考虑频率约束及风电机组调频的风电穿透功率极限计算
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摘要
随着风电渗透率持续增加以及虚拟惯性/一次调频控制技术逐步推广应用,准确计算风电穿透功率极限对于确保电网安全稳定运行和指导风电并网规划建设具有重要意义。为此,文中定量表征了风电场虚拟惯性响应特性,并采用传递函数模型表示风电场一次调频响应特性,进而建立了包含风电场、同步发电机组调频控制的电网等值转子摇摆方程,用于描述电力系统频率响应特性。在此基础上,以电网稳态频率偏差约束和频率变化率约束为边界条件,提出了风电穿透功率极限的解析求解方法。最后,通过IEEE 14节点系统算例验证了所提方法的精确性和有效性。
With the continuous increase of penetration level of wind power,and the step-by-step promotion and application of virtual inertia and primary frequency control technology,the accurate calculation of wind power penetration limit has important significance to ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid and to guide the planning and construction of wind power integration system.For this purpose,the inertial response of wind farm is expressed quantitatively,and the primary frequency regulation response of wind farm is described by employing transfer function model.Furthermore,swing equations of an equivalent rotor,including the frequency regulation control of synchronous generator and wind turbine,are established to describe the frequency response characteristics of power system.On this basis,taking the grid steady-state frequency deviation and frequency change rate constraints as boundary conditions,an analytic solution method for calculating the wind power penetration limit is proposed.Finally,the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by case studies of IEEE 14-bus power system.
With the continuous increase of penetration level of wind power,and the step-by-step promotion and application of virtual inertia and primary frequency control technology,the accurate calculation of wind power penetration limit has important significance to ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid and to guide the planning and construction of wind power integration system.For this purpose,the inertial response of wind farm is expressed quantitatively,and the primary frequency regulation response of wind farm is described by employing transfer function model.Furthermore,swing equations of an equivalent rotor,including the frequency regulation control of synchronous generator and wind turbine,are established to describe the frequency response characteristics of power system.On this basis,taking the grid steady-state frequency deviation and frequency change rate constraints as boundary conditions,an analytic solution method for calculating the wind power penetration limit is proposed.Finally,the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by case studies of IEEE 14-bus power system.
引文
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[4]BASIT A,HANSEN A D,SRENSEN P E,et al.Real-time impact of power balancing on power system operation with large scale integration of wind power[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(2):202-210.
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[6]张冠锋,杨俊友,孙峰,等.基于虚拟惯量和频率下垂控制的双馈风电机组一次调频策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(22):225-232.ZHANG Guanfeng,YANG Junyou,SUN Feng,et al.Primary frequency regulation strategy of DFIG based on virtual inertia and frequency droop control[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(22):225-232.
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[8]李世春,邓长虹,龙志君,等.适应于电网高风电渗透率下的双馈风电机组惯性控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(1):33-38.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150329002.LI Shichun,DENG Changhong,LONG Zhijun,et al.Inertial control method of double-fed wind turbines adapted to high wind power penetration rate of power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2016, 40(1):33-38. DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150329002.
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[11]管霖,李峰,陈沛东,等.近海风电场接入对地区电网电压的影响和允许接入规模[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(14):162-167.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140910004.GUAN Lin,LI Feng,CHEN Peidong,et al.Impacts of offshore wind farms on local networks voltage and wind power penetration limit[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):162-167.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140910004.
[12]白浩,张丕沛,苏剑,等.基于修正能量函数和可信性理论的风机极限穿透功率模型研究[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(8):264-273.BAI Hao,ZHANG Pipei,SU Jian,et al.Model study for determining the wind farm penetration limit based on corrected energy function and credibility theory[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(8):264-273.
[13]汤雪松,殷明慧,邹云.考虑风速相关性的风电穿透功率极限的改进计算[J].电网技术,2015,39(2):420-425.TANG Xuesong, YIN Minghui, ZOU Yun,et al.An improved method to calculate wind power penetration limit considering wind speed correlation[J].Power System Technology,2015,39(2):420-425.
[14]曲正伟,王京波,王云静,等.考虑运行风险约束的风电场群准入容量分析[J].电网技术,2014,38(7):1861-1866.QU Zhengwei, WANG Jingbo, WANG Yunjing,et al.Analysis on acceptable capacity of wind farm group considering operation risk constraints[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(7):1861-1866.
[15]AHMADI H,GHASEMI H.Maximum penetration level of wind generation considering power system security limits[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2012,6(11):1164-1170.
[16]ZHANG Y,ZHANG H,YAO D,et al.Research on the wind power penetration limit in power system[J].Telkomnika Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering,2013,11(8):4433-4438.
