辽宁地区一次大范围霾天气过程成因分析
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摘要
霾天气是近年来备受关注的天气现象,辽宁省近几年霾天气现象时有发生,造成空气污染程度日益加重,大气能见度水平越来越差,加强对霾天气形成发展机制的研究具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。为研究辽宁地区霾污染天气的成因,以2015年11月6～10日辽宁地区发生的一次大范围霾天气过程为例,综合利用环境监测数据、卫星遥感监测资料、常规气象观测资料和探空资料,结合HYSPLIT4模型后向轨迹模式,分析此次大范围霾天气过程中的污染来源、污染气体的输送方向和路径、环境和气象要素的变化以及霾天气的形成发展机制。分析结果表明:黑龙江、吉林地区大范围秸秆焚烧产生的气体污染物(CO、NO2)和颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)是本次辽宁地区霾天气过程的主要污染来源,后向轨迹分析表明污染物在偏北风作用下吹向辽宁地区。霾天气发生期间,辽宁地区受弱高空槽控制、近地面存在深厚逆温层、地面受稳定低压天气系统控制、大气层结稳定、近地面风速小,维持在2m·s-1、相对湿度大,使污染物垂直和水平扩散能力受到抑制,污染物在辽宁地区不断积聚。加上辽宁地区大范围弱降水过程使空气湿度变大,相对湿度保持在80%以上,污染物吸湿增长,加重了空气污染程度。同时,对霾天气期间6种污染物和3种气象要素与能见度的相关性分析结果表明,颗粒污染物(PM2.5、PM10)和气体污染物(CO、NO2)浓度与能见度呈现显著相关,在气象要素中,相对湿度与能见度相关性最高。说明颗粒物浓度升高、相对湿度增大是导致此次大范围重霾污染过程能见度大幅下降的重要原因。
Haze is a weather phenomenon that has attracted much attention in recent years. In Liaoning province, haze weather has occurred frequently in recent years, which result in an increasing degree of air pollution, and the level of atmospheric visibility is getting worse. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to strengthen the research on the formation mechanism of haze. The reasons of a large-scale haze process happened in Liaoning province from November 6th to 10th in 2015 were analyzed. Comprehensive analysis were conducted based on the pollutant data from environmental monitoring stations,satellite remote sensing monitoring data, conventional meteorological observation data and sounding data, combined with the HYSPLIT4 backward trajectory model, we analyzed the sources, transport path of pollution, the changes in environmental and meteorological elements, and the formation mechanism of the haze weather process. The results showed that gas pollutants(CO,NO2) and particulate matter(PM2.5, PM10) produced by straw burning in Heilongjiang and Jilin province were the main pollution sources. The atmospheric trajectory analysis showed the northerly winds provided favorable weather conditions for pollutants transportation. During the haze, Liaoning province were controlled by weak trough aloft, a deep temperature inversion near the ground, a stable low-pressure weather system on the ground, and the stable atmospheric stratification, the near-surface wind speed was low, maintained at 2 m·s-1, and the relative humidity is high. Therefore, the vertical and horizontal diffusion capacity of the pollutants was inhibited, and the pollutants were continuously accumulated in Liaoning province. In addition, the wide range of weak precipitation process in Liaoning province made air humidity become larger and the relative humidity maintained above80%, and the moisture absorption of pollutants increased, aggravating the degree of air pollution. Moreover, the correlation analysis of six pollutants and three meteorological elements with visibility during the large-scale haze pollution process showed that the concentration of particulate matter(PM2.5, PM10) and gaseous pollutants(CO, NO2) were significantly correlated with visibility. Among meteorological elements, the correlation between relative humidity and visibility was the highest. Therefore, the increase of particulate matter concentration and relative humidity is an important reason for the sharp decline in visibility during this large-scale heavy haze pollution process.
