成虫体型大小驱动六斑月瓢虫性间相互选择(英文)
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摘要
【目的】配偶选择是性选择的中心过程,当繁殖成本发生波动和配偶质量存在差异时,传统的性别作用也随之不同。为了验证在某些条件下雄性也可以像雌性一样进行选择,我们研究了雄性和雌性六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus(Fabricius)的交配成功率与作为适合度指标的成虫体型大小之间的关系。【方法】从初始种群中随机选择体型小和体型大的两性成虫,进行雄性和雌性配偶选择试验。并对成功交配的各个配对组的后代也进行配偶选择试验,测试其交配成功率。【结果】配偶选择试验结果表明,在雄性和雌性交配试验中交配的成功取决于体型大小。雄性根据其品质即体型大小这一繁殖力指标对雌性进行区分。同样,在雌性交配试验中体型大的雄虫比体型小的雄虫交配成功率高。无论亲本体型如何,体型大的雌虫都比体型小的雌虫产卵量高;不过,体型大小不影响卵的存活力。体型大的亲本的后代比体型小的亲本的后代发育更快,寿命更长,但是将其与来自初始种群的后代进行配偶选择时,它们在性合意(sexual desirability)或竞争力方面没有表现任何优势。【结论】六斑月瓢虫中存在以体型大小为目的性状的相互配偶选择。
【Aim】Mate choice is a central process of sexual selection,and whenever fluctuations in the cost of reproduction and variance in mate quality occur,the traditional sex roles may also vary. In order to testify the thought that males can also be choosy like the females under certain circumstances,we studied male and female mating success in relation to adult body size as an indicator of fitness in Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 【Methods】Small and large adults of both sexes were selected randomly from the stock culture and subjected to male and female mate choice trials. The offspring of successful pairs were also tested for their mating success by placing them in mate choice trials too. 【Results】Mate choice experiments revealed the presence of size dependent mating success in both male and female mating trials. Males discriminated between the females on the basis of their quality,i. e.,body size which is an indicator of fecundity function. In female mating trials also large males achieved higher mating success than small males.Large females produced more eggs than did small females regardless of paternal size,and body size,however,did not influence egg viability. The offspring of large parents developed faster and lived longer than those of small parents,but did not display any advantage in terms of sexual desirability or competitiveness as mates when they were put in mate choice with the offspring from stock culture. 【Conclusion 】 This study revealed the presence of mutual mate choice in this insect with size being the trait of interest.
【Aim】Mate choice is a central process of sexual selection,and whenever fluctuations in the cost of reproduction and variance in mate quality occur,the traditional sex roles may also vary. In order to testify the thought that males can also be choosy like the females under certain circumstances,we studied male and female mating success in relation to adult body size as an indicator of fitness in Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 【Methods】Small and large adults of both sexes were selected randomly from the stock culture and subjected to male and female mate choice trials. The offspring of successful pairs were also tested for their mating success by placing them in mate choice trials too. 【Results】Mate choice experiments revealed the presence of size dependent mating success in both male and female mating trials. Males discriminated between the females on the basis of their quality,i. e.,body size which is an indicator of fecundity function. In female mating trials also large males achieved higher mating success than small males.Large females produced more eggs than did small females regardless of paternal size,and body size,however,did not influence egg viability. The offspring of large parents developed faster and lived longer than those of small parents,but did not display any advantage in terms of sexual desirability or competitiveness as mates when they were put in mate choice with the offspring from stock culture. 【Conclusion 】 This study revealed the presence of mutual mate choice in this insect with size being the trait of interest.
引文
Abrams PA,Leimar O,Nylin S,Wiklund C,1996.The effect of flexible growth rates on optimal sizes and development times in a seasonal environment.Am.Nat.,147:381-395.
Alcock J,2001.Animal Behavior.Sinauer,Sunderland,MA.543 pp.
Amin MR,Bussière LF,Goulson D,2012.Effects of male age and size on mating success in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris.J.Insect Behav.,25:362-374.
Andersson M,1994.Sexual Selection.Princeton University Press,NJ.
Anjos-Duarte CS,Costa AM,Joachim-Bravo IS,2011.Sexual behaviour of the Mediterranean fruit fly(Diptera:Tephritidae):the influence of female size on mate choice.J.Appl.Entomol.,135:367-373.
Arnqvist G,Nilsson T,2000.The evolution of polyandry:multiple mating and female fitness in insects.Anim.Behav.,60:145-164.
Arnqvist G,Nilsson T,Katvala M,2005.Mating rate and fitness in female bean weevils.Behav.Ecol.,16:123-127.
