社会动机与“自我-他人”对创造性表现的影响
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摘要
以往研究发现个体为自己和为他人的创造表现存在差异,但研究结论不一致。另外,考虑到社会动机是影响"自我-他人"表现的重要因素,本研究采用2(社会动机:亲社会、利己)×2("自我-他人":自我、他人)混合实验设计,考察社会动机与"自我-他人"如何来影响创造性表现。结果发现,亲社会组创造性表现的新颖性、有效性和总分均高于利己组,支持了动机性信息加工理论。自我组在创造性表现的新颖性和总分上高于他人组,这与解释水平理论的观点不一致。矛盾的原因可能是在东方"紧"文化背景下,人们按照社会认可的价值体系来为他人创造时,人们对新颖性的态度是谨慎的,因此为自我创造比为他人创造更加新颖。
Previous studies have found that the creative performance for oneself are different from the creative performance for others, but the findings are inconsistent. In addition, considering that the social motivation is an important factor for influencing self-others' performance, this study used 2(social motivation: prosocial, proself) × 2(self-others: self, others) mixed design to investigate how social motivation and self-others influence creative performance. The results showed that individuals in prosocial motivation group got higher score in creative performance and its two dimensions(novelty and validity). These findings lend support to motivated information processing theory. And the participates who created for themselves got higher score in creative performance and its novelty dimension. The results were different with the perspective of construal level theory. The reason may be that under the background of "tight" culture in the oriental country, when people create for others based on the value system approved by the society, their attitude towards novelty is cautious, and they create more novel for themselves than for others.
Previous studies have found that the creative performance for oneself are different from the creative performance for others, but the findings are inconsistent. In addition, considering that the social motivation is an important factor for influencing self-others' performance, this study used 2(social motivation: prosocial, proself) × 2(self-others: self, others) mixed design to investigate how social motivation and self-others influence creative performance. The results showed that individuals in prosocial motivation group got higher score in creative performance and its two dimensions(novelty and validity). These findings lend support to motivated information processing theory. And the participates who created for themselves got higher score in creative performance and its novelty dimension. The results were different with the perspective of construal level theory. The reason may be that under the background of "tight" culture in the oriental country, when people create for others based on the value system approved by the society, their attitude towards novelty is cautious, and they create more novel for themselves than for others.
引文
李阳,白新文.(2015).善心点亮创造力:内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响.心理科学进展,23(2),175-181.
刘永芳,王鹏,庄锦英,钟俊,孙庆洲,刘毅.(2014).自我-他人决策差异:问题、研究与思考.心理科学进展,22(4),580-587.
徐惊蛰,谢晓非.(2011).解释水平视角下的自己--他人决策差异.心理学报,43(1),11-20.
卢俊,陈浩,乐国安.(2017).松-紧文化:跨文化心理学研究的新维度.心理科学进展,25(5),887-902.
蒋美娥.(2011).社会距离对创造性的影响(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
王欢.(2014).社会距离对创造力影响的实验研究(硕士学位论文).苏州大学.
Bechtoldt,M.N.,De Dreu,C.K.W.,Nijstad,B.A.,&Choi,H.S.(2010).Motivated information processing,social tuning,and group creativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,99(4),622-637.
Beisswanger,A.H.,Stone,E.R.,Hupp,J.M.,&Allgaier,L.(2003).Risk taking in relationships:Differences in deciding for oneself versus for a friend.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,25(2),121-135.
Carmeli,A.,Mc Kay,A.S.,&Kaufman,J.C.(2014).Emotiona intelligence and creativity:The mediating role of generosity and vigor The Journal of Creative Behavior,48(4),290-309.
De Dreu,C.K.W.,Giebels,E.,&van de Vliert,E.(1998).Social motives and trust in integrative negotiation:The disruptive effects of punitive capability.Journal of Applied Psychology,83(3),408-422.
De Dreu,C.K.,Nijstad,B.A.,Bechtoldt,M.N.,&Baas,M.(2011).Group creativity and innovation:A motivated information processing perspective.Psychology of Aesthetics,Creativity,and the Arts,5(1)81-89.
