典型喀斯特山区农业生物质能潜力估算——以贵州省为例
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摘要
喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱,能源利用模式低值粗放,开展该区域的农业可利用生物质能潜力研究,对喀斯特山区农村能源建设和生态环境保护具有重要意义。以贵州省为例,在考虑土壤生态保留前提下,利用草谷比、土壤生态保留系数、收集系数、折标系数、副产物系数估算农村地区可利用农业生物质能资源总量。结果表明:(1) 2009—2015年间,贵州省年均可利用生物质能资源量达5191.50×10~4t标准煤,地均和人均农业生物质能资源量分别达到295 t标准煤/km~2和1.48 t标准煤/人,其中年均可能源化利用的达到1974.05×10~4t标准煤,占贵州省同期能源消费总量的21.84%。(2)贵州省生物质能储量结构比例分布不均,畜禽粪便资源利用潜力巨大,贡献值高达85%;其中,牛粪资源蕴藏量达年均3009.78×10~4t标准煤,贡献值达到68.39%,是贵州省最重要的农业生物质能资源。(3)从时序变化特征看,2009—2015年间贵州省生物质能资源量呈现U形结构,2011年达到最低值,这与2010年的西南大旱重要事件耦合。最后,针对贵州省农业生物质能现状,论文提出喀斯特山区应该合理布局秸秆电厂和秸秆固化成型燃料生产企业,提高畜禽的规模化养殖水平并加强农业生产防灾减灾工作,农村生活能源推广以沼气、节柴灶与节能秸秆气化炉高效利用相结合的能源利用结构等建议。
The fragile eco-environment,together with low efficiency energy utilization,are typical features of the socialecological system in Karst mountain areas. It is of great value to determine the potential agricultural biomass resources( ABR) for rural energy construction,and ecological environmental protection of these areas. Based on a case study of Guizhou Province,considering the returning ecological straw biomass for soil and water conservation,this paper estimated the total available ABR in rural areas using the residue to product ratio,ecological returning coefficient,collection coefficient,conversion coefficient to standard energy,and process residue factor. The results showed that:( 1) from 2009 to 2015,the ABR of Guizhou Province increased to 5191.50 × 10~4 tce annually,with a density of 295 tce/km~2 and 1.48 tce/person,respectively. About 1974.05 × 10~4 tce of energy-oriented biomass resources are available annually,accounting for 21.85% of the total energy consumption during the same period in Guizhou;( 2) the proportion of biomass energy reserves in Guizhou Province is unevenly distributed. The potential utilization of livestock and poultry waste is considerable,with a contribution value up to 85%; the average amount of cattle feces biomass is up to 3009.78×10~4 tce annually,with a 68.39% contribution to the total animal excrement,which is the most important ABR in Guizhou Province;( 3) a U-shaped temporal characteristic change in ABR occurred during 2009 to 2015 in Guizhou Province,with the lowest level in 2011,which showed a coupling with an important ecological event of the southwest drought disaster in 2010. Finally,based on the current agricultural biomass resources in Guizhou Province,this paper suggests that the straw power plants and straw curing for fuel factories should be distributed evenly in the karst mountain area,improving the current scale of livestock breeding,strengthening agricultural disaster prevention,and popularizing the comprehensive utilization of biogas,efficient firewood stoves,and energy saving straw gases in karst rocky desertification areas.
The fragile eco-environment,together with low efficiency energy utilization,are typical features of the socialecological system in Karst mountain areas. It is of great value to determine the potential agricultural biomass resources( ABR) for rural energy construction,and ecological environmental protection of these areas. Based on a case study of Guizhou Province,considering the returning ecological straw biomass for soil and water conservation,this paper estimated the total available ABR in rural areas using the residue to product ratio,ecological returning coefficient,collection coefficient,conversion coefficient to standard energy,and process residue factor. The results showed that:( 1) from 2009 to 2015,the ABR of Guizhou Province increased to 5191.50 × 10~4 tce annually,with a density of 295 tce/km~2 and 1.48 tce/person,respectively. About 1974.05 × 10~4 tce of energy-oriented biomass resources are available annually,accounting for 21.85% of the total energy consumption during the same period in Guizhou;( 2) the proportion of biomass energy reserves in Guizhou Province is unevenly distributed. The potential utilization of livestock and poultry waste is considerable,with a contribution value up to 85%; the average amount of cattle feces biomass is up to 3009.78×10~4 tce annually,with a 68.39% contribution to the total animal excrement,which is the most important ABR in Guizhou Province;( 3) a U-shaped temporal characteristic change in ABR occurred during 2009 to 2015 in Guizhou Province,with the lowest level in 2011,which showed a coupling with an important ecological event of the southwest drought disaster in 2010. Finally,based on the current agricultural biomass resources in Guizhou Province,this paper suggests that the straw power plants and straw curing for fuel factories should be distributed evenly in the karst mountain area,improving the current scale of livestock breeding,strengthening agricultural disaster prevention,and popularizing the comprehensive utilization of biogas,efficient firewood stoves,and energy saving straw gases in karst rocky desertification areas.
