打捆密度和堆垛方式对天然草地青干草化学成分和真菌毒素的影响
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摘要
为研究打捆密度和堆垛方式对干草化学成分和真菌毒素的影响,采用2×3因子裂区设计,打捆密度作为主处理因子(A),A_1为160 kg·m~(-3)和A_2为120 kg·m~(-3),堆垛方式作为副处理因子(B),B_1交叉堆垛、B_2纵向堆垛和B_3横向堆垛,进行天然草地青干草贮藏试验。结果表明,打捆密度对粗灰分(Ash)、干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、T-2毒素(T-2)和赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05),对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗蛋白质(CP)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)含量影响显著(P<0.05),高密度草捆中ADF、DON和ZEN含量显著低于(P<0.05)低密度草捆,CP含量显著高于(P<0.05)低密度草捆。堆垛方式对Ash、DM、ADF、NDF、CP、DON、AFB_1、T-2和OTA含量均无显著影响(P>0.05),对ZEN含量影响显著(P<0.05),高密度草捆中ZEN含量显著低于(P<0.05)低密度草捆。且打捆密度和堆垛方式交互作用对干草化学成分和真菌毒素存在正效应。打捆密度可以显著改善天然青干草的化学成分和真菌毒素含量;堆垛方式对干草的化学成分和真菌毒素有一定的改善;打捆密度和堆垛方式交互作用对干草品质和真菌毒素均有显著影响。综合比较干草化学成分和真菌毒素含量,在内蒙古锡林浩特地区,天然草地青干草打捆密度160 kg·m~(-3),采用交叉堆垛贮藏干草效果最佳。
The major constraint for forage storage is chemical composition and mycotoxin. To study the effects of baling density and stacking method on chemical composition and mycotoxin levels of native hay, a randomized split-plot experiment(2×3 factors) was carried out. Baling density as the primary factor and stacking method as the secondary factor was used. The primary factor was 160 and 120 kg·m~(-3), the secondary factor was cross-stacking, vertical-stacking and transverse-stacking. Baling density was the main plot factor and sacking method was the subplot factor. For baling density, no significant differences were found for hay dry matter(DM), ash(Ash), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), T-2 toxin(T-2) or ochratoxin A(OTA)(P>0.05). However, acid detergent fiber(ADF), crude protein(CP), deoxynivalenol(DON) and zearalenone(ZEN) did differ significantly with baling density(P<0.05). For stacking method, there were no significant differences in Ash, DM, ADF, NDF, CP, DON, AFB_1, T-2 and OTA(P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between stacking methods for ZEN levels in the hay(P<0.05). In summary, baling density, and stacking method did significantly change hay chemical composition and mycotoxin levels. The optimal combination from this experiment in Xilinhot, was a baling density of 160 kg·m~(-3) with cross-stacking of bales.
The major constraint for forage storage is chemical composition and mycotoxin. To study the effects of baling density and stacking method on chemical composition and mycotoxin levels of native hay, a randomized split-plot experiment(2×3 factors) was carried out. Baling density as the primary factor and stacking method as the secondary factor was used. The primary factor was 160 and 120 kg·m~(-3), the secondary factor was cross-stacking, vertical-stacking and transverse-stacking. Baling density was the main plot factor and sacking method was the subplot factor. For baling density, no significant differences were found for hay dry matter(DM), ash(Ash), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), T-2 toxin(T-2) or ochratoxin A(OTA)(P>0.05). However, acid detergent fiber(ADF), crude protein(CP), deoxynivalenol(DON) and zearalenone(ZEN) did differ significantly with baling density(P<0.05). For stacking method, there were no significant differences in Ash, DM, ADF, NDF, CP, DON, AFB_1, T-2 and OTA(P>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between stacking methods for ZEN levels in the hay(P<0.05). In summary, baling density, and stacking method did significantly change hay chemical composition and mycotoxin levels. The optimal combination from this experiment in Xilinhot, was a baling density of 160 kg·m~(-3) with cross-stacking of bales.
