冬奥会小海坨山赛区边界层风场大涡模拟研究
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摘要
北京市延庆区小海坨山将承担2022年第24届冬季奥运会部分高山滑雪、高山速降等室外赛事。由于室外赛事对近地面风场有着极其严格要求,需要提供百米内分辨率风预报产品。目前广泛使用的高分辨率(>1 km)中尺度模式尚不能满足这一预报需求。本文基于中尺度气象模式(WRF)的大涡模拟(LES)功能,针对冬奥小海坨山地区构建在线耦合中-微尺度WRF-LES模式系统,采用四重单向嵌套将水平分辨率从中尺度1 km降至微尺度37 m,对发生在该地区2017年1月13日晴天大风个例开展边界层风场的精细模拟。结合观测,通过设计模式水平、垂直、地形分辨率及边界层方案敏感性试验,检验和评估了WRF-LES作为真实大气模拟工具在复杂地形区域的适用性。结果表明,由于LES能解析大气湍流中部分湍涡能量,相比普通中尺度模式WRF,百米或更高分辨率WRF-LES能捕捉更多大气小尺度运动特征,刻画出局地流场结构,获得更精细、准确的近地面风场信息。为实现精确模拟,模式需引入与水平分辨率相匹配的高分辨率地形高程数据,结合计算资源能力设置垂直网格距。模拟结果表明WRF-LES对复杂山地近地面风场具有超高分辨率模拟应用的潜力和价值,表现出较好的预报能力,可为冬奥会精细气象服务提供技术支持。
Competitions for luge,bobsleigh and alpine skiing of the 24 th Winter Olympic Games in February2022 will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area northwest of Beijing,90 kilometers away from the downtown.The outdoor events are very strict on the near-surface wind fields.Therefore,it is necessary to provide wind field prediction within 100 meters resolution.At present,the widely used mesoscale models,limited by their grid resolution(>1 km),cannot meet the needs.This paper described a multi-scale weather modeling system,WRF-LES,which employs large-eddy simulation(LES) with the WRF model.The system was employed to simulate real-world conditions of a typical clear day with strong winds over Xiaohaituo mountain area.With four nested domains,the horizontal grid spacing is decreased from 1 km to 37 m.Through a group of sensitivity tests of horizontal,vertical,terrain resolution and boundary layer schemes,the applicability of WRF-LES has been evaluated and tested against in-situ observation from MOUNTOAM(Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Observations and Modeling) filed campaign.Compared to ordinary mesoscale model,100 meters or higher resolution WRF-LES results were found to capture more microscale flows owing to its explicit resolving of large atmospheric turbulence eddies,and obtain wind field flowmore resemble the real atmosphere.For accurate simulation,the topographygraphic data should be matched with the model horizontal resolution,and the vertical grid spacing needs to be carefully set.For this case,WRFLES has the potential and value for the ultra-high-resolution simulation of the near-surface wind field over complex mountainous area.It shows high forecasting ability,and can provide technical support for fine weather service in Winter Olympic Games.
Competitions for luge,bobsleigh and alpine skiing of the 24 th Winter Olympic Games in February2022 will be held in Xiaohaituo Mountain area northwest of Beijing,90 kilometers away from the downtown.The outdoor events are very strict on the near-surface wind fields.Therefore,it is necessary to provide wind field prediction within 100 meters resolution.At present,the widely used mesoscale models,limited by their grid resolution(>1 km),cannot meet the needs.This paper described a multi-scale weather modeling system,WRF-LES,which employs large-eddy simulation(LES) with the WRF model.The system was employed to simulate real-world conditions of a typical clear day with strong winds over Xiaohaituo mountain area.With four nested domains,the horizontal grid spacing is decreased from 1 km to 37 m.Through a group of sensitivity tests of horizontal,vertical,terrain resolution and boundary layer schemes,the applicability of WRF-LES has been evaluated and tested against in-situ observation from MOUNTOAM(Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Observations and Modeling) filed campaign.Compared to ordinary mesoscale model,100 meters or higher resolution WRF-LES results were found to capture more microscale flows owing to its explicit resolving of large atmospheric turbulence eddies,and obtain wind field flowmore resemble the real atmosphere.For accurate simulation,the topographygraphic data should be matched with the model horizontal resolution,and the vertical grid spacing needs to be carefully set.For this case,WRFLES has the potential and value for the ultra-high-resolution simulation of the near-surface wind field over complex mountainous area.It shows high forecasting ability,and can provide technical support for fine weather service in Winter Olympic Games.
引文
Beare R J,Macvean MK,Holtslag A A M,et al,2006.An intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of the stable boundary layer[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,118(2):247-272.
Chow K F,Street R L,Xue M,et al,2005.Explicit filtering and reconstruction turbulence modeling for large-eddy simulation of neutral boundary layer flow[J].J Atmos Sci,62(7):2058-2077.