Ford,C.M.,&Gioia,D.A.(2000).Factors influencing creativity in the domain of managerial decision making.Journal of Management,26(4)705-732.
F?rster,J.,Friedman,R.S.,&Liberman,N.(2004).Temporal construa effects on abstract and concrete thinking:Consequences for insight and creative cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology87(2),177-189.
F?rster,J.(2009).Cognitive consequences of novelty and familiarity:How mere exposure influences level of construal.Journal of Experimenta Social Psychology,45(2),444-447.
F?rster,J.,Liberman,N.,&Shapira,O.(2009).Preparing for novel versus familiar events:Shifts in global and local processing.Journal o Experimental Psychology:General,138(3),383-399.
Harrington,J.R.,&Gelfand,M.J.(2014).Tightness-looseness across the50 united states.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences o the United States of America,111(22),7990-7995.
Hibbing,J.R.,&Alford,J.R.(2005,September).Decision making on behalf of others.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,Marriott Wardman Park,Omn Shoreham,Washington Hilton,Washington,DC.
Hoever,I.J.,van Knippenberg,D.,van Ginkel,W.P.,&Barkema,H.G(2012).Fostering team creativity:Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(5)982-996.
Jia,L.,Hirt,E.R.,&Karpen,S.C.(2009).Lessons from a Faraway land:The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(5),1127-1131.
Liberman,N.,Polack,O.,Hameiri,B.,&Blumenfeld,M.(2012).Priming of spatial distance enhances children’s creative performance.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,111(4),663-670.
Polman,E.,&Emich,K.J.(2011).Decisions for others are more creative than decisions for the self.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,37(4),492-501.
Shrout,P.E.,&Fleiss,J.L.(1979).Intraclass correlations:Uses in assessing rater reliability.Psychological Bulletin,86(2),420-428.
Sternberg,R.J.,&Lubart,T.I.(1996).Investing in creativity.American Psychologist,51(7),677-688.
Sternberg,R.J.,&Lubart,T.I.(1999).The concept of creativity:Prospects and paradigms.In R.J.Sternberg(Ed.),Handbook of creativity(pp.3-15).New York:Cambridge University Press.
Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Wakslak,C.(2007).Construal levels and psychological distance:Effects on representation,prediction,evaluation,and behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,17(2),83-95.
Uz,I.(2015).The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68countries.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,46(3),319-335.
Weingart,L.R.,Brett,J.M.,Olekalns,M.,&Smith,P.L.(2007).Conflicting social motives in negotiating groups.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(6),994-1009.
Wray,L.D.,&Stone,E.R.(2005).The role of self-esteem and anxiety in decision making for self versus others in relationships.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,18(2),125-144.
Zhbanova,K.S.,&Rule,A.C.(2014).Construal level theory applied to sixth graders’creativity in craft constructions with integrated proximal or distal academic content.Thinking Skills and Creativity,13,141-152.
Zhou,J.,&Oldham,G.R.(2001).Enhancing creative performance:Effects of expected developmental assessment strategies and creative personality.The Journal of Creative Behavior,35(3),151-167.
刘永芳,王鹏,庄锦英,钟俊,孙庆洲,刘毅.(2014).自我-他人决策差异:问题、研究与思考.心理科学进展,22(4),580-587.
徐惊蛰,谢晓非.(2011).解释水平视角下的自己--他人决策差异.心理学报,43(1),11-20.
卢俊,陈浩,乐国安.(2017).松-紧文化:跨文化心理学研究的新维度.心理科学进展,25(5),887-902.
蒋美娥.(2011).社会距离对创造性的影响(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
王欢.(2014).社会距离对创造力影响的实验研究(硕士学位论文).苏州大学.
Bechtoldt,M.N.,De Dreu,C.K.W.,Nijstad,B.A.,&Choi,H.S.(2010).Motivated information processing,social tuning,and group creativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,99(4),622-637.
