呼伦贝尔草原南缘植被类型分异及生物多样性特征
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摘要
以呼伦贝尔草原为对象,对其南缘从东到西200 km范围内的植物群落进行了系统调查,并采用数量生态学方法对研究区内植被类型及生物多样性进行分析。调查共发现98种植物,其中以菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和百合科(Liliaceae)为主,其植物种数占全部物种数的52.58%。植物水分生态类型主要以旱生植物为主;植物生活型则以多年生草本植物为主。对呼伦贝尔草原南缘94个样地进行NMDS排序的结果表明,水热因子影响植被分布格局,其中降水是最主要因素;相似性分析和相似性百分比分析结果显示,荒漠草原群落与草甸草原群落物种组成相异性最大,群落分离明显,与典型草原群落间也形成了显著差异。典型草原与草甸草原镶嵌分布,且草甸草原呈向典型草原转变的趋势,这表明日趋加剧的干旱气候和不合理的人为活动导致所有植被类型向旱生化方向演变。3种草原类型的Rényi多样性排序结果显示,物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数均为草甸草原最高,典型草原次之,荒漠草原最低,而优势度呈现与多样性相反的结果,整个研究区的生物多样性总体上呈现下降的趋势。这种从个体到群落向单一化和旱生化演变的趋势将严重影响呼伦贝尔草原的保护及开发利用。
Plant communities in the southern edge of Hulunbuir grassland were investigated from east to west over a range of 200 km. The vegetation types and biodiversity in the study area were analyzed by quantitative ecological method. A total of 98 species were recorded,dominated by species from Compositae,Leguminosae,Gramineae,and Liliaceae,together accounting for 52.58%of the total species number. Xerophytes were the main water ecotype. Perennial grasses were the main life form of plants. The results of NMDS ordination showed that the distribution pattern of vegetation was influenced by the water and heat factors,with precipitation being the most important factor. The results of similarity analysis and similarity percentage analysis showed that species composition of desert steppe community was most different from meadow steppe community. There was a significant difference between desert steppe and typical steppe. The typical steppe and meadow steppe were distributed in a mosaic structure. The meadow steppe was in a trend of transition to typical steppe. This indicated that the aggravated arid climate and unreasonable human activities led to xerophytization of all vegetation types. The results of Rényi diversity ordination of three steppe types showed that the indices of species richness,Shannon diversity and Simpson diversity were the highest in meadow steppe,followed by typical steppe and the lowest in desert steppe,while the dominance showed an opposite trend. The biodiversity of the whole study area showed a general trend of decline. The trend of simplification and xerophytization from individual to community will seriously affect the protection,exploitation,and utilization of Hulunbuir grassland.
Plant communities in the southern edge of Hulunbuir grassland were investigated from east to west over a range of 200 km. The vegetation types and biodiversity in the study area were analyzed by quantitative ecological method. A total of 98 species were recorded,dominated by species from Compositae,Leguminosae,Gramineae,and Liliaceae,together accounting for 52.58%of the total species number. Xerophytes were the main water ecotype. Perennial grasses were the main life form of plants. The results of NMDS ordination showed that the distribution pattern of vegetation was influenced by the water and heat factors,with precipitation being the most important factor. The results of similarity analysis and similarity percentage analysis showed that species composition of desert steppe community was most different from meadow steppe community. There was a significant difference between desert steppe and typical steppe. The typical steppe and meadow steppe were distributed in a mosaic structure. The meadow steppe was in a trend of transition to typical steppe. This indicated that the aggravated arid climate and unreasonable human activities led to xerophytization of all vegetation types. The results of Rényi diversity ordination of three steppe types showed that the indices of species richness,Shannon diversity and Simpson diversity were the highest in meadow steppe,followed by typical steppe and the lowest in desert steppe,while the dominance showed an opposite trend. The biodiversity of the whole study area showed a general trend of decline. The trend of simplification and xerophytization from individual to community will seriously affect the protection,exploitation,and utilization of Hulunbuir grassland.
引文
陈宝瑞,李海山,朱玉霞,等.2010.呼伦贝尔草原植物群落空间格局及其环境解释.生态学报,30(5):1265-1271.
