页岩气藏数值模拟方法评价及选择
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摘要
复杂的裂缝网络给页岩气藏数值模拟研究带来巨大挑战.本文利用离散裂缝模型(DFM),分别建立微尺度模型和矿场尺度模型,研究了不同基质渗透率和裂缝开度对应条件下,不同类型裂缝对页岩气总产量的贡献率.研究结果表明:在量级约为(10–8~10–4)×10–3μm2的页岩气藏基质渗透率范围内,且存在SRV改造区的条件下,页岩气产量以SRV内人工裂缝的贡献为主,SRV内以及SRV外天然裂缝的贡献量相对较小.因此,综合考虑计算复杂度和计算精度,可通过构建基质-天然裂缝表观渗透率和连续介质模型的方法表征天然裂缝,采用离散介质模型中计算网格少、效率高的离散裂缝网络(DFN)模型表征人工裂缝.
The complex fracture network brings great challenge to the numerical simulation of shale gas reservoirs.Based on the discrete fracture model(DFM),micro scale model and field scale model are established to investigate the influence of fracture types on the reservoir performance when the correspondence of matrix permeability and fracture aperture is different.Results show that:because the magnitude of shale gas reservoir matrix permeability isthe SRV is a prerequisite for shale gas production,hydraulic fractures play an important role in the shale gas production while the contribution of natural fractures in and out the SRV is relatively small.Therefore,considering the computational complexity and precision,natural fractures can be characterized by matrix-natural fracture apparent permeability model and continuum model while the hydraulic fracture can be characterized by the discrete fracture network(DFN)with less computational grids and high efficient.
The complex fracture network brings great challenge to the numerical simulation of shale gas reservoirs.Based on the discrete fracture model(DFM),micro scale model and field scale model are established to investigate the influence of fracture types on the reservoir performance when the correspondence of matrix permeability and fracture aperture is different.Results show that:because the magnitude of shale gas reservoir matrix permeability isthe SRV is a prerequisite for shale gas production,hydraulic fractures play an important role in the shale gas production while the contribution of natural fractures in and out the SRV is relatively small.Therefore,considering the computational complexity and precision,natural fractures can be characterized by matrix-natural fracture apparent permeability model and continuum model while the hydraulic fracture can be characterized by the discrete fracture network(DFN)with less computational grids and high efficient.
引文
[1] Warren J E,Root P J.The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs.SPE J,1963,3:245-255
2 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J,et al.The investigation of fracture aperture effect on shale gas transport using discrete fracture model.J Nat Gas Sci Eng,2014,21:631-635
3糜利栋,姜汉桥,李涛,等.基于离散裂缝模型的页岩气动态特征分析.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39:126-131
4 Sun J,Schechter D.Optimization-based unstructured meshing algorithms for simulation of hydraulically and naturally fractured reservoirs with variable distribution of fracture aperture,spacing,length,and strike.SPE Reserv Eval Eng,2015,18:463-480
5 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J.The impact of diffusion type on multiscale discrete fracture model numerical simulation for shale gas.J Nat Gas Sci Eng,2014,20:74-81
6 Sun J,Schechter D.Investigating the effect of improved fracture conductivity on production performance of hydraulically fractured wells:Fieldcase studies and numerical simulations.J Can Pet Tech,2015,54:442-449
7 Mc Koy M L,Sams W N.Tight gas reservoir simulation:Modeling discrete irregular strata-bound fracture networks and network flow,including dynamic recharge from the matrix.In:Proceedings of the Natural Gas Conference Emerging Technologies for the Natural Gas Industry.Washington DC:US Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Technology Center Publication,2010
8 Boyle E J,Sams W N.NFFLOW:A reservoir simulator incorporating explicit fractures.In:SPE Western Regional Meeting.Bakersfield,2012
9 Li J J,Jiang H,Jiang L,et al.Varying-scale shale gas flow:Discrete fracture networks(DFN)based numerical simulation.Particul Sci Tech,2016,34:557-564
10 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Mou S B,et al.Numerical simulation study of shale gas reservoir with stress-dependent fracture