生态系统服务分类综述与流域尺度重分类研究
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摘要
将生态系统服务理论应用于管理实践是当今研究的重要趋势,而构建符合人类管理需求的分类体系则是其基础。通过综述国内外生态系统服务的分类体系发现:目前研究多从生态系统的产出特征及与人类收益的对应关系进行分类,欠缺针对某一特定管理目标、有助于人类管理决策的分类体系。据此,在已有研究的基础上,考虑流域普遍面临的水环境问题及管理需求,构建一套适用于流域水环境管理的分类体系,并探讨与已有分类的异同。该分类体系将水环境健康作为总体管理目标,根据与该目标的关系确定直接服务、间接服务及生态收益3大类:直接服务是管理目标的具体表征,主要以物理量度量;间接服务有助于支撑管理目标的实现,应综合多学科方法量化;生态收益则体现管理目标的最终效果,可通过价值化方法表征。该分类体系有助于流域关键生态系统服务的识别及特征分析,为后续开展相应模拟、制图及评价等研究奠定基础。
Application of ecosystem service theory to management practice is an important trend of research. Such application depends on the classification system of ecosystem services that meets human management needs. This article reviewed international and Chinese classifications of ecosystem services, and found that current works focus on the characteristics of ecosystem output and its correspondence to human benefits, but lack a system specific to a certain management target and conducive to human management decision. Therefore, based on water environment problems and management demands, this study developed a new classification system of ecosystem services suitable to water environment management at watershed scale, and discussed the similarities and differences with several other classifications. This proposed classification system took water environment health as the management target. According to the relationships with this target, ecosystem services were divided into three categories: direct services, indirect services, and ecological benefits. Direct services were defined as the ecosystem processes and functions that directly reflect the management target, and were measured by physical quantity.Indirect services were the processes and functions that support the achievement of the management target, and were quantified using multidisciplinary methods. Ecological benefits indicate the final effect of the management target and were calculated by valuation methods. This classification system can help identify and analyze critical ecosystem services in watersheds, which lays a foundation for subsequent simulation, mapping, and evaluation of ecosystem services.
Application of ecosystem service theory to management practice is an important trend of research. Such application depends on the classification system of ecosystem services that meets human management needs. This article reviewed international and Chinese classifications of ecosystem services, and found that current works focus on the characteristics of ecosystem output and its correspondence to human benefits, but lack a system specific to a certain management target and conducive to human management decision. Therefore, based on water environment problems and management demands, this study developed a new classification system of ecosystem services suitable to water environment management at watershed scale, and discussed the similarities and differences with several other classifications. This proposed classification system took water environment health as the management target. According to the relationships with this target, ecosystem services were divided into three categories: direct services, indirect services, and ecological benefits. Direct services were defined as the ecosystem processes and functions that directly reflect the management target, and were measured by physical quantity.Indirect services were the processes and functions that support the achievement of the management target, and were quantified using multidisciplinary methods. Ecological benefits indicate the final effect of the management target and were calculated by valuation methods. This classification system can help identify and analyze critical ecosystem services in watersheds, which lays a foundation for subsequent simulation, mapping, and evaluation of ecosystem services.
引文
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[38]Haines-Young R,Potschin M,Kienast F.Indicators of ecosystem service potential at European scales:Mapping marginal changes and trade-offs[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,21:39-53.
[39]Mononen L,Auvinen A P,Ahokumpu A L,et al.National ecosystem service indicators:Measures of social-ecological sustainability[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61:27-37.
[40]Albert C,Bonn A,Burkhard B,et al.Towards a national set of ecosystem service indicators:Insights from Germany[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61(1):38-48.
[41]Costanza R.Ecosystem services:Multiple classification systems are needed[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(2):350-352.
[42]王玲慧,张代青,李凯娟.河流生态系统服务价值评价综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(S1):10-14.[Wang L H,Zhang D Q,Li K J.A survey of river ecosystem services value evaluation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(S1):10-14.]
[43]Turner R K,Van den Bergh J C,S?derqvist T,et al.Ecologicaleconomic analysis of wetlands:Scientific integration for management and policy[J].Ecological Economics,2000,35(1):7-23.