刁兆岩,徐立荣,冯朝阳,等.2012.呼伦贝尔沙化草原植被覆盖度估算光谱模型.干旱区资源与环境,26(2):139-144.
丁小慧,罗淑政,刘金巍,等.2012.呼伦贝尔草地植物群落与土壤化学计量学特征沿经度梯度变化.生态学报,32(11):3467-3476.
龚雪伟,吕光辉.2017.艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位.生物多样性,25(1):34-45.
郭建英,万方浩,吴岷.2009.转Bt基因棉对土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响.中国生态农业学报,17(6):1221-1228.
李博.1992.我国草地生态研究的成就与展望.生态学杂志,11(3):1-7.
吕世海,冯长松,高吉喜,等.2008.呼伦贝尔沙化草地围封效应及生物多样性变化研究.草地学报,16(5):442-447.
聂浩刚,岳乐平,杨文,等.2005.呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化现状、发展态势与成因分析.中国沙漠,25(5):635-639.
石娟,骆有庆,严晓素,等.2007.不同干扰措施对松材线虫入侵松林内物种多样性的影响.生态科学,26(4):289-292.
孙志强,朱彦鹏,张星耀,等.2012.采用Rényi多样性曲线法评价昆嵛山林下灌草层多样性排序效果.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,36(1):73-78.
王合玲,张辉国,吕光辉.2013.艾比湖湿地植物群落的数量分类和排序.干旱区资源与环境,27(3):177-181.
王健铭,董芳宇,巴海.那斯拉,等.2016.中国黑戈壁植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素.生态学报,36(12):3488-3498.
文都日乐,李刚,杨殿林,等.2011.内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原土壤氨氧化细菌多样性及群落结构.应用生态学报,22(4):929-935.
吴庆标,王效科,张德平,等.2004.呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响.生态环境学报,13(4):630-632.
徐远杰,林敦梅,石明,等.2017.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素.生物多样性,25(1):23-33.
张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.2011.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应.地理学报,66(1):47-58.
张宏斌,杨桂霞,吴文斌,等.2009.呼伦贝尔草原MODISNDVI的时空变化特征.应用生态学报,20(11):2743-2749.
赵慧颖.2007.呼伦贝尔沙地45年来气候变化及其对生态环境的影响水.生态学杂志,26(11):1817-1821.
郑晓翾,王瑞东,靳甜甜,等.2008.呼伦贝尔草原不同草地利用方式下生物多样性与生物量的关系.生态学报,28(11):5392-5400.
郑晓翾,赵家明,张玉刚,等.2007.呼伦贝尔草原生物量变化及其与环境因子的关系.生态学杂志,26(4):533-538.
中国植物委员会.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.1985.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社.
Anderson MJ,Walsh DCI.2013.PERMANOVA,ANOSIM,and the Mantel test in the face of heterogeneous dispersions:What null hypothesis are you testing?Ecological Monographs,83:557-574.
Bhandari J,Pan XB,Zhang LZ,et al.2015.Diversity and productivity of semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia:Influence of plant functional type and precipitation.Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences,52:259-264.
Clarke KR.1993.Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure.Austral Ecology,18:117-143.
Cowles JM,Wragg PD,Wright AJ,et al.2016.Shifting grassland plant community structure drives positive interactive effects of warming and diversity on aboveground net primary productivity.Global Chang Biology,22:741-749.
Droissart V,Dauby G,Hardy OJ,et al.2018.Beyond trees:Biogeographical regionalization of tropical Africa.Journal of Biogeography,45:1153-1167.
Kindt R,Damme PV,Simons AJ.2006.Tree diversity in western kenya:Using profiles to characterise richness and evenness.Biodiversity&Conservation,15:1253-1270.
Kong FZ,Xu ZJ,Yu RC.2016.Distribution patterns of phytoplankton in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters in spring 2009.Chinese Journal of Oceanology&Limnology,34:902-914.
Legendre P,Legendre L.1983.Numerical Ecology.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science B.V.
Li S,LüS,Wu J,et al.2012.Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia,China.Regional Environmental Change,12:461-474.
