对海南地区石斑鱼养殖中鱼蛭病的初步研究
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摘要
近年来,在海南地区养殖的石斑鱼鱼体上寄生了一种鱼蛭,为了了解该蛭的种类、宿主和寄生偏好,对该蛭进行了形态学观察,并基于NJ法构建了COI、NDI和18s rDNA基因的系统发生树,调查和总结了该蛭的宿主和寄生偏好.基于COI、NDI和18s rDNA基因序列的系统发生树和比对分析显示,该蛭与在Borneo采集的菲律宾蛭的亲缘关系最近,为同一个种;此外,在海南地区发现了菲律宾蛭的9种海水鱼类宿主,这些宿主为豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)、棕点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)、点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)、斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)、鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus)、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀)、驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)、波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)、六斑刺鲀(Diodon holocanthus)等,而且发现菲律宾蛭最喜欢寄生在豹纹鳃棘鲈上,其对5种石斑鱼的寄生偏好依次为:豹纹鳃棘鲈>点带石斑鱼≥棕点石斑鱼>珍珠龙胆石斑鱼>龙胆石斑鱼.笔者推测:寄生在海南地区养殖石斑鱼体上的菲律宾蛭是通过石斑鱼贸易而进入海南的一个外来种,该蛭对海南地区其他海水鱼类的养殖不会直接造成损害,但该蛭的繁殖速度快,易引起石斑鱼烂身、消瘦、营养不良、严重减产等,更可能成为血液细菌、病毒、寄生虫等微生物传播的媒介,从而存在引发海水养殖鱼类大量发病的可能.
In recent years,there is a fish leech found parasitic on the fish body of cultured grouper in Hainan.To elucidate the species of leeches,the morphological research was performed and phylogenetic trees were constructed by NJ method based on COI,ND I and 18s rDNA gene. The morphological results indicated that the species of the leech found in Hainan Island is Zeylanicobdella arugamensis; cylindrical with body length of 9 mm~ 15 mm and body width of 0. 7 mm ~ 1. 2 mm,dark brown or yellowish brown with 6 longitudinal black spots on the surface,two sucher on each end,the front sucker is oval with the maximum diameter about 1. 0 mm and 6 radial dark brown spots,the tail sucker is larger with the diameter about 1. 9 mm and 14 radial dark brown spots and no eye spots,one pairs of oval eyes near base of the head back,the body is soft and smooth,no mastoid and pulsating sac,hatching opaque eggs with the diameter about 0. 6 mm. The phylogenetic trees analysis showed that the leech from Hainan Island converge with Z. arugamensis from Borneo into the same species,there are near genetic evolution distance with the species of Aestabdella,Piscicola and Cystobranchus,and far genetic distance with W. laevis( Haemopidae) and H. nipponia( Hirudo). Hosts of Z. arugamensis from Hainan Island included Plectropomus leopardus,E. fuscoguttatus,E. malabaricus,E. coioides,E. lanceolatus,and pearl gentian grouper( male E. lanceolatus × female E. fuscoguttatus) etc.; The parasitic preference of leeches on 5 species of grouper was as follows,P. leopardus > E. malabaricus≥E. fuscoguttatus > pearl gentian grouper > E. lanceolatus. The fish leech found parasitic on the fish body of cultured grouper in Hainan Island might be an alien species through grouper or other species of marine fish trade entering Hainan Island. The leeches might not directly cause damage to the aquaculture of Hainan sea fish,but possibly became an medium of blood bacteria,virus and parasitic diseases( Trypanosomiasis) causing a large number of fish diseases.
In recent years,there is a fish leech found parasitic on the fish body of cultured grouper in Hainan.To elucidate the species of leeches,the morphological research was performed and phylogenetic trees were constructed by NJ method based on COI,ND I and 18s rDNA gene. The morphological results indicated that the species of the leech found in Hainan Island is Zeylanicobdella arugamensis; cylindrical with body length of 9 mm~ 15 mm and body width of 0. 7 mm ~ 1. 2 mm,dark brown or yellowish brown with 6 longitudinal black spots on the surface,two sucher on each end,the front sucker is oval with the maximum diameter about 1. 0 mm and 6 radial dark brown spots,the tail sucker is larger with the diameter about 1. 9 mm and 14 radial dark brown spots and no eye spots,one pairs of oval eyes near base of the head back,the body is soft and smooth,no mastoid and pulsating sac,hatching opaque eggs with the diameter about 0. 6 mm. The phylogenetic trees analysis showed that the leech from Hainan Island converge with Z. arugamensis from Borneo into the same species,there are near genetic evolution distance with the species of Aestabdella,Piscicola and Cystobranchus,and far genetic distance with W. laevis( Haemopidae) and H. nipponia( Hirudo). Hosts of Z. arugamensis from Hainan Island included Plectropomus leopardus,E. fuscoguttatus,E. malabaricus,E. coioides,E. lanceolatus,and pearl gentian grouper( male E. lanceolatus × female E. fuscoguttatus) etc.; The parasitic preference of leeches on 5 species of grouper was as follows,P. leopardus > E. malabaricus≥E. fuscoguttatus > pearl gentian grouper > E. lanceolatus. The fish leech found parasitic on the fish body of cultured grouper in Hainan Island might be an alien species through grouper or other species of marine fish trade entering Hainan Island. The leeches might not directly cause damage to the aquaculture of Hainan sea fish,but possibly became an medium of blood bacteria,virus and parasitic diseases( Trypanosomiasis) causing a large number of fish diseases.