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[45]Zhang W,Ricketts T H,Kremen C,et al.Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture[J].Ecological Economics,2007,64(2):253-260.
[46]吴绍华,虞燕娜,朱江,等.土壤生态系统服务的概念、量化及其对城市化的响应[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):970-978.[Wu S H,Yu Y N,Zhu J,et al.Soil ecosystem services:Concept,quantificaion and response to urbanization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(5):970-978.]
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[2]李琰,李双成,高阳,等.连接多层次人类福祉的生态系统服务分类框架[J].地理学报,2013,68(8):1038-1047.[Li Y,Li S C,Gao Y,et al.Ecosystem services and hierarchic human well-being:Concepts and service classification framework[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1038-1047.]
[3]Daily G C,Matson P A.Ecosystem services:From theory to implementation[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(28):9455-9456.
[4]McKenzie E,Posner S,Tillmann P,et al.Understanding the use of ecosystem service knowledge in decision making:Lessons from international experiences of spatial planning[J].Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy,2014,32(2):320-340.
[5]La Notte A,D’Amato D,M?kinen H,et al.Ecosystem services classification:A systems ecology perspective of the cascade framework[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,74:392-402.
[6]Guerry A D,Polasky S,Lubchenco J,et al.Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions:From promise to practice[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(24):7348-7355.
[7]Daily G C.Nature’s Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington:Island Press,1997.
[8]Costanza R,Arge R,De Groot R,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[9]United Nations Environmental Program.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Summary for Decision Makers[M].Washington:Island Press,2005.
[10]Pandeya B,Buytaert W,Zulkafli Z,et al.A comparative analysis of ecosystem services valuation approaches for application at the local scale and in data scarce regions[J].Ecosystem Services,2016,22:250-259.
[11]Mcdonough K,Hutchinson S,Moore T,et al.Analysis of publication trends in ecosystem services research[J].Ecosystem Services,2017,25:82-88.
[12]Costanza R,Groot R D,Braat L,et al.Twenty years of ecosystem services:How far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J].Ecosystem Services,2017,28:1-16.
[13]谢高地,肖玉,鲁春霞.生态系统服务研究:进展、局限和基本范式[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(2):191-199.[Xie G D,Xiao Y,Lu C X.Study on ecosystem services:Progress,limitation and basic paradigm[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2006,30(2):191-199.]
[14]Seppelt R,Dormann C F,Eppink F V,et al.A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies:Approaches,shortcomings and the road ahead[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,48(3):630-636.
[15]Costanza R,De Groot R,Sutton P,et al.Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J].Global Environmental Change,2014,26(1):152-158.
[16]Wallace K J.Classification of ecosystem services:Problems and solutions[J].Biological Conservation,2007,139(3):235-246.
[17]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):19-25.[Ouyang Z Y,Wang X K,Miao H.A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecological-economic values[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(5):19-25.]
[18]张彪,谢高地,肖玉,等.基于人类需求的生态系统服务分类[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(6):64-67.[Zhang B,Xie G D,Xiao Y,et al.Classification of ecosystem services based on human demand[J].China Populaion,Resources and Environment,2010,20(6):64-67.]
[19]Brauman K A,Daily G C,Duarte T K,et al.The nature and value of ecosystem services:An overview highlighting hydrologic services[J].Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2007,32:67-98.
[20]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Methodologies for Defining and Assessing Ecosystem Services[R].Nottingham:Centre for Environmental Management Report,2009.
[21]Boyd J W,Banzhaf S.What are ecosystem services?The need for standardized environmental accounting units[J].Ecological Economics,2007,63(2):616-626.
[22]Fisher B,Turner K,Zylstra M,et al.Ecosystem services and economic theory:Integration for policy-relevant research[J].Ecological Applications,2008,18(8):2050-2067.
[23]Hein L,Van Koppen K,De Groot R S,et al.Spatial scales,stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystem services[J].Ecological Economics,2006,57(2):209-228.
[24]曹祺文,卫晓梅,吴健生.生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(11):3102-3111.[Cao Q W,Wei X M,Wu J S.A review on the tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem services[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(11):3102-3111.]