Chow F K,Wekker S F J D,Snyder B J,2013.Mountain w eather research and forecasting[M].Netherlands:Springer Netherlands.
Deardorff J W,2013.Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers[J].J Atmos Sci,29(1):91-115.
Lilly D K,1976.The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments[M].In:Proceedings IBMscientific computing symposium on environmental sciences,14-16 Nov,Yorktow n Heights,NY.
Liu Y,Warner T,Liu Y,et al,2011.Simultaneous nested modeling from the synoptic scale to the LES scale for w ind energy applications[J].Journal of Wind Engineering&Industrial Aerodynamics,99(4):308-319.
Mason P J,Derbyshire S H,1990.Large-eddy simulation of the stablystratified atmospheric boundary layer[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,53(1):117-162.
Milovac J,Branch O L,Bauer H S,et al,2016.High-resolution WRFmodel Simulations of critical land surface-atmosphere interactions Within Arid and Temperate Climates(WRFCLIM)[M].New York:High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering.
Mirocha J D,Lundquist J K,Kosovic'B,2010.Implementation of a nonlinear subfilter turbulence stress model for large-eddy simulation in the advanced research WRF model[J].Mon Wea Rev,138(11):4212-4228.
Moeng C H,Sullivan P P,1994.A comparison of shear-and buoyancydriven planetary boundary layer flow s[J].J Atmos Sci,51(7):999-1022.
Moeng C H,Dudhia J,Klemp J,et al,2007.Examining tw o-w ay grid nesting for large eddy simulation of the PBL using the WRF model[J].Mon Wea Rev,135(6):2295-2311.
Portéagel F,Meneveau C,Parlange MB,2000.A scale-dependent dynamic model for large-eddy simulation:Application to a neutral atmospheric boundary layer[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,415(1):261-284.
Rai R K,Berg L K,Kosovic'B,et al,2017.Comparison of measured and numerically simulated turbulence statistics in a convective boundary layer over complex terrain[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,163(1):69-89.
Shin H H,Hong S Y,2011.Intercomparison of planetary boundarylayer parametrizations in the WRF model for a single day from CASES-99[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,139(2):261-281.
Smagorinsky J,1963.General circulation experiments w ith the primitive equations[J].Mon Wea Rev,91(3):99-164.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,2008.A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for w eather research and forecasting applications[J].Journal of Computational Physics,227(7):3465-3485.
Stull R B,1988.An introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M].Kluw er Academic Publishers,Dordrecht.
Talbot C,Bouzeid E,Smith J,2013.Nested mesoscale large-eddy simulations w ith WRF:performance in real test cases[J].J Hydrometeor,13(5):1421-1441.
Xue L,Chu X,Rasmussen R,et al,2014.A case study of radar observations and WRF LES simulations of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on orographic clouds and precipitation.Part II:AgI dispersion and seeding signals simulated by WRF[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,53(10):2264-2286.
程雪玲,胡非,曾庆存,2015.复杂地形风场的精细数值模拟[J].气候与环境研究,20(1):1-10.Cheng X L,Hu F,Zeng Q C,et al,2015.Refined numerical simulation of complex terrain flow field[J].Climatic Environ Res,20(1):1-10.
崔桂香,张兆顺,许春晓,等,2013.城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展[J].力学进展,43(3):295-328.Cui G X,Zhang Z S,Xu C X,et al,2013.Research advances in large eddy simulation of urban atmospheric environment[J].Advances in Mechanics,43(3):295-328.
胡非,1995.湍流、间歇性与大气边界层[M].北京:科学出版社,Hu F,1995.The intermittent turbulence and atmospheric boundary layer[M].Beijing:Science Press.
李磊,张立杰,张宁,等,2010.FLUENT在复杂地形风场精细模拟中的应用研究[J].高原气象,29(3):621-628.Li L,Zhang LJ,Zhang L,et al,2010.Application of FLUENT on the fine scale simulation of the w ind field over complex terrain[J].Plateau Meteor,29(3):621-628.
林文实,黄美元,1998.积云参数化方案研究的现状[J].热带气象学报,(4):374-379.Lin W S,Hang MY,1998.The state about the study in cumulus parameterization[J].J Trop Meteor,(4):374-379.
刘树华,刘振鑫,郑辉,等,2013.多尺度大气边界层与陆面物理过程模式的研究进展[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,43(10):1332-1355.Liu S H,Liu Z X,Zheng H,et al,2013.Multi-scale atmospheric boundary-layer and land surface physics process models[J].Scientia Sinica,43(10):1332-1355.
蒋维楣,苗世光,2004.大涡模拟与大气边界层研究30年回顾与展望[J].自然科学进展,14(1):11-19.Jiang W M,Miao S G,2004.Large eddy simulation and atmospheric boundary layer-Review and prospect in the past 30 years[J].Progress in Natural Science,14(1):11-19.