引文
[1]沈铭辉,王永波,梁松,等.海南省热带水产苗种产业发展现状及对策[J].热带生物学报,2016,7(2):171-176.
[2]Silva D. Zeylanicobdella arugamensis gen. nov. and sp. nov. from Arugam Kalapu,Eastern Province,Ceylon[J]. Spolia Zeylanica,1963,30:47-53.
[3]Silva D. Fernando C. H. Three marine leeches(Piscicolidae,Hirudinea)from the Malay Peninsula[J]. Spolia Zeylanica1965,30:227-232.
[4]Cruz-Lacierda E R,Toledo J D,Tan-Fermin J D,et al. Marine leech(Zeylanicobdella arugamensis)infestation in cultured orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides[J]. Aquaculture,2000,185(3–4):191-196.
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[6]Bengchu K,Azmi M A,Noor K. Life cycle of the marine leech(Zeylanicobdella arugamensis)isolated from sea bass(Lates calcarifer)under laboratory conditions[J]. Aquaculture,2010,302(3):153-157.
[7]Kua B C,Choong F C,Leaw Y Y. Effect of salinity and temperature on marine leech,Zeylanicobdella arugamensis(De Silva)under laboratory conditions[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2014,37(3):201-207.
[8]Rajiv,Ravi,Shariman,et al. Zeylanicobdella arugamensis,the marine leech from cultured crimson snapper(Lutjanus erythropterus),Jerejak Island,Penang,Malaysia[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,2017,7(5):473-477.
[9]王永波,符书源,李丙顺,等.池塘养殖石斑鱼鱼蛭病防治实验[J].热带生物学报,2011,2(1):59-62.
[10]王永波,王秀英,刘金叶,等.野生波纹唇鱼驯养过程中的寄生虫病及其防治[J].水产科技情报,2016,43(4):178-180.
[11]Green M R,Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual[M]. 4th Edition. Cold Spring Harbor,NY,USA:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2012.
[12]Williams J I,Burreson E M. Phylogeny of the fish leeches(Oligochaeta,Hirudinida,Piscicolidae)based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphology[J]. Zoologica Scripta,2006,35(6):627–639.
[13]易啸,王攀攀,王军,等.基于线粒体COI的DNA条形码在对虾科种类鉴定中的研究[J].水产学报,2018,42(1):1-9.
[14]Tamura K,Stecher G,Peterson D,et al. MEGA6:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. 0[J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,2013,30(12):2725-2729.
[15]宋大祥.蚂蟥[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[16]谭恩光.中国蛭类生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6272-6281.
[17]杨潼·中国动物志·环节动物门.蛭纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[18]雷霁霖,马爱军,王印庚,等.一种吻蛭类大鱼蛭在大菱鲆鱼体上的感染[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(3):72-74.
[19]杨潼.关于湖蛭属及其一新种的记述[J].水生生物学报,1987,11(3):268-273.
[20]杨潼.福建省福清海滩大弹涂鱼寄生鱼蛭—新种(蛭纲:吻蛭目::鱼蛭科)[J].动物分类学报,2002,27(2):212-216.
[21]刘英奎.基于数值分类学及分子系统学的宽体金线蛭和光润金线蛭分类研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2011.
[22]徐云玲,聂晶,肖凌. 6种水蛭的COI、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因及分子进化分析[J].生物学杂志,2013,30(6):10-13.
[23]李石磊,张明,王庆志,等. 16种环节动物线粒体基因排列、特征比较及系统发育分析[J].水产科学,2015,34(2):104-112.
[24]Struck T H,Paul C,Hill N,et al. Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution[J]. Nature,2011,471(7336):95-98.
[25]Utevsky S Y,Trontelj P. Phylogenetic relationships of fish leeches(Hirudinea,Piscicolidae)based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data[J]. Zoologica Scripta,2004,33(4):375–385.
[26]Wang M,Yan S,Wang Y,et al. Occurrence of trypanosomiasis in net-cage cultured groupers(Cromileptes altivelis and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)in Nanshan port of Sanya,Hainan province,China[J]. Aquaculture Research,2015,46(5):1039-1043.
[27]Hayes P M,Smit N J,Seddon A M,et al. A new fish haemogregarine from South Africa and its suspected dual transmission with trypanosomes by a marine leech[J]. Folia Parasitologica,2006,53(4):241-248.