[25]Fisher B,Turner R K,Morling P.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making[J].Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):643-653.
[26]Johnston R J,Russell M.An operational structure for clarity in ecosystem service values[J].Ecological Economics,2011,70(12):2243-2249.
[27]Nahlik A M,Kentula M E,Fennessy M S,et al.Where is the consensus?A proposed foundation for moving ecosystem service concepts into practice[J].Ecological Economics,2012,77:27-35.
[28]Landers D H,Nahlik A M.Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System(FEGS-CS)[R].Washington:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2013.
[29]傅伯杰,于丹丹,吕楠.中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):341-348.[Fu B J,Yu D D,Lv N.An indicator system for biodiversity and ecosystem services evaluation in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):341-348.]
[30]Landers D H,Nahlik A M,Rhodes C R.The Beneficiary Perspective:Benefits and Beyond[A].Potschin M,Haines-Young R,Fish R,et al.Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services[C].London:Taylor&Francis Group,2016.
[31]Sinha P,Van H G.National Ecosystem Services Classification System(NESCS):Framework Design and Policy Application[R].Washington:United States Environmental Protection Agency Report,2015.
[32]De Groot R S,Wilson M A,Boumans R M J.A typology for the classification,description and valuation of ecosystem functions,goods and services[J].Ecological Economics,2002,41(3):393-408.
[33]TEEB.The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity(TEEB)Ecological and Economic Foundations[M].London:Earthscan,2010.
[34]杜乐山,李俊生,刘高慧,等.生态系统与生物多样性经济学(TEEB)研究进展[J].生物多样性,2016,24(6):686-693.[Du LS,Li J S,Liu G H,et al.Progress in the researches on the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity(TEEB)[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(6):686-693.]
[35]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services(CICES):2011 Update[R].Nottingham:University of Nottingham,2011.
[36]Haines-Young R,Potschin M.Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services(CICES,Version 4.1)[R].Copenhagen:European Environment Agency,2012.
[37]Potschin M,Haines-Young R.Defining and Measuring Ecosystem Services[A].Potschin M,Haines-Young R,Fish R,et al.Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services[C].London:Taylor&Francis Group,2016.
[38]Haines-Young R,Potschin M,Kienast F.Indicators of ecosystem service potential at European scales:Mapping marginal changes and trade-offs[J].Ecological Indicators,2012,21:39-53.
[39]Mononen L,Auvinen A P,Ahokumpu A L,et al.National ecosystem service indicators:Measures of social-ecological sustainability[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61:27-37.
[40]Albert C,Bonn A,Burkhard B,et al.Towards a national set of ecosystem service indicators:Insights from Germany[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,61(1):38-48.
[41]Costanza R.Ecosystem services:Multiple classification systems are needed[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(2):350-352.
[42]王玲慧,张代青,李凯娟.河流生态系统服务价值评价综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(S1):10-14.[Wang L H,Zhang D Q,Li K J.A survey of river ecosystem services value evaluation[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(S1):10-14.]
[43]Turner R K,Van den Bergh J C,S?derqvist T,et al.Ecologicaleconomic analysis of wetlands:Scientific integration for management and policy[J].Ecological Economics,2000,35(1):7-23.
[44]张苹,马涛.湿地生态系统服务价值评估的国内研究评述[J].湿地科学,2011,9(2):203-208.[Zhang P,Ma T.A comment on studies on evaluation of service value of wetland ecosystem in China[J].Wetland Science,2011,9(2):203-208.]
[45]Zhang W,Ricketts T H,Kremen C,et al.Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture[J].Ecological Economics,2007,64(2):253-260.
[46]吴绍华,虞燕娜,朱江,等.土壤生态系统服务的概念、量化及其对城市化的响应[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):970-978.[Wu S H,Yu Y N,Zhu J,et al.Soil ecosystem services:Concept,quantificaion and response to urbanization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(5):970-978.]
[47]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,等.草地生态系统服务功能分析及其评价指标体系[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):155-160.[Zhao TQ,Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,et al.Analyses on grassland ecosystem services and its indexes for assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(6):155-160.]
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