引文
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[16] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Method of determination of T-2 toxin in formula feed-Thin layer chromatography,GB/T 8381.4-2005.Beijing:China Standards Press,2005.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.配合饲料中T-2毒素的测定,GB/T 8381.4-2005.北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[17] Rowley E D.A comparison of hay conservation systems.Journal of Agriculture,West Australia,1976,17:107-112.
[18] Collins M,Paulson W H,Finner M F,et al.Moisture and storage effects on dry matter and quality losses of alfalfa in round bales.American Society of Agricultural Engineers Microfiche Collection,1986,30(4):913-917.
[19] Rotz C A,Abrams S M.Losses and quality changes during alfalfa hay harvest and storage.Transactions of the Asae American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1988,31(2):350-355.
[2] Yu C Q,Rong H,Sun W,et al.Research progress on technologies for hay making and storage.Pratacultural Science,2010,27(8):143-150.余成群,荣辉,孙维,等.干草调制与贮存技术的研究进展.草业科学,2010,27(8):143-150.
[3] Cochrane M J,Wickes R B.Nutrient losses in cereal and pasture hays stored in three types of hay packages in the open in two environments.Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,1987,25(2):326-330.
[4] McDonald P,Edwards R A.Animal Nutrition.4th Edition.New York:Proc.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1988.
[5] Yu J,Cleveland T E,Nierman W C,et al.Aspergillus flavus genomics:gateway to human and animal health,food safety,and crop resistance to diseases.Revista Iberoamericana de Micología,2005,22(4):192-202.
[6] Georgianna D R,Fedorova N D,Burroughs J L,et al.Beyond aflatoxin:four distinct expression patterns and functional roles associated with Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism gene clusters.Molecular Plant Pathology,2010,11(2):213-226.
[7] Wang R J,Miao Z H,Zhang Z X,et al.Recent trends of mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw materials in China.Feed Industry,2003,24 (7):53-54.王若军,苗朝华,张振雄,等.中国饲料及饲料原料受霉菌毒素污染的调查报告.饲料工业,2003,24 (7):53-54.
[8] Glenn A E.Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in animal feed.Animal Feed Science and Technology,2007,137(3/4):213-240.
[9] Ao Z G,Chen D W.Recent trends of mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds and raw materials in China.China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2008,35(1):152-156.敖志刚,陈代文.2006-2007年中国饲料及饲料原料霉菌毒素污染调查报告.中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(1):152-156.
[10] Khlangwiset P,Shephard G S,Wu F.Aflatoxins and growth impairment:a review.Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2011,41(9):740-755.
[11] Van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[12] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of aflatoxin B1 in animal feeding stuffs Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,GB/T 17480-2008.Beijing:China Standards Press,2008.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定,GB/T 17480-2008.北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[13] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of ochratoxin A in feeds-High performance liquid chromatography with immunosorbent column clean-up,GB/T 30957-2014.Beijing:China Standards Press,2014.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中赭曲霉毒素A的测定,GB/T 30957-2014.北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[14] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of deoxynivalenol in feed-High performance liquid chromatography with immunosorbent column clean-up,GB/T 30956-2014.Beijing:China Standards Press,2014.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的测定,GB/T 30956-2014.北京:中国标准出版社,2014.
[15] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Determination of zearalenone in feed-High performance liquid chromatographic method with immunoaffinity column clean-up,GB/T 28716-2012.Beijing:China Standards Press,2012.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮的测定,GB/T 28716-2012.北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[16] General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Method of determination of T-2 toxin in formula feed-Thin layer chromatography,GB/T 8381.4-2005.Beijing:China Standards Press,2005.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.配合饲料中T-2毒素的测定,GB/T 8381.4-2005.北京:中国标准出版社,2005.
[17] Rowley E D.A comparison of hay conservation systems.Journal of Agriculture,West Australia,1976,17:107-112.
[18] Collins M,Paulson W H,Finner M F,et al.Moisture and storage effects on dry matter and quality losses of alfalfa in round bales.American Society of Agricultural Engineers Microfiche Collection,1986,30(4):913-917.
[19] Rotz C A,Abrams S M.Losses and quality changes during alfalfa hay harvest and storage.Transactions of the Asae American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1988,31(2):350-355.