[17]邢文琦.新疆局部电网频率约束下风电最大注入功率研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2009.XING Wenqi.Research on maximum power injection of wind power in Xinjiang regional grid under frequency constraints[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2009.
[18]MILLER N W,PRICE W W,SANCHEZ-GASCA J J.Dynamic modeling of GE 1.5and 3.6wind turbine-generators[C]//IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,July13-17,2003,Toronto,Canada.
[19]李世春,邓长虹,龙志君,等.风电场等效虚拟惯性时间常数计算[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(7):22-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150527014.LI Shichun, DENG Changhong, LONG Zhijun, et al.Calculation of equivalent virtual inertial time constant of wind farm[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(7):22-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150527014.
[20]MORREN J,PIERIK J,HAAN S D.Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2006,76(11):980-987.
[21]EKANAYAKE J,JENKINS N.Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(4):800-802.
[22]ZHANG Z S,SUN Y Z,LIN J,et al.Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2012,6(1):38-47.
[23]CONROY J F,WATSON R.Frequency response capability of full converter wind turbine generators in comparison to conventional generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(2):649-656.
[24]ATTYA A B,HARTKOPF T.Control and quantification of kinetic energy released by wind farms during power system frequency drops[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2013,7(3):210-224.
[25]MORREN J,DE HAAN S W,KLING W L,et al.Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(1):433-434.
[26]李世春,黄悦华,王凌云,等.基于转速控制的双馈风电机组一次调频辅助控制系统建模[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(24):7077-7086.LI Shichun, HUANG Yuehua, WANG Lingyun,et al.Modeling primary frequency regulation auxiliary control system of doubly fed induction generator based on rotor speed control[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(24):7077-7086.
[27]胡杰,余贻鑫.电力系统动态等值参数聚合的实用方法[J].电网技术,2006,30(24):26-30.HU Jie, YU Yixin. A practical method of parameter aggregation for power system dynamic equivalence[J].Power System Technology,2006,30(24):26-30.
[28]KUNDUR P.电力系统稳定与控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2001.KUNDUR P.Power system stability and control[M].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2001.
[29]电能质量:电力系统频率偏差:GB/T 15945—2008[S].2008.Power quality:power system frequency deviation:GB/T15945—2008[S].2008.
[30]50hertz transmission,RTE[R/OL].[2018-02-09].https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/SOC%20documents/RGCE_SPD_frequency_stability_criteria_v10.pdfsearch=frequency%20auxiliary%20service.
[31]ENTSO-E E. Network code for requirements for grid connection applicable to all generators[EB/OL].[2018-02-09].http://networkcodes.entsoe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/130308_Final_Version_NC_RfG1.pdf.
[2]唐西胜,苗福丰,齐智平,等.风力发电的调频技术研究综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(25):4304-4314.TANG Xisheng,MIAO Fufeng,QI Zhiping,et al.Survey on frequency control of wind power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,732014,34(25):4304-4314.
[3]LI Shichun, DENG Changhong, SHU Zhengyu, et al.Equivalent inertial time constant of doubly fed induction generator considering synthetic inertial control[J].Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,2016,8(5):1-7.
[4]BASIT A,HANSEN A D,SRENSEN P E,et al.Real-time impact of power balancing on power system operation with large scale integration of wind power[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(2):202-210.
[5]孙丽玲,胡兰青.双馈风力发电机的调频策略及机组定子故障下的弱电网稳定性研究[J].电网技术,2018,42(2):509-516.SUN Liling,HU Lanqing.Frequency regulation strategy of DFIG-based wind power generating unit and stability research of weak grids considering DFIG stator fault[J].Power System Technology,2018,42(2):509-516.
[6]张冠锋,杨俊友,孙峰,等.基于虚拟惯量和频率下垂控制的双馈风电机组一次调频策略[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(22):225-232.ZHANG Guanfeng,YANG Junyou,SUN Feng,et al.Primary frequency regulation strategy of DFIG based on virtual inertia and frequency droop control[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(22):225-232.
[7]周天沛,孙伟.高渗透率下变速风力机组虚拟惯性控制的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(2):486-496.ZHOU Tianpei,SUN Wei.Study on virtual inertia control for DFIG-based wind farms with high penetration[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(2):486-496.
[8]李世春,邓长虹,龙志君,等.适应于电网高风电渗透率下的双馈风电机组惯性控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(1):33-38.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150329002.LI Shichun,DENG Changhong,LONG Zhijun,et al.Inertial control method of double-fed wind turbines adapted to high wind power penetration rate of power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2016, 40(1):33-38. DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150329002.
