多元文化经历促进创造力
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摘要
大量实证研究支持了多元文化经历促进创造力这一假设。深度参与两种不一致的文化活动是多元文化经历提升创造力的前提条件;在融合过程中,双重认同者获得的交替、整合和包含等认知技能,促进了个体的创造性表现。未来可以采用更具多样性的样本以扩展研究的外部效度,考察认知评价、趋近动机、积极情绪的中介作用,并加强国内对此领域的研究。
Many empirical evidences provide sufficient support on the assumption that multicultural experience fosters creativity. The effect could be observed only in the individuals who engaged in two inconsistent cultures deeply. Moreover, the cognitive skills which include alternation, integration and inclusion developed by dual-identity individuals, foster their creativity. Future researches could be directed to strengthen its external validity in diverse samples, explore the mediating role of other variables such as stress appraisal, approach motivation, positive emotions, and expand domestic research on this topic.
Many empirical evidences provide sufficient support on the assumption that multicultural experience fosters creativity. The effect could be observed only in the individuals who engaged in two inconsistent cultures deeply. Moreover, the cognitive skills which include alternation, integration and inclusion developed by dual-identity individuals, foster their creativity. Future researches could be directed to strengthen its external validity in diverse samples, explore the mediating role of other variables such as stress appraisal, approach motivation, positive emotions, and expand domestic research on this topic.
引文
邓铸,黄荣.(2010).情绪与创造力关系研究的新进展.南京师大学报(社会科学版),(4),92-97.
杨阳,万明钢.(2012).创造力研究新进展:多元文化经验对创造力的影响.当代教育与文化,4,86-91.
衣新发,林崇德,蔡曙山,黄四林,陈桄,罗良,唐敏.(2011).留学经验与艺术创造力.心理科学,34,190-195.
Amiot,C.E.,de la Sablonnière,R.,Terry,D.J.,&Smith,J.R.(2007).Integration of social identities in the self:Toward a cognitive-developmental model.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11,364-388.
Baas,M.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2008).Ameta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research:Hedonic tone,activation,or regulatory focus?Psychological Bulletin,134,779-806.
Baas,M.,Nijstad,B.A.,Boot,N.C.,&de Dreu,C.K.W.(2016).Mad genius revisited:Vulnerability to psychopathology,biobehavioral approach-avoidance,and creativity.Psychological Bulletin,142,668-692.
Bardi,A.,&Goodwin,R.(2011).The dual route to value change:Individual processes and cultural moderators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(2),271-287.
Benet-Martínez,V.,Lee,F.,&Leu,J.(2006).Biculturalism and cognitive complexity:Expertise in cultural representations.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,37,386-407.
Byron,K.,Khazanchi,S.,&Nazarian,D.(2010).The relationship between stressors and creativity:A meta-analysis examining competing theoretical models.The Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1),201-212.
Chiu,C.Y.,&Cheng,S.Y.Y.(2007).Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization:Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,1,84-100.
Cheng,C.Y.,&Leung,A.K.Y.(2013).Revisiting the multicultural experience-creativity link:The effects of perceived cultural distance and comparison mindset.Social Psychological and Personality Science,4,475-482.
Cheng,C.Y.,Leung,A.K.Y.,&Wu,T.Y.(2011).Going beyond the multicultural experience-creativity link:The mediating role of emotions.Journal of Social Issues,67,806-824.
Chiu,C.Y.,Mallorie,L.A.,Keh,H.T.,&Law,W.(2009).Perceptions of culture in multicultural space joint presentation of images from two cultures increases in-group attribution of culture-typical characteristics.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40,282-300.
Chua,R.Y.J.,Morris,M.W.,&Mor,S.(2012).Collaborating across cultures:Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,118,116-131.
Crisp,R.J.,&Turner,R.N.(2011).Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity.Psychological Bulletin,137,242-266.
Damian,R.I.,&Simonton,D.K.(2015).Psychopathology,adversity,and creativity:Diversifying experiences in the development of eminent African Americans.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108,623-636.
Epstude,K.,&Roese,N.J.(2017).The functional theory of counterfactual thinking.Personality and Social Psychology Review,12(2),168-192.
Friedman,R.S.,&F?rster,J.(2010).Implicit affective cues and attentional tuning:An integrative review.Psychological Bulletin,136(5),875-893.