孙学金,李岩,张燕鸿,等,2017.基于WRF-LES的干旱湖区近地面风场模拟与敏感性研究[J].高原气象,36(3):835-844.Sun X J,Li Y,Zhang Y H,et al,2017.Near-surface w ind w imulationb over acrid lake area and sensitivity studies using the WRF-LES[J].Plateau Meteor,36(3):835-844.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00058.
杨玉华,刘长海,Jimy Dudhia,等,2016.基于大涡模拟对两类典型边界层参数化方案的评估分析[J].高原气象,35(1):172-180.Yang Y H,Liu C H,Dudhia J,et al,2016.Evaluation of tw o typical PBL parameterization schemes based on large-eddy simulation result[J].Plateau Meteor,35(1):172-180.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00138.
张宁,蒋维楣,2006.建筑物对大气污染物扩散影响的大涡模拟[J].大气科学,30(2):212-220.Zhang N,Jiang W M,2006.Alarge eddy simulation on the effect of building on atmospheric pollutant dispersion[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,30(2):212-220.
张亦洲,苗世光,李青春,等,2017.北京城市下垫面对雾影响的数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,60(1):22-36.Zhang Y Z,Miao S G,Li Q C,et al,2017.Numerical simulation of the impact of urban underlying surface on fog in Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,60(1):22-36.
张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓,2005.湍流理论与模拟[M].北京:清华大学出版社.Zhang Z S,Cui G X,Xu C X,2005.Theory and modeling of turbulence[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.
郑亦佳,刘树华,缪育聪,等,2016.YSU边界层参数化方案中不同地形订正方法对地面风速及温度模拟的影响[J].地球物理学报,59(3):803-815.Zheng Y J,Liu S H,Miao Y C,et al,2016.Effects of different topographygraphic correction methods on the simulation of surface w ind speed and temperature in parameterization scheme of the YSU boundary layer[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,59(3):803-815.
左全,张庆红,2016.大涡模拟在华北地区一次冬季辐射雾过程中的应用[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),52(5):819-828.Zuo Q,Zhang Q H,2016.Application of large eddy simulation for a w inter radiation fog event in north China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,52(5):819-828.
Chow K F,Street R L,Xue M,et al,2005.Explicit filtering and reconstruction turbulence modeling for large-eddy simulation of neutral boundary layer flow[J].J Atmos Sci,62(7):2058-2077.
Chow F K,Wekker S F J D,Snyder B J,2013.Mountain w eather research and forecasting[M].Netherlands:Springer Netherlands.
Deardorff J W,2013.Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers[J].J Atmos Sci,29(1):91-115.
Lilly D K,1976.The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments[M].In:Proceedings IBMscientific computing symposium on environmental sciences,14-16 Nov,Yorktow n Heights,NY.
Liu Y,Warner T,Liu Y,et al,2011.Simultaneous nested modeling from the synoptic scale to the LES scale for w ind energy applications[J].Journal of Wind Engineering&Industrial Aerodynamics,99(4):308-319.
Mason P J,Derbyshire S H,1990.Large-eddy simulation of the stablystratified atmospheric boundary layer[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,53(1):117-162.
Milovac J,Branch O L,Bauer H S,et al,2016.High-resolution WRFmodel Simulations of critical land surface-atmosphere interactions Within Arid and Temperate Climates(WRFCLIM)[M].New York:High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering.
Mirocha J D,Lundquist J K,Kosovic'B,2010.Implementation of a nonlinear subfilter turbulence stress model for large-eddy simulation in the advanced research WRF model[J].Mon Wea Rev,138(11):4212-4228.
Moeng C H,Sullivan P P,1994.A comparison of shear-and buoyancydriven planetary boundary layer flow s[J].J Atmos Sci,51(7):999-1022.
Moeng C H,Dudhia J,Klemp J,et al,2007.Examining tw o-w ay grid nesting for large eddy simulation of the PBL using the WRF model[J].Mon Wea Rev,135(6):2295-2311.
Portéagel F,Meneveau C,Parlange MB,2000.A scale-dependent dynamic model for large-eddy simulation:Application to a neutral atmospheric boundary layer[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,415(1):261-284.
Rai R K,Berg L K,Kosovic'B,et al,2017.Comparison of measured and numerically simulated turbulence statistics in a convective boundary layer over complex terrain[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,163(1):69-89.
Shin H H,Hong S Y,2011.Intercomparison of planetary boundarylayer parametrizations in the WRF model for a single day from CASES-99[J].Bound-Lay Meteor,139(2):261-281.
Smagorinsky J,1963.General circulation experiments w ith the primitive equations[J].Mon Wea Rev,91(3):99-164.
Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,2008.A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for w eather research and forecasting applications[J].Journal of Computational Physics,227(7):3465-3485.
Stull R B,1988.An introduction to boundary layer meteorology[M].Kluw er Academic Publishers,Dordrecht.
Talbot C,Bouzeid E,Smith J,2013.Nested mesoscale large-eddy simulations w ith WRF:performance in real test cases[J].J Hydrometeor,13(5):1421-1441.
Xue L,Chu X,Rasmussen R,et al,2014.A case study of radar observations and WRF LES simulations of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on orographic clouds and precipitation.Part II:AgI dispersion and seeding signals simulated by WRF[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,53(10):2264-2286.
程雪玲,胡非,曾庆存,2015.复杂地形风场的精细数值模拟[J].气候与环境研究,20(1):1-10.Cheng X L,Hu F,Zeng Q C,et al,2015.Refined numerical simulation of complex terrain flow field[J].Climatic Environ Res,20(1):1-10.
崔桂香,张兆顺,许春晓,等,2013.城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展[J].力学进展,43(3):295-328.Cui G X,Zhang Z S,Xu C X,et al,2013.Research advances in large eddy simulation of urban atmospheric environment[J].Advances in Mechanics,43(3):295-328.
胡非,1995.湍流、间歇性与大气边界层[M].北京:科学出版社,Hu F,1995.The intermittent turbulence and atmospheric boundary layer[M].Beijing:Science Press.
李磊,张立杰,张宁,等,2010.FLUENT在复杂地形风场精细模拟中的应用研究[J].高原气象,29(3):621-628.Li L,Zhang LJ,Zhang L,et al,2010.Application of FLUENT on the fine scale simulation of the w ind field over complex terrain[J].Plateau Meteor,29(3):621-628.
林文实,黄美元,1998.积云参数化方案研究的现状[J].热带气象学报,(4):374-379.Lin W S,Hang MY,1998.The state about the study in cumulus parameterization[J].J Trop Meteor,(4):374-379.
刘树华,刘振鑫,郑辉,等,2013.多尺度大气边界层与陆面物理过程模式的研究进展[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,43(10):1332-1355.Liu S H,Liu Z X,Zheng H,et al,2013.Multi-scale atmospheric boundary-layer and land surface physics process models[J].Scientia Sinica,43(10):1332-1355.
蒋维楣,苗世光,2004.大涡模拟与大气边界层研究30年回顾与展望[J].自然科学进展,14(1):11-19.Jiang W M,Miao S G,2004.Large eddy simulation and atmospheric boundary layer-Review and prospect in the past 30 years[J].Progress in Natural Science,14(1):11-19.
孙学金,李岩,张燕鸿,等,2017.基于WRF-LES的干旱湖区近地面风场模拟与敏感性研究[J].高原气象,36(3):835-844.Sun X J,Li Y,Zhang Y H,et al,2017.Near-surface w ind w imulationb over acrid lake area and sensitivity studies using the WRF-LES[J].Plateau Meteor,36(3):835-844.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00058.
杨玉华,刘长海,Jimy Dudhia,等,2016.基于大涡模拟对两类典型边界层参数化方案的评估分析[J].高原气象,35(1):172-180.Yang Y H,Liu C H,Dudhia J,et al,2016.Evaluation of tw o typical PBL parameterization schemes based on large-eddy simulation result[J].Plateau Meteor,35(1):172-180.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00138.
张宁,蒋维楣,2006.建筑物对大气污染物扩散影响的大涡模拟[J].大气科学,30(2):212-220.Zhang N,Jiang W M,2006.Alarge eddy simulation on the effect of building on atmospheric pollutant dispersion[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,30(2):212-220.
张亦洲,苗世光,李青春,等,2017.北京城市下垫面对雾影响的数值模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,60(1):22-36.Zhang Y Z,Miao S G,Li Q C,et al,2017.Numerical simulation of the impact of urban underlying surface on fog in Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,60(1):22-36.
张兆顺,崔桂香,许春晓,2005.湍流理论与模拟[M].北京:清华大学出版社.Zhang Z S,Cui G X,Xu C X,2005.Theory and modeling of turbulence[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press.
郑亦佳,刘树华,缪育聪,等,2016.YSU边界层参数化方案中不同地形订正方法对地面风速及温度模拟的影响[J].地球物理学报,59(3):803-815.Zheng Y J,Liu S H,Miao Y C,et al,2016.Effects of different topographygraphic correction methods on the simulation of surface w ind speed and temperature in parameterization scheme of the YSU boundary layer[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,59(3):803-815.
左全,张庆红,2016.大涡模拟在华北地区一次冬季辐射雾过程中的应用[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),52(5):819-828.Zuo Q,Zhang Q H,2016.Application of large eddy simulation for a w inter radiation fog event in north China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,52(5):819-828.