Haze is a weather phenomenon that has attracted much attention in recent years. In Liaoning province, haze weather has occurred frequently in recent years, which result in an increasing degree of air pollution, and the level of atmospheric visibility is getting worse. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to strengthen the research on the formation mechanism of haze. The reasons of a large-scale haze process happened in Liaoning province from November 6th to 10th in 2015 were analyzed. Comprehensive analysis were conducted based on the pollutant data from environmental monitoring stations,satellite remote sensing monitoring data, conventional meteorological observation data and sounding data, combined with the HYSPLIT4 backward trajectory model, we analyzed the sources, transport path of pollution, the changes in environmental and meteorological elements, and the formation mechanism of the haze weather process. The results showed that gas pollutants(CO,NO2) and particulate matter(PM2.5, PM10) produced by straw burning in Heilongjiang and Jilin province were the main pollution sources. The atmospheric trajectory analysis showed the northerly winds provided favorable weather conditions for pollutants transportation. During the haze, Liaoning province were controlled by weak trough aloft, a deep temperature inversion near the ground, a stable low-pressure weather system on the ground, and the stable atmospheric stratification, the near-surface wind speed was low, maintained at 2 m·s-1, and the relative humidity is high. Therefore, the vertical and horizontal diffusion capacity of the pollutants was inhibited, and the pollutants were continuously accumulated in Liaoning province. In addition, the wide range of weak precipitation process in Liaoning province made air humidity become larger and the relative humidity maintained above80%, and the moisture absorption of pollutants increased, aggravating the degree of air pollution. Moreover, the correlation analysis of six pollutants and three meteorological elements with visibility during the large-scale haze pollution process showed that the concentration of particulate matter(PM2.5, PM10) and gaseous pollutants(CO, NO2) were significantly correlated with visibility. Among meteorological elements, the correlation between relative humidity and visibility was the highest. Therefore, the increase of particulate matter concentration and relative humidity is an important reason for the sharp decline in visibility during this large-scale heavy haze pollution process.
引文
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[3]刘丽伟,李文才,尚可政,等.京津冀地区一次严重霾天气过程及其影响因素分析[J].气象与环境学报,2015,31(3):35-42.
[4]俞剑蔚,孙燕,张备,等.江苏沿江一次重霾天气成因分析[J].气象科学,2009,29(5):664-669.
[5]刘端阳,张靖,吴序鹏,等.淮安一次雾霾过程的污染物变化特征及来源分析[J].大气科学学报,2014,37(4):484-492.
[6]高岑,王体健,吴建军,等.2009年秋季南京地区一次持续性灰霾天气过程研究[J].气象科学,2012,32(3):246-252.
[7]王博妮,濮梅娟,苗茜.江苏地区连续性雾霾天气的污染物浓度变化和特征分析[J].大气科学学报,2016,39(2):243-252.
[8] KANG H Q,ZHU B,SU J F,et al.Analysis of a long-lasting haze episode in Nanjing[J].China Atmospheric Research,2013,120-121:78-87.
[9]张蓬勃,金琼,陆晓波,等.2013年1月持续性霾天气中影响污染程度的气象条件分析[J].气象科学,2016,36(1):112-120.
[10]吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等.环首都圈霾和雾长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):1-11.
[11]王静,施润和,李龙,等.上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1537-1546.
[12]洪也,马雁军,王喜全,等.辽宁中部城市群灰霾天气的外来影响—个案分析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(8):2115-2122.
[13]邹旭东,杨洪斌,张云海,等.辽宁中部城市灰霾天气数值模拟[J].气象与环境学报,2014,30(6):92-99.
[14] DRAXLER R R,HESS G D.An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories,dispersion and deposition[J].Australian Meteorological Magazine,1998,47:295-308.
[15]吕建华,彭岩波,谢刚.2013年济南市大气能见度与相对湿度和PM10、PM2.5的关系[J].气象与环境科学,2016,39(4):93-97.
[16]候鲁健,刘玉堂,吕波.济南市大气水平能见度与环境污染相关性分析[J].环境工程学报,2013,8(6):2523-2528.
[17]李莉莉,王琨,姜珺秋,等.黑龙江省秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单及时空分布[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(9):3280-3287.