[9]FISCHER M,ENGELKEN S,MIHOV N,et al.Operational experiences with inertial response provided by type 4 wind turbines[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2016,10(1):17-24.
[10]GONZALEZ-LONGATT F M.Impact of emulated inertia from wind power on under-frequency protection schemes of future power systems[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2016,4(2):211-218.
[11]管霖,李峰,陈沛东,等.近海风电场接入对地区电网电压的影响和允许接入规模[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(14):162-167.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140910004.GUAN Lin,LI Feng,CHEN Peidong,et al.Impacts of offshore wind farms on local networks voltage and wind power penetration limit[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(14):162-167.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140910004.
[12]白浩,张丕沛,苏剑,等.基于修正能量函数和可信性理论的风机极限穿透功率模型研究[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(8):264-273.BAI Hao,ZHANG Pipei,SU Jian,et al.Model study for determining the wind farm penetration limit based on corrected energy function and credibility theory[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(8):264-273.
[13]汤雪松,殷明慧,邹云.考虑风速相关性的风电穿透功率极限的改进计算[J].电网技术,2015,39(2):420-425.TANG Xuesong, YIN Minghui, ZOU Yun,et al.An improved method to calculate wind power penetration limit considering wind speed correlation[J].Power System Technology,2015,39(2):420-425.
[14]曲正伟,王京波,王云静,等.考虑运行风险约束的风电场群准入容量分析[J].电网技术,2014,38(7):1861-1866.QU Zhengwei, WANG Jingbo, WANG Yunjing,et al.Analysis on acceptable capacity of wind farm group considering operation risk constraints[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(7):1861-1866.
[15]AHMADI H,GHASEMI H.Maximum penetration level of wind generation considering power system security limits[J].IET Generation Transmission&Distribution,2012,6(11):1164-1170.
[16]ZHANG Y,ZHANG H,YAO D,et al.Research on the wind power penetration limit in power system[J].Telkomnika Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering,2013,11(8):4433-4438.
[17]邢文琦.新疆局部电网频率约束下风电最大注入功率研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2009.XING Wenqi.Research on maximum power injection of wind power in Xinjiang regional grid under frequency constraints[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2009.
[18]MILLER N W,PRICE W W,SANCHEZ-GASCA J J.Dynamic modeling of GE 1.5and 3.6wind turbine-generators[C]//IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,July13-17,2003,Toronto,Canada.
[19]李世春,邓长虹,龙志君,等.风电场等效虚拟惯性时间常数计算[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(7):22-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150527014.LI Shichun, DENG Changhong, LONG Zhijun, et al.Calculation of equivalent virtual inertial time constant of wind farm[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(7):22-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150527014.
[20]MORREN J,PIERIK J,HAAN S D.Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2006,76(11):980-987.
[21]EKANAYAKE J,JENKINS N.Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency[J].IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(4):800-802.
[22]ZHANG Z S,SUN Y Z,LIN J,et al.Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2012,6(1):38-47.
[23]CONROY J F,WATSON R.Frequency response capability of full converter wind turbine generators in comparison to conventional generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(2):649-656.
[24]ATTYA A B,HARTKOPF T.Control and quantification of kinetic energy released by wind farms during power system frequency drops[J].IET Renewable Power Generation,2013,7(3):210-224.
[25]MORREN J,DE HAAN S W,KLING W L,et al.Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(1):433-434.
[26]李世春,黄悦华,王凌云,等.基于转速控制的双馈风电机组一次调频辅助控制系统建模[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(24):7077-7086.LI Shichun, HUANG Yuehua, WANG Lingyun,et al.Modeling primary frequency regulation auxiliary control system of doubly fed induction generator based on rotor speed control[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(24):7077-7086.
[27]胡杰,余贻鑫.电力系统动态等值参数聚合的实用方法[J].电网技术,2006,30(24):26-30.HU Jie, YU Yixin. A practical method of parameter aggregation for power system dynamic equivalence[J].Power System Technology,2006,30(24):26-30.
[28]KUNDUR P.电力系统稳定与控制[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2001.KUNDUR P.Power system stability and control[M].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2001.
[29]电能质量:电力系统频率偏差:GB/T 15945—2008[S].2008.Power quality:power system frequency deviation:GB/T15945—2008[S].2008.
[30]50hertz transmission,RTE[R/OL].[2018-02-09].https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/SOC%20documents/RGCE_SPD_frequency_stability_criteria_v10.pdfsearch=frequency%20auxiliary%20service.
[31]ENTSO-E E. Network code for requirements for grid connection applicable to all generators[EB/OL].[2018-02-09].http://networkcodes.entsoe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/130308_Final_Version_NC_RfG1.pdf.