Li X,Liu X,Cao Y,et al.2014.Study on the influence of climatic change on pasture growth in Inner Mongolia grassland.Meteorological and Environmental Research,5:43-47.
Liu M,Liu G,Gong L,et al.2014.Relationships of biomass with environmental factors in the grassland area of Hulunbuir,China.PLo S ONE,9:e102344.
Liu M,Liu G,Zheng X.2015.Spatial pattern changes of biomass,litterfall and coverage with environmental factors across temperate grassland subjected to various management practices.Landscape Ecology,30:477-486.
Lvei GL,Liu WX,Guo JY,et al.2013.The use of the Rényi scalable diversity index to assess diversity trends in comparative and monitoring studies of effects of transgenic crops.Journal of Biosafety,22:43-50.
Ma M,Zhou X,Du G.2011.Soil seed bank dynamics in alpine wetland succession on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant and Soil,346:19-28.
Rényi A.1961.On measurement of entropy and information.Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical statistics and Probability:547-561.
Ruokolainen L,Salo K.2006.Differences in performance of four ordination methods on a complex vegetation dataset.Annales Botanici Fennici,43:269-275.
Salako VK,Adebanji A,KakaRG.2013.On the empirical performance of non-metric multidimensional scaling in vegetation studies.International Journal of Applied Mathematics&Statistics,36:54-67.
Sun B,Liu Y,Lei Y.2016.Growing season relative humidity variations and possible impacts on Hulunbuir grassland.Science Bulletin,61:728-736.
Tóthmérsz B.1995.Comparison of different methods for diversity ordering.Journal of Vegetation Science,6:283-290.
Zhang G,Xu X,Zhou C,et al.2011.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,66:47-58.
Zheng XX,Liu GH,Fu BJ,et al.2010.Effects of biodiversity and plant community composition on productivity in semiarid grasslands of Hulunbeir,Inner Mongolia,China.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1195:52-64.
刁兆岩,徐立荣,冯朝阳,等.2012.呼伦贝尔沙化草原植被覆盖度估算光谱模型.干旱区资源与环境,26(2):139-144.
丁小慧,罗淑政,刘金巍,等.2012.呼伦贝尔草地植物群落与土壤化学计量学特征沿经度梯度变化.生态学报,32(11):3467-3476.
龚雪伟,吕光辉.2017.艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位.生物多样性,25(1):34-45.
郭建英,万方浩,吴岷.2009.转Bt基因棉对土壤无脊椎动物群落结构的影响.中国生态农业学报,17(6):1221-1228.
李博.1992.我国草地生态研究的成就与展望.生态学杂志,11(3):1-7.
吕世海,冯长松,高吉喜,等.2008.呼伦贝尔沙化草地围封效应及生物多样性变化研究.草地学报,16(5):442-447.
聂浩刚,岳乐平,杨文,等.2005.呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化现状、发展态势与成因分析.中国沙漠,25(5):635-639.
石娟,骆有庆,严晓素,等.2007.不同干扰措施对松材线虫入侵松林内物种多样性的影响.生态科学,26(4):289-292.
孙志强,朱彦鹏,张星耀,等.2012.采用Rényi多样性曲线法评价昆嵛山林下灌草层多样性排序效果.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,36(1):73-78.
王合玲,张辉国,吕光辉.2013.艾比湖湿地植物群落的数量分类和排序.干旱区资源与环境,27(3):177-181.
王健铭,董芳宇,巴海.那斯拉,等.2016.中国黑戈壁植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素.生态学报,36(12):3488-3498.
文都日乐,李刚,杨殿林,等.2011.内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原土壤氨氧化细菌多样性及群落结构.应用生态学报,22(4):929-935.
吴庆标,王效科,张德平,等.2004.呼伦贝尔草原土壤粘粉粒组分对有机碳和全氮含量的影响.生态环境学报,13(4):630-632.
徐远杰,林敦梅,石明,等.2017.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素.生物多样性,25(1):23-33.
张戈丽,徐兴良,周才平,等.2011.近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应.地理学报,66(1):47-58.