Goc?owska,M.A.,&Crisp,R.J.(2014).How dual-identity processes foster creativity.Review of General Psychology,18,216-236.
Goc?owska,M.A.,Crisp,R.J.,&Labuschagne,K.(2013).Can counter-stereotypes boost flexible thinking?Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,16,217-231.
Godart,F.C.,Maddux,W.W.,Shipilov,A.V.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2015).Fashion with a foreign flair:professional experiences abroad facilitate the creative innovations of organizations.Academy of Management Journal,58,195-220.
Hall,N.R.,&Crisp,R.J.(2005).Considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce intergroup bias.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31,1435-1444.
Kaufman,J.C.,&Sternberg,R.J.(2006).The International Handbook of Creativity.Cambridge,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Kharkhurin,A.V.(2011).The role of selective attention in bilingual creativity.Creativity Research Journal,23,239-254.
King,R.,&Ruiz-Gelices,E.(2003).International student migration and the European‘year abroad’:Effects on European identity and subsequent migration behaviour.International Journal of Population Geography,9,229-252.
Leung,A.K.Y.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2008).Interactive effects of multicultural experiences and openness to experience on creative potential.Creativity Research Journal,20,376-382.
Leung,A.K.Y.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2010).Multicultural experience,idea receptiveness,and creativity.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41,723-741.
Leung,A.K.Y.,Maddux,W.W.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2008).Multicultural experience enhances creativity:The when and how.American Psychologist,63,169-181.
Lüdtke,O.,Roberts,B.W.,Trautwein,U.,&Nagy,G.(2011).A random walk down university avenue:Life paths,life events,and personality trait change at the transition to university life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,101,620-637.
Maddux,W.W.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2009).Cultural borders and mental barriers:The relationship between living abroad and creativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96,1047-1061.
Mittal,C.,Griskevicius,V.,Simpson,J.A.,Sung,S.,&Young,E.S.(2015).Cognitive adaptations to stressful environments:When childhood adversity enhances adult executive function.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,109(4),604-621.
Mor,S.,Morris,M.W.,&Joh,J.(2013).Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills:The crucial role of cultural metacognition.Academy of Management Learning&Education,12,453-475.
Nguyen,A.M.,&Benet-Martínez,V.(2013).Biculturalism and adjustment:A meta-analysis.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology,44(1),122-159.
Nijstad,B.A.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,Rietzschel,E.F.,&Baas,M.(2010).The dual pathway to creativity model:Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence.European Review of Social Psychology,21(1),34-77.
Notebaert,L.,Crombez,G.,van Damme,S.,de Houwer,J.,&Theeuwes,J.(2011).Signals of threat do not capture,but prioritize,attention:A conditioning approach.Emotion,11,81-89.
Prior,A.,&Macwhinney,B.(2010).A bilingual advantage in task switching.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,13,253-262.
Ritter,S.M.,Damian,R.I.,Simonton,D.K.,van Baaren,R.B.,Strick,M.,Derks,J.,&Dijksterhuis,A.(2012).Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,961-964.
Roskes,M.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2012).Necessity is the mother of invention:Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103,242-256.
Roskes,M.,Elliot,A.J.,Nijstad,B.A.,&de Dreu,C.K.W.(2013).Avoidance motivation and conservation of energy.Emotion Review,5,264-268.
Sam,D.L.,&Berry,J.W.(2010).Acculturation:When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet.Perspectives on Psychological Science,5,472-481.
Sam,D.L.,Vedder,P.,Liebkind,K.,Neto,F.,&Virta,E.(2008).Acculturation and the paradox of adaptation in Europe.European Journal of Developmental Psychology,5,138-158.
Sawyer,R.K.(2006).Explaining creativity:The science of human innovation.New York:Oxford University Press.
Schneider,T.R.,Rivers,S.E.,&Lyons,J.B.(2009).The biobehavioral model of persuasion:Generating challenge appraisals to promote health.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,39,1928-1952.
Sligte,D.J.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2011).Power,stability of power,and creativity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47,891-897.
Simonton,D.K.(2014).The mad-genius paradox:Can creative people be more mentally healthy but highly creative people more mentally ill?Perspectives on Psychological Science,9,470-480.
