[6]张湘兰,樊懿.国际法公约下的岛礁之辨[J].中国海商法研究,2013,(1):64-70.
[7]牟星宇,张晏瑲.南海岛状地物法律地位刍议[J].南海学刊,2016,(4):38-46.
[8]ALFRED H.A.SOONS.Artificial Islands and Installations in International Law[J].Law of the Sea Institute,1974,(22):1-26.
[9]CRAIG W.WALKER.Jurisdictional Problems Created by Artificial Islands[J].San Diego Law Review,1973,(10):638-663.
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[15]吴士存.国际海洋法法庭案例选析[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2016.252-253.
[16]金永明.中国海洋法理论研究[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016.50.
[17]HIRAN W.JAYEWARDE.The Regime of the Islands in International Law[M].Maritinus Nijhoff Publishers,1990.7.
[18]JOHN H.KNOX.Human Rights and Climate Change at the United Nations[J].Harvard Environmental Law Review,2009,(33):477-498.
[19]范健,梁泽宇.人工岛屿国际法地位的历史嬗变[J].亚太安全与海洋研究,2016,(2):78-130.
[20]MICHAEL GAGAIN.Climate Change,Sea Level Rise,and Artificial Islands:Saving the Maldives'Statehood and Maritime Claims Through the“Constitude of the Ocean”[J].Colo.J.Int'l Envt&Pol'y,2012,(23):79-120.
[21]薛桂芳.《联合国海洋法公约》与国家实践[M].北京:海洋出版社,2011.25.
[22]王艳玲.跨界海洋环境损害的国家责任问题探讨[J].河北法学,2008,(6):151-153.
[23]李艳芳,金铭.风险预防原则在我国环境法领域的有限适用研究[J].河北法学,2015,(1):43-52.
[24]杨泽伟.国际法析论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012.54.
[25]任洪涛.论南海海域环境保护管辖的冲突与协调[J].河北法学,2016,(8):115-125.
(1)参见《公约》第60条8款。
(2)参见《公约》第60、80和87条。
(3)参见《公约》第121条1款。
(1)参见《公约》第13条1款。
(1)See Nicaragua v. Colombia,I. C. J,2012,176.
(1)参见《公约》第60条5款。
(1)参见《公约》第60和80条。
(2)参见《公约》第60和80条。
(3)参见《公约》第60和261条。
(4)参见《公约》第208和214条。
(1)参见《里约环境与发展宣言》第15条。
(2)参见《公约》第194条。
(3)See Greece v. Turkey,I. C. J,1978,3.
(4)See Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Malta,I. C. J,1985,13.
(1)参见《公约》第11条。
(2)参见《公约》第7条。
(3)参见《公约》第47条。
[2]中国海洋法学会.中国海洋法年刊2016[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2017.455.
[3]刘丹,戴正清.国际法视域下的人工固“岛”---兼论我国对南海岛礁的保护性开发[J].武大国际法评论,2016,(2):262-280.
[4]中国国际法学会.南海仲裁案裁决之批判[M].北京:外交出版社,2018.43.
[5]邹克渊.岛礁建设对南海领土争端的影响:国际法上的挑战[J].亚太安全与海洋研究,2015,(3):112-125.
[6]张湘兰,樊懿.国际法公约下的岛礁之辨[J].中国海商法研究,2013,(1):64-70.
[7]牟星宇,张晏瑲.南海岛状地物法律地位刍议[J].南海学刊,2016,(4):38-46.
[8]ALFRED H.A.SOONS.Artificial Islands and Installations in International Law[J].Law of the Sea Institute,1974,(22):1-26.
[9]CRAIG W.WALKER.Jurisdictional Problems Created by Artificial Islands[J].San Diego Law Review,1973,(10):638-663.
[10]NIKOS PAPADAKIS.The International Legal Regime of Artificial Islands[M].Leyden:Sijthoff,1977.
[11]MCQUADE.Urban Expansion Takes to the Water[J].Fortune Magazine,1969,(5):151.
[12]ANDREW L SILVERSTEIN,OKONOTORISHIMA.Artificial Preservation of a Speck of Sovereignty[J].Brooklyn Journal of International Law,2009,(12):431.
[13]CLIVE RALPH SYMMON.Some Problems Relating to the Definition of Insular.Formations in International Law:Islands and Low-tide Elevations[J].International Boundaries Research Unit Maritime Briefing,1995,(1):3.
[14][英]詹宁斯,瓦茨修订,王铁崖,等译.《奥本海国际法》第一卷第二分册[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1998.80.
[15]吴士存.国际海洋法法庭案例选析[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2016.252-253.
[16]金永明.中国海洋法理论研究[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016.50.
[17]HIRAN W.JAYEWARDE.The Regime of the Islands in International Law[M].Maritinus Nijhoff Publishers,1990.7.
[18]JOHN H.KNOX.Human Rights and Climate Change at the United Nations[J].Harvard Environmental Law Review,2009,(33):477-498.
[19]范健,梁泽宇.人工岛屿国际法地位的历史嬗变[J].亚太安全与海洋研究,2016,(2):78-130.
[20]MICHAEL GAGAIN.Climate Change,Sea Level Rise,and Artificial Islands:Saving the Maldives'Statehood and Maritime Claims Through the“Constitude of the Ocean”[J].Colo.J.Int'l Envt&Pol'y,2012,(23):79-120.
[21]薛桂芳.《联合国海洋法公约》与国家实践[M].北京:海洋出版社,2011.25.
[22]王艳玲.跨界海洋环境损害的国家责任问题探讨[J].河北法学,2008,(6):151-153.
[23]李艳芳,金铭.风险预防原则在我国环境法领域的有限适用研究[J].河北法学,2015,(1):43-52.
[24]杨泽伟.国际法析论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2012.54.
[25]任洪涛.论南海海域环境保护管辖的冲突与协调[J].河北法学,2016,(8):115-125.
(1)参见《公约》第60条8款。
(2)参见《公约》第60、80和87条。
(3)参见《公约》第121条1款。
(1)参见《公约》第13条1款。
(1)See Nicaragua v. Colombia,I. C. J,2012,176.
(1)参见《公约》第60条5款。
(1)参见《公约》第60和80条。
(2)参见《公约》第60和80条。
(3)参见《公约》第60和261条。
(4)参见《公约》第208和214条。
(1)参见《里约环境与发展宣言》第15条。
(2)参见《公约》第194条。
(3)See Greece v. Turkey,I. C. J,1978,3.
(4)See Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Malta,I. C. J,1985,13.
(1)参见《公约》第11条。
(2)参见《公约》第7条。
(3)参见《公约》第47条。