张宏斌,杨桂霞,吴文斌,等.2009.呼伦贝尔草原MODISNDVI的时空变化特征.应用生态学报,20(11):2743-2749.
赵慧颖.2007.呼伦贝尔沙地45年来气候变化及其对生态环境的影响水.生态学杂志,26(11):1817-1821.
郑晓翾,王瑞东,靳甜甜,等.2008.呼伦贝尔草原不同草地利用方式下生物多样性与生物量的关系.生态学报,28(11):5392-5400.
郑晓翾,赵家明,张玉刚,等.2007.呼伦贝尔草原生物量变化及其与环境因子的关系.生态学杂志,26(4):533-538.
中国植物委员会.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.1985.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社.
Anderson MJ,Walsh DCI.2013.PERMANOVA,ANOSIM,and the Mantel test in the face of heterogeneous dispersions:What null hypothesis are you testing?Ecological Monographs,83:557-574.
Bhandari J,Pan XB,Zhang LZ,et al.2015.Diversity and productivity of semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia:Influence of plant functional type and precipitation.Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences,52:259-264.
Clarke KR.1993.Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure.Austral Ecology,18:117-143.
Cowles JM,Wragg PD,Wright AJ,et al.2016.Shifting grassland plant community structure drives positive interactive effects of warming and diversity on aboveground net primary productivity.Global Chang Biology,22:741-749.
Droissart V,Dauby G,Hardy OJ,et al.2018.Beyond trees:Biogeographical regionalization of tropical Africa.Journal of Biogeography,45:1153-1167.
Kindt R,Damme PV,Simons AJ.2006.Tree diversity in western kenya:Using profiles to characterise richness and evenness.Biodiversity&Conservation,15:1253-1270.
Kong FZ,Xu ZJ,Yu RC.2016.Distribution patterns of phytoplankton in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters in spring 2009.Chinese Journal of Oceanology&Limnology,34:902-914.
Legendre P,Legendre L.1983.Numerical Ecology.Amsterdam:Elsevier Science B.V.
Li S,LüS,Wu J,et al.2012.Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia,China.Regional Environmental Change,12:461-474.
Li X,Liu X,Cao Y,et al.2014.Study on the influence of climatic change on pasture growth in Inner Mongolia grassland.Meteorological and Environmental Research,5:43-47.
Liu M,Liu G,Gong L,et al.2014.Relationships of biomass with environmental factors in the grassland area of Hulunbuir,China.PLo S ONE,9:e102344.
Liu M,Liu G,Zheng X.2015.Spatial pattern changes of biomass,litterfall and coverage with environmental factors across temperate grassland subjected to various management practices.Landscape Ecology,30:477-486.
Lvei GL,Liu WX,Guo JY,et al.2013.The use of the Rényi scalable diversity index to assess diversity trends in comparative and monitoring studies of effects of transgenic crops.Journal of Biosafety,22:43-50.
Ma M,Zhou X,Du G.2011.Soil seed bank dynamics in alpine wetland succession on the Tibetan Plateau.Plant and Soil,346:19-28.
Rényi A.1961.On measurement of entropy and information.Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical statistics and Probability:547-561.
Ruokolainen L,Salo K.2006.Differences in performance of four ordination methods on a complex vegetation dataset.Annales Botanici Fennici,43:269-275.
Salako VK,Adebanji A,KakaRG.2013.On the empirical performance of non-metric multidimensional scaling in vegetation studies.International Journal of Applied Mathematics&Statistics,36:54-67.
Sun B,Liu Y,Lei Y.2016.Growing season relative humidity variations and possible impacts on Hulunbuir grassland.Science Bulletin,61:728-736.
Tóthmérsz B.1995.Comparison of different methods for diversity ordering.Journal of Vegetation Science,6:283-290.
Zhang G,Xu X,Zhou C,et al.2011.Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir Grassland in past 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,66:47-58.
Zheng XX,Liu GH,Fu BJ,et al.2010.Effects of biodiversity and plant community composition on productivity in semiarid grasslands of Hulunbeir,Inner Mongolia,China.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1195:52-64.