[28]Hayes P M,Lawton S P,Smit N J,et al. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa,including its development in a leech vector[J]. Parasit Vectors,2014,7(1):50.
[2]Silva D. Zeylanicobdella arugamensis gen. nov. and sp. nov. from Arugam Kalapu,Eastern Province,Ceylon[J]. Spolia Zeylanica,1963,30:47-53.
[3]Silva D. Fernando C. H. Three marine leeches(Piscicolidae,Hirudinea)from the Malay Peninsula[J]. Spolia Zeylanica1965,30:227-232.
[4]Cruz-Lacierda E R,Toledo J D,Tan-Fermin J D,et al. Marine leech(Zeylanicobdella arugamensis)infestation in cultured orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides[J]. Aquaculture,2000,185(3–4):191-196.
[5]Nagasawa K,Uyeno D. Zeylanicobdella arugamensis(Hirudinida,Piscicolidae),a leech infesting brackish-water fishes,new to Japan[J]. Biogeography,2009,11:125-130.
[6]Bengchu K,Azmi M A,Noor K. Life cycle of the marine leech(Zeylanicobdella arugamensis)isolated from sea bass(Lates calcarifer)under laboratory conditions[J]. Aquaculture,2010,302(3):153-157.
[7]Kua B C,Choong F C,Leaw Y Y. Effect of salinity and temperature on marine leech,Zeylanicobdella arugamensis(De Silva)under laboratory conditions[J]. Journal of Fish Diseases,2014,37(3):201-207.
[8]Rajiv,Ravi,Shariman,et al. Zeylanicobdella arugamensis,the marine leech from cultured crimson snapper(Lutjanus erythropterus),Jerejak Island,Penang,Malaysia[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,2017,7(5):473-477.
[9]王永波,符书源,李丙顺,等.池塘养殖石斑鱼鱼蛭病防治实验[J].热带生物学报,2011,2(1):59-62.
[10]王永波,王秀英,刘金叶,等.野生波纹唇鱼驯养过程中的寄生虫病及其防治[J].水产科技情报,2016,43(4):178-180.
[11]Green M R,Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual[M]. 4th Edition. Cold Spring Harbor,NY,USA:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2012.
[12]Williams J I,Burreson E M. Phylogeny of the fish leeches(Oligochaeta,Hirudinida,Piscicolidae)based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphology[J]. Zoologica Scripta,2006,35(6):627–639.
[13]易啸,王攀攀,王军,等.基于线粒体COI的DNA条形码在对虾科种类鉴定中的研究[J].水产学报,2018,42(1):1-9.
[14]Tamura K,Stecher G,Peterson D,et al. MEGA6:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6. 0[J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,2013,30(12):2725-2729.
[15]宋大祥.蚂蟥[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
[16]谭恩光.中国蛭类生态地理类群特征及其防护医用研究进展[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6272-6281.
[17]杨潼·中国动物志·环节动物门.蛭纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
[18]雷霁霖,马爱军,王印庚,等.一种吻蛭类大鱼蛭在大菱鲆鱼体上的感染[J].海洋水产研究,2003,24(3):72-74.
[19]杨潼.关于湖蛭属及其一新种的记述[J].水生生物学报,1987,11(3):268-273.
[20]杨潼.福建省福清海滩大弹涂鱼寄生鱼蛭—新种(蛭纲:吻蛭目::鱼蛭科)[J].动物分类学报,2002,27(2):212-216.
[21]刘英奎.基于数值分类学及分子系统学的宽体金线蛭和光润金线蛭分类研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2011.
[22]徐云玲,聂晶,肖凌. 6种水蛭的COI、12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因及分子进化分析[J].生物学杂志,2013,30(6):10-13.
[23]李石磊,张明,王庆志,等. 16种环节动物线粒体基因排列、特征比较及系统发育分析[J].水产科学,2015,34(2):104-112.
[24]Struck T H,Paul C,Hill N,et al. Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution[J]. Nature,2011,471(7336):95-98.
[25]Utevsky S Y,Trontelj P. Phylogenetic relationships of fish leeches(Hirudinea,Piscicolidae)based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data[J]. Zoologica Scripta,2004,33(4):375–385.
[26]Wang M,Yan S,Wang Y,et al. Occurrence of trypanosomiasis in net-cage cultured groupers(Cromileptes altivelis and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)in Nanshan port of Sanya,Hainan province,China[J]. Aquaculture Research,2015,46(5):1039-1043.
[27]Hayes P M,Smit N J,Seddon A M,et al. A new fish haemogregarine from South Africa and its suspected dual transmission with trypanosomes by a marine leech[J]. Folia Parasitologica,2006,53(4):241-248.
[28]Hayes P M,Lawton S P,Smit N J,et al. Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa,including its development in a leech vector[J]. Parasit Vectors,2014,7(1):50.