Beisswanger,A.H.,Stone,E.R.,Hupp,J.M.,&Allgaier,L.(2003).Risk taking in relationships:Differences in deciding for oneself versus for a friend.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,25(2),121-135.
Carmeli,A.,Mc Kay,A.S.,&Kaufman,J.C.(2014).Emotiona intelligence and creativity:The mediating role of generosity and vigor The Journal of Creative Behavior,48(4),290-309.
De Dreu,C.K.W.,Giebels,E.,&van de Vliert,E.(1998).Social motives and trust in integrative negotiation:The disruptive effects of punitive capability.Journal of Applied Psychology,83(3),408-422.
De Dreu,C.K.,Nijstad,B.A.,Bechtoldt,M.N.,&Baas,M.(2011).Group creativity and innovation:A motivated information processing perspective.Psychology of Aesthetics,Creativity,and the Arts,5(1)81-89.
Ford,C.M.,&Gioia,D.A.(2000).Factors influencing creativity in the domain of managerial decision making.Journal of Management,26(4)705-732.
F?rster,J.,Friedman,R.S.,&Liberman,N.(2004).Temporal construa effects on abstract and concrete thinking:Consequences for insight and creative cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology87(2),177-189.
F?rster,J.(2009).Cognitive consequences of novelty and familiarity:How mere exposure influences level of construal.Journal of Experimenta Social Psychology,45(2),444-447.
F?rster,J.,Liberman,N.,&Shapira,O.(2009).Preparing for novel versus familiar events:Shifts in global and local processing.Journal o Experimental Psychology:General,138(3),383-399.
Harrington,J.R.,&Gelfand,M.J.(2014).Tightness-looseness across the50 united states.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences o the United States of America,111(22),7990-7995.
Hibbing,J.R.,&Alford,J.R.(2005,September).Decision making on behalf of others.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,Marriott Wardman Park,Omn Shoreham,Washington Hilton,Washington,DC.
Hoever,I.J.,van Knippenberg,D.,van Ginkel,W.P.,&Barkema,H.G(2012).Fostering team creativity:Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(5)982-996.
Jia,L.,Hirt,E.R.,&Karpen,S.C.(2009).Lessons from a Faraway land:The effect of spatial distance on creative cognition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(5),1127-1131.
Liberman,N.,Polack,O.,Hameiri,B.,&Blumenfeld,M.(2012).Priming of spatial distance enhances children’s creative performance.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,111(4),663-670.
Polman,E.,&Emich,K.J.(2011).Decisions for others are more creative than decisions for the self.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,37(4),492-501.
Shrout,P.E.,&Fleiss,J.L.(1979).Intraclass correlations:Uses in assessing rater reliability.Psychological Bulletin,86(2),420-428.
Sternberg,R.J.,&Lubart,T.I.(1996).Investing in creativity.American Psychologist,51(7),677-688.
Sternberg,R.J.,&Lubart,T.I.(1999).The concept of creativity:Prospects and paradigms.In R.J.Sternberg(Ed.),Handbook of creativity(pp.3-15).New York:Cambridge University Press.
Trope,Y.,Liberman,N.,&Wakslak,C.(2007).Construal levels and psychological distance:Effects on representation,prediction,evaluation,and behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,17(2),83-95.
Uz,I.(2015).The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68countries.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,46(3),319-335.
Weingart,L.R.,Brett,J.M.,Olekalns,M.,&Smith,P.L.(2007).Conflicting social motives in negotiating groups.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(6),994-1009.
Wray,L.D.,&Stone,E.R.(2005).The role of self-esteem and anxiety in decision making for self versus others in relationships.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,18(2),125-144.
Zhbanova,K.S.,&Rule,A.C.(2014).Construal level theory applied to sixth graders’creativity in craft constructions with integrated proximal or distal academic content.Thinking Skills and Creativity,13,141-152.
Zhou,J.,&Oldham,G.R.(2001).Enhancing creative performance:Effects of expected developmental assessment strategies and creative personality.The Journal of Creative Behavior,35(3),151-167.