Arnqvist G,Rowe L,Krupa JJ,Sih A,1996.Assortative mating by size:a meta-analysis of mating patterns in water striders.Evol.Ecol.,10:265-284.
Avila FW,Sirot LK,La Flamme BA,Rubinstein CD,Wolfner MF,2011.Insect seminal fluid proteins:identification and function.Annu.Rev.Entomol.,56:21-40.
Beeler AE,Rauter CM,Moore AJ,2002.Mate discrimination by females in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis:the influence of male size on attractiveness to females.Ecol.Entomol.,27:1-6.
Berger D,Walters R,Gotthard K,2008.What limits insect fecundity?Body size-and temperature-dependent egg maturation and oviposition in a butterfly.Funct.Ecol.,22:523-529.
Bissoondath CJ,Wiklund C,1996.Effect of male mating history and body size on ejaculate size and quality in two polyandrous butterflies,Pieris napi and Pieris rapae(Lepidoptera:Pieridae).Funct.Ecol.,10:457-464.
Bista M,Omkar,2013.Effects of body size and prey quality on the reproductive attributes of two aphidophagous Coccinellidae(Coleoptera)species.Can.Entomol.,145:566-576.
Blanckenhorn WU,1998.Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in growth,development,and body size in the yellow dung fly.Evolution,52:1394-1407.
Blanckenhorn WU,2000.The evolution of body size:what keeps organisms small?Q.Rev.Biol.,75:385-407.
Bonduriansky R,2001.The evolution of male mate choice in insects:a synthesis of ideas and evidence.Biol.Rev.,76:305-339.
Bowcock H,Brown GP,Shine R,2013.Sexual selection in cane toads Rhinella marina:a male’s body size affects his success and his tactics.Current Zool.,59:747-753.
Byrne PG,Rice WR,2006.Evidence for adaptive male mate choice in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Proc.R.Soc.B Biol.Sci.,273:917-922.
Chaudhary DD,Kumar B,Mishra G,Omkar,2015.Resource partitioning in a ladybird,Menochilus sexmaculatus:function of body size and prey density.Bull.Entomol.Res.,105:121-128.
Cothran RD,2008.Direct and indirect fitness consequences of female choice in a crustacean.Evolution,62:1666-1675.
Cunningham EJA,Russell AF,2000.Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard.Nature,404:74-77.
Darwin C,1874.The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex.2nd ed.Appleton,New York.
Dixon AFG,2007.Body size and resource partitioning in ladybirds.Popul.Ecol.,49:45-50.
Eberhard WG,1996.Female Control:Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice.Princeton University Press,NJ.
Edward DA,Chapman T,2011.The evolution and significance of male mate choice.Trends Ecol.Evol.,26:647-654.
Ellis WAH,Bercovitch FB,2011.Body size and sexual selection in the koala.Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.,65:1229-1235.
Filin I,Ovadia O,2007.Individual size variation and population stability in a seasonal environment:a discrete time model and its calibration using grasshoppers.Am.Nat.,170:719-733.
Gotthard K,Berger D,Walters R,2007.What keeps insects small?Time limitation during oviposition reduces the fecundity benefit of female size in a butterfly.Am.Nat.,169:768-779.
Gotthard K,Nylin S,Wiklund C,1994.Adaptive variation in growth rate:life history costs and consequences in the speckled wood butterfly,Pararge aegeria.Oecologia,9:281-289.
Goulson D,Birch MC,Wyatt TD,1993.Paternal investment in relation to size in the deathwatch beetle,Xestobium rufovillosum(Coleoptera,Anobiidae),and evidence for female selection for large mates.J.Insect Behav.,6:539-547.
Gwynne DT,1991.Sexual competition among females-what causes courtship-role reversal.Trends Ecol.Evol.,6:118-121.
Hansen TF,Price DK,1995.Good genes and old genes:do old mates provide superior genes?J.Evol.Biol.,8:759-778.
Hine E,Lachish S,Higgie M,Blows MW,2002.Positive genetic correlation between female preference and offspring fitness.Proc.R.Soc.B.Biol.Sci.,269:2215-2219.
Hodek I,van Emden HF,Honek A,2012.Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles(Coccinellidae).Wiley-Blackwell,Oxford.600 pp.
Joyce AL,Bernal JS,Vinson SR,Lomeli-Flores R,2009.Influence of adult size on mate choice in the solitary and gregarious parasitoids,Cotesia marginiventris and Cotesia flavipes.J.Insect Behav.,22:12-28.