引文
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[2]Boyle G.Renewable energy:power for a sustainable future.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012:1-3.
[3]Hamelinck C,Faaij A P C.Outlook for advanced biofuels.Energy Policy,2006,34(17):3268-3283.
[4]Smeets E M W,Faaij A P C,Lewandowski I M,Turkenburg W C.A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2007,33(1):56-106.
[5]刘刚,沈镭.中国生物质能源的定量评价及其地理分布.自然资源学报,2007,22(1):9-19.
[6]田宜水,赵立欣,孙丽英,孟海波.农业生物质能资源分析与评价.中国工程科学,2011,13(2):24-28.
[7]Yang Y L,Zhang P D,Zhang W L,Tian Y S,Zheng Y H,Wang L S.Quantitative appraisal and potential analysis for primary biomass resources for energy utilization in China.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(9):3050-3058.
[8]Yuan Z,Wu C Z,Huang H,Lin G F.Research and development on biomass energy in China.International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy,2002,1(1/2):108-144.
[9]孙杰,陈美英,唐朝苗,郑翠.我国煤炭资源勘查现状跟踪研究.中国煤炭地质,2017,29(11):1-8.
[10]米锋,潘文婧,陈凯,多琳娜.内蒙古通辽地区农业生物质资源开发利用及其经济效益分析.干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(9):44-49.
[11]郑雄,何俊贺,冼萍,刘亚青,李小平,徐英博,唐铭.南宁市农业生物质资源存量估算与评价.南方农业学报,2013,44(4):697-700.
[12]邢红,赵媛,王宜强.江苏省南通市农村生物质能资源潜力估算及地区分布.生态学报,2015,35(10):3480-3489.
[13]朱丽君,王光宇,张耀兰.长三角地区农作物秸秆资源量的时空分布特点.贵州农业科学,2017,45(4):138-142.
[14]张亚平,左玉辉,柏益尧.江苏省能源农业发展的资源现状与发展潜力.生态学报,2008,28(8):3948-3957.
[15]康晓慧,江平.调整农村能源结构是改善西部农业生态环境的核心问题之一.重庆环境科学,2003,25(7):32-34.
[16]李书先.关于开展农村能源生态经济研究的探索.农业环境和发展,1995,12(3):36-38.
[17]乐小芳.我国农村生活方式对农村环境的影响分析.农业环境与发展,2004,(4):42-45.
[18]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,马林,刘小利,许俊香,张福锁.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应.中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617.
[19]侯彩霞,赵雪雁,文岩,张亮,张方圆.农户生活消费对环境影响的空间差异及其原因---基于张掖市2010年调查数据.生态学报,2015,35(6):2013-2019.
[20]国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴-2016.北京:中国统计出版社,2016:9-9.
[21]万文玉,赵雪雁,王伟军,薛冰.我国农村居民生活能源碳排放的时空特征分析.生态学报,2017,37(19):6390-6401.
[22]Guan W,Xu S T.Study of spatial patterns and spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency in China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(9):1362-1376.
[23]国务院第三次全国农业普查领导小组办公室,中华人民共和国国家统计局.第三次全国农业普查主要数据公报(第四号).(2017-12-16)[2018-12-28].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/nypcgb/qgnypcgb/201712/t20171215_1563634.html.
[24]王效华,郝先荣,金玲.基于典型县入户调查的中国农村家庭能源消费研究.农业工程学报,2014,30(14):206-212.
[25]王飞,蔡亚庆,仇焕广.中国沼气发展的现状、驱动及制约因素分析.农业工程学报,2012,28(1):184-189.
[26]孙九林.农村能源与生态环境.生态学杂志,1985,(4):46-48.
[27]王荣,蔡运龙.西南喀斯特地区退化生态系统整治模式.应用生态学报,2010,21(4):1070-1080.
[28]Yuan D X.Rock desertification in the subtropical karst of south China.Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F.,1997,108:81-90.
[29]国家林业局.岩溶地区石漠化状况公报.中国绿色时报,(2006-06-23)[2017-11-17].http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/huanjing/1252781.htm.
[30]Wang X H,Feng Z M.Rural household energy consumption with the economic development in China:Stages and characteristic indices.Energy Policy,2001,29(15):1391-1397.
[31]Li Z M,Tang R S,Xia C F,Luo H L,Zhong H.Towards green rural energy in Yunnan,China.Renewable Energy,2005,30(2):99-108.
[32]何威风,阎建忠,周洪,李秀彬.农户薪柴消费的理论模型及实证研究.生态学报,2016,36(5):1369-1379.
[33]唐亮,刘肇军,熊康宁,肖华.喀斯特地区农村家庭能源消费结构及效应分析---以贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区为例.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2013,31(2):96-102.
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