Steffens,N.K.,Goc?owska,M.A.,Cruwys,T.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2016).How multiple social identities are related to creativity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42,188-203.
Tadmor,C.T.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Maddux,W.W.(2012).Getting the most out of living abroad:Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103,520-542.
Tadmor,C.T.,&Tetlock,P.E.(2009).Acculturation strategies and integrative complexity:The cognitive implications of biculturalism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40,105-139.
Ward,T.B.,Smith,S.M.,&Finke,R.A.(2008).Creative cognition.In R.J.Sternberg(Ed.),Handbook of creativity(pp.189-212).New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.
杨阳,万明钢.(2012).创造力研究新进展:多元文化经验对创造力的影响.当代教育与文化,4,86-91.
衣新发,林崇德,蔡曙山,黄四林,陈桄,罗良,唐敏.(2011).留学经验与艺术创造力.心理科学,34,190-195.
Amiot,C.E.,de la Sablonnière,R.,Terry,D.J.,&Smith,J.R.(2007).Integration of social identities in the self:Toward a cognitive-developmental model.Personality and Social Psychology Review,11,364-388.
Baas,M.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2008).Ameta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research:Hedonic tone,activation,or regulatory focus?Psychological Bulletin,134,779-806.
Baas,M.,Nijstad,B.A.,Boot,N.C.,&de Dreu,C.K.W.(2016).Mad genius revisited:Vulnerability to psychopathology,biobehavioral approach-avoidance,and creativity.Psychological Bulletin,142,668-692.
Bardi,A.,&Goodwin,R.(2011).The dual route to value change:Individual processes and cultural moderators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,42(2),271-287.
Benet-Martínez,V.,Lee,F.,&Leu,J.(2006).Biculturalism and cognitive complexity:Expertise in cultural representations.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,37,386-407.
Byron,K.,Khazanchi,S.,&Nazarian,D.(2010).The relationship between stressors and creativity:A meta-analysis examining competing theoretical models.The Journal of Applied Psychology,95(1),201-212.
Chiu,C.Y.,&Cheng,S.Y.Y.(2007).Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization:Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,1,84-100.
Cheng,C.Y.,&Leung,A.K.Y.(2013).Revisiting the multicultural experience-creativity link:The effects of perceived cultural distance and comparison mindset.Social Psychological and Personality Science,4,475-482.
Cheng,C.Y.,Leung,A.K.Y.,&Wu,T.Y.(2011).Going beyond the multicultural experience-creativity link:The mediating role of emotions.Journal of Social Issues,67,806-824.
Chiu,C.Y.,Mallorie,L.A.,Keh,H.T.,&Law,W.(2009).Perceptions of culture in multicultural space joint presentation of images from two cultures increases in-group attribution of culture-typical characteristics.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40,282-300.
Chua,R.Y.J.,Morris,M.W.,&Mor,S.(2012).Collaborating across cultures:Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,118,116-131.
Crisp,R.J.,&Turner,R.N.(2011).Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity.Psychological Bulletin,137,242-266.
Damian,R.I.,&Simonton,D.K.(2015).Psychopathology,adversity,and creativity:Diversifying experiences in the development of eminent African Americans.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108,623-636.
Epstude,K.,&Roese,N.J.(2017).The functional theory of counterfactual thinking.Personality and Social Psychology Review,12(2),168-192.
Friedman,R.S.,&F?rster,J.(2010).Implicit affective cues and attentional tuning:An integrative review.Psychological Bulletin,136(5),875-893.
Goc?owska,M.A.,&Crisp,R.J.(2014).How dual-identity processes foster creativity.Review of General Psychology,18,216-236.
Goc?owska,M.A.,Crisp,R.J.,&Labuschagne,K.(2013).Can counter-stereotypes boost flexible thinking?Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,16,217-231.
Godart,F.C.,Maddux,W.W.,Shipilov,A.V.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2015).Fashion with a foreign flair:professional experiences abroad facilitate the creative innovations of organizations.Academy of Management Journal,58,195-220.
Hall,N.R.,&Crisp,R.J.(2005).Considering multiple criteria for social categorization can reduce intergroup bias.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31,1435-1444.
Kaufman,J.C.,&Sternberg,R.J.(2006).The International Handbook of Creativity.Cambridge,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Kharkhurin,A.V.(2011).The role of selective attention in bilingual creativity.Creativity Research Journal,23,239-254.
King,R.,&Ruiz-Gelices,E.(2003).International student migration and the European‘year abroad’:Effects on European identity and subsequent migration behaviour.International Journal of Population Geography,9,229-252.
Leung,A.K.Y.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2008).Interactive effects of multicultural experiences and openness to experience on creative potential.Creativity Research Journal,20,376-382.
Leung,A.K.Y.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2010).Multicultural experience,idea receptiveness,and creativity.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,41,723-741.
Leung,A.K.Y.,Maddux,W.W.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Chiu,C.Y.(2008).Multicultural experience enhances creativity:The when and how.American Psychologist,63,169-181.
Lüdtke,O.,Roberts,B.W.,Trautwein,U.,&Nagy,G.(2011).A random walk down university avenue:Life paths,life events,and personality trait change at the transition to university life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,101,620-637.
Maddux,W.W.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2009).Cultural borders and mental barriers:The relationship between living abroad and creativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96,1047-1061.
Mittal,C.,Griskevicius,V.,Simpson,J.A.,Sung,S.,&Young,E.S.(2015).Cognitive adaptations to stressful environments:When childhood adversity enhances adult executive function.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,109(4),604-621.
Mor,S.,Morris,M.W.,&Joh,J.(2013).Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills:The crucial role of cultural metacognition.Academy of Management Learning&Education,12,453-475.
Nguyen,A.M.,&Benet-Martínez,V.(2013).Biculturalism and adjustment:A meta-analysis.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology,44(1),122-159.
Nijstad,B.A.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,Rietzschel,E.F.,&Baas,M.(2010).The dual pathway to creativity model:Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence.European Review of Social Psychology,21(1),34-77.
Notebaert,L.,Crombez,G.,van Damme,S.,de Houwer,J.,&Theeuwes,J.(2011).Signals of threat do not capture,but prioritize,attention:A conditioning approach.Emotion,11,81-89.
Prior,A.,&Macwhinney,B.(2010).A bilingual advantage in task switching.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition,13,253-262.
Ritter,S.M.,Damian,R.I.,Simonton,D.K.,van Baaren,R.B.,Strick,M.,Derks,J.,&Dijksterhuis,A.(2012).Diversifying experiences enhance cognitive flexibility.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,961-964.
Roskes,M.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2012).Necessity is the mother of invention:Avoidance motivation stimulates creativity through cognitive effort.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103,242-256.
Roskes,M.,Elliot,A.J.,Nijstad,B.A.,&de Dreu,C.K.W.(2013).Avoidance motivation and conservation of energy.Emotion Review,5,264-268.
Sam,D.L.,&Berry,J.W.(2010).Acculturation:When individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet.Perspectives on Psychological Science,5,472-481.
Sam,D.L.,Vedder,P.,Liebkind,K.,Neto,F.,&Virta,E.(2008).Acculturation and the paradox of adaptation in Europe.European Journal of Developmental Psychology,5,138-158.
Sawyer,R.K.(2006).Explaining creativity:The science of human innovation.New York:Oxford University Press.
Schneider,T.R.,Rivers,S.E.,&Lyons,J.B.(2009).The biobehavioral model of persuasion:Generating challenge appraisals to promote health.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,39,1928-1952.
Sligte,D.J.,de Dreu,C.K.W.,&Nijstad,B.A.(2011).Power,stability of power,and creativity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47,891-897.
Simonton,D.K.(2014).The mad-genius paradox:Can creative people be more mentally healthy but highly creative people more mentally ill?Perspectives on Psychological Science,9,470-480.
Steffens,N.K.,Goc?owska,M.A.,Cruwys,T.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2016).How multiple social identities are related to creativity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42,188-203.
Tadmor,C.T.,Galinsky,A.D.,&Maddux,W.W.(2012).Getting the most out of living abroad:Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103,520-542.
Tadmor,C.T.,&Tetlock,P.E.(2009).Acculturation strategies and integrative complexity:The cognitive implications of biculturalism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,40,105-139.
Ward,T.B.,Smith,S.M.,&Finke,R.A.(2008).Creative cognition.In R.J.Sternberg(Ed.),Handbook of creativity(pp.189-212).New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.