Karsten KB,Andriamandimbiarisoa LN,Fox SF,Raxworthy CJ,2009.Sexual selection on body size and secondary sexual characters in 2closely related,sympatric chameleons in Madagascar.Behav.Ecol.,20:1079-1088.
Katvala M,Kaitala A,2001.Male choice for current female fecundity in a polyandrous egg-carrying bug.Anim.Behav.,62:133-137.
Kokko H,Jennions MD,Brooks R,2006.Unifying and testing models of sexual selection.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst.,37:43-66.
Majerus MEN,1994.Ladybirds.Harper Collins,UK.
Omkar,Afaq U,2013.Evaluation of Darwin’s fecundity advantage hypothesis in Parthenium beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata.Insect Sci.,20:531-540.
Omkar,Bind RB,2004.Prey quality dependent growth,development and reproduction of a biocontrol agent,Chilomenes sexmaculata(Fabricius)(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae).Biocontrol Sci.Tech.,14:665-673.
Pech-May FG,Medina-Medina L,May-ItzáW de J,Paxton RJ,Quezada-Euán JJG,2012.Colony pollen reserves affect body size,sperm production and sexual development in males of the stingless bee Melipona beecheii.Insect.Soc.,59:417-424.
Perry JC,Sharpe DMT,Rowe L,2009.Condition dependent female remating resistance generates sexual selection on male size in a ladybird beetle.Anim.Behav.,77:743-748.
Prokop ZM,Stuglik M,Zabinska I,Radwan J,2007.Male age,mating probability,and progeny fitness in the bulb mite.Behav.Ecol.,18:597-601.
Roff DA,2002.Life History Evolution.Sinauer Associates,Sunderland,MA.527 pp.
Rundle HD,Odeen A,Mooers Aφ,2007.An experimental test for indirect benefits in Drosophila melanogaster.BMC Evol.Biol.,7:36.
Ryder JJ,Siva-Jothy MT,2001.Quantitative genetics of immune function and body size in the house cricket,Acheta domesticus.J.Evol.Biol.,14:646-653.
Sakaluk SK,Schaus JM,Eggert AE,Snedden WA,Brady PL,2002.Polyandry and success of offspring reared under varying nutritional stress in decorated crickets.Evolution,56:1999-2007.
Salavert V,Zamora-Munoz C,Ruizrodriguez M,Soler JJ,2011.Femalebiased size dimorphism in a diapausing caddisfly,Mesophylax aspersus:effect of fecundity and natural and sexual selection.Ecol.Entomol.,36:389-395.
Tan KW Cedric,Pizzari T,Wigby S,2013.Parental age,gametic age and inbreeding interact to modulate offspring viability in Drosophila melanogaster.Evolution,67:3043-3051.
Thornhill NW,1993.The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Trivers RL,1972.Parental investment and sexual selection.In:Campbell B ed.Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871-1971.Aldine,Chicago.136-179.
Ueno H,Sato Y,Tsuchida K,1998.Colour-associated mating success in a polymorphic ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis.Funct.Ecol.,12:757-761.
Vahed K,1998.The function of nuptial feeding in insects:review of empirical studies.Biol.Rev.,73:43-78.
Wang Q,2002.Sexual selection of Zorion guttigerum West wood(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae:Cerambycinae)in relation to body size and color.J.Insect Behav.,15:675-687.
Wedell N,2005.Female receptivity in butterflies and moths.J.Exp.Biol.,208:3433-3440.
Wedell N,Karlsson B,2003.Paternal investment directly affects female reproductive effort in an insect.Proc.R.Soc.B Biol.Sci.,270:2065-2071.
Wedell N,Tregenza T,1999.Successful fathers sire successful sons.Evolution,53:620-625.
Xu J,Wang Q,2009.Male moths undertake both pre-and in-copulation mate choice based on female age and weight.Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.,63:801-808.
Yadav A,Wang Q,He XZ,2010.Effect of body weight on reproductive performance of Micromus tasmaniae(Walker)(Neuroptera:Hemerobiidae).Insect Biol.,63:208-213.
Alcock J,2001.Animal Behavior.Sinauer,Sunderland,MA.543 pp.
Amin MR,Bussière LF,Goulson D,2012.Effects of male age and size on mating success in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris.J.Insect Behav.,25:362-374.
Andersson M,1994.Sexual Selection.Princeton University Press,NJ.
Anjos-Duarte CS,Costa AM,Joachim-Bravo IS,2011.Sexual behaviour of the Mediterranean fruit fly(Diptera:Tephritidae):the influence of female size on mate choice.J.Appl.Entomol.,135:367-373.
Arnqvist G,Nilsson T,2000.The evolution of polyandry:multiple mating and female fitness in insects.Anim.Behav.,60:145-164.
Arnqvist G,Nilsson T,Katvala M,2005.Mating rate and fitness in female bean weevils.Behav.Ecol.,16:123-127.
Arnqvist G,Rowe L,Krupa JJ,Sih A,1996.Assortative mating by size:a meta-analysis of mating patterns in water striders.Evol.Ecol.,10:265-284.
Avila FW,Sirot LK,La Flamme BA,Rubinstein CD,Wolfner MF,2011.Insect seminal fluid proteins:identification and function.Annu.Rev.Entomol.,56:21-40.
Beeler AE,Rauter CM,Moore AJ,2002.Mate discrimination by females in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis:the influence of male size on attractiveness to females.Ecol.Entomol.,27:1-6.
Berger D,Walters R,Gotthard K,2008.What limits insect fecundity?Body size-and temperature-dependent egg maturation and oviposition in a butterfly.Funct.Ecol.,22:523-529.
Bissoondath CJ,Wiklund C,1996.Effect of male mating history and body size on ejaculate size and quality in two polyandrous butterflies,Pieris napi and Pieris rapae(Lepidoptera:Pieridae).Funct.Ecol.,10:457-464.
Bista M,Omkar,2013.Effects of body size and prey quality on the reproductive attributes of two aphidophagous Coccinellidae(Coleoptera)species.Can.Entomol.,145:566-576.
Blanckenhorn WU,1998.Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in growth,development,and body size in the yellow dung fly.Evolution,52:1394-1407.
Blanckenhorn WU,2000.The evolution of body size:what keeps organisms small?Q.Rev.Biol.,75:385-407.
Bonduriansky R,2001.The evolution of male mate choice in insects:a synthesis of ideas and evidence.Biol.Rev.,76:305-339.
Bowcock H,Brown GP,Shine R,2013.Sexual selection in cane toads Rhinella marina:a male’s body size affects his success and his tactics.Current Zool.,59:747-753.
Byrne PG,Rice WR,2006.Evidence for adaptive male mate choice in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.Proc.R.Soc.B Biol.Sci.,273:917-922.
Chaudhary DD,Kumar B,Mishra G,Omkar,2015.Resource partitioning in a ladybird,Menochilus sexmaculatus:function of body size and prey density.Bull.Entomol.Res.,105:121-128.
Cothran RD,2008.Direct and indirect fitness consequences of female choice in a crustacean.Evolution,62:1666-1675.
Cunningham EJA,Russell AF,2000.Egg investment is influenced by male attractiveness in the mallard.Nature,404:74-77.
Darwin C,1874.The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex.2nd ed.Appleton,New York.
Dixon AFG,2007.Body size and resource partitioning in ladybirds.Popul.Ecol.,49:45-50.
Eberhard WG,1996.Female Control:Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice.Princeton University Press,NJ.
Edward DA,Chapman T,2011.The evolution and significance of male mate choice.Trends Ecol.Evol.,26:647-654.
Ellis WAH,Bercovitch FB,2011.Body size and sexual selection in the koala.Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.,65:1229-1235.
Filin I,Ovadia O,2007.Individual size variation and population stability in a seasonal environment:a discrete time model and its calibration using grasshoppers.Am.Nat.,170:719-733.
Gotthard K,Berger D,Walters R,2007.What keeps insects small?Time limitation during oviposition reduces the fecundity benefit of female size in a butterfly.Am.Nat.,169:768-779.
Gotthard K,Nylin S,Wiklund C,1994.Adaptive variation in growth rate:life history costs and consequences in the speckled wood butterfly,Pararge aegeria.Oecologia,9:281-289.
Goulson D,Birch MC,Wyatt TD,1993.Paternal investment in relation to size in the deathwatch beetle,Xestobium rufovillosum(Coleoptera,Anobiidae),and evidence for female selection for large mates.J.Insect Behav.,6:539-547.
Gwynne DT,1991.Sexual competition among females-what causes courtship-role reversal.Trends Ecol.Evol.,6:118-121.
Hansen TF,Price DK,1995.Good genes and old genes:do old mates provide superior genes?J.Evol.Biol.,8:759-778.
Hine E,Lachish S,Higgie M,Blows MW,2002.Positive genetic correlation between female preference and offspring fitness.Proc.R.Soc.B.Biol.Sci.,269:2215-2219.
Hodek I,van Emden HF,Honek A,2012.Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles(Coccinellidae).Wiley-Blackwell,Oxford.600 pp.
Joyce AL,Bernal JS,Vinson SR,Lomeli-Flores R,2009.Influence of adult size on mate choice in the solitary and gregarious parasitoids,Cotesia marginiventris and Cotesia flavipes.J.Insect Behav.,22:12-28.
Karsten KB,Andriamandimbiarisoa LN,Fox SF,Raxworthy CJ,2009.Sexual selection on body size and secondary sexual characters in 2closely related,sympatric chameleons in Madagascar.Behav.Ecol.,20:1079-1088.
Katvala M,Kaitala A,2001.Male choice for current female fecundity in a polyandrous egg-carrying bug.Anim.Behav.,62:133-137.
Kokko H,Jennions MD,Brooks R,2006.Unifying and testing models of sexual selection.Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst.,37:43-66.
Majerus MEN,1994.Ladybirds.Harper Collins,UK.
Omkar,Afaq U,2013.Evaluation of Darwin’s fecundity advantage hypothesis in Parthenium beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata.Insect Sci.,20:531-540.
Omkar,Bind RB,2004.Prey quality dependent growth,development and reproduction of a biocontrol agent,Chilomenes sexmaculata(Fabricius)(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae).Biocontrol Sci.Tech.,14:665-673.
Pech-May FG,Medina-Medina L,May-ItzáW de J,Paxton RJ,Quezada-Euán JJG,2012.Colony pollen reserves affect body size,sperm production and sexual development in males of the stingless bee Melipona beecheii.Insect.Soc.,59:417-424.
Perry JC,Sharpe DMT,Rowe L,2009.Condition dependent female remating resistance generates sexual selection on male size in a ladybird beetle.Anim.Behav.,77:743-748.
Prokop ZM,Stuglik M,Zabinska I,Radwan J,2007.Male age,mating probability,and progeny fitness in the bulb mite.Behav.Ecol.,18:597-601.
Roff DA,2002.Life History Evolution.Sinauer Associates,Sunderland,MA.527 pp.
Rundle HD,Odeen A,Mooers Aφ,2007.An experimental test for indirect benefits in Drosophila melanogaster.BMC Evol.Biol.,7:36.
Ryder JJ,Siva-Jothy MT,2001.Quantitative genetics of immune function and body size in the house cricket,Acheta domesticus.J.Evol.Biol.,14:646-653.
Sakaluk SK,Schaus JM,Eggert AE,Snedden WA,Brady PL,2002.Polyandry and success of offspring reared under varying nutritional stress in decorated crickets.Evolution,56:1999-2007.
Salavert V,Zamora-Munoz C,Ruizrodriguez M,Soler JJ,2011.Femalebiased size dimorphism in a diapausing caddisfly,Mesophylax aspersus:effect of fecundity and natural and sexual selection.Ecol.Entomol.,36:389-395.
Tan KW Cedric,Pizzari T,Wigby S,2013.Parental age,gametic age and inbreeding interact to modulate offspring viability in Drosophila melanogaster.Evolution,67:3043-3051.
Thornhill NW,1993.The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Trivers RL,1972.Parental investment and sexual selection.In:Campbell B ed.Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871-1971.Aldine,Chicago.136-179.
Ueno H,Sato Y,Tsuchida K,1998.Colour-associated mating success in a polymorphic ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis.Funct.Ecol.,12:757-761.
Vahed K,1998.The function of nuptial feeding in insects:review of empirical studies.Biol.Rev.,73:43-78.
Wang Q,2002.Sexual selection of Zorion guttigerum West wood(Coleoptera:Cerambycidae:Cerambycinae)in relation to body size and color.J.Insect Behav.,15:675-687.
Wedell N,2005.Female receptivity in butterflies and moths.J.Exp.Biol.,208:3433-3440.
Wedell N,Karlsson B,2003.Paternal investment directly affects female reproductive effort in an insect.Proc.R.Soc.B Biol.Sci.,270:2065-2071.
Wedell N,Tregenza T,1999.Successful fathers sire successful sons.Evolution,53:620-625.
Xu J,Wang Q,2009.Male moths undertake both pre-and in-copulation mate choice based on female age and weight.Behav.Ecol.Sociobiol.,63:801-808.
Yadav A,Wang Q,He XZ,2010.Effect of body weight on reproductive performance of Micromus tasmaniae(Walker)(Neuroptera:Hemerobiidae).Insect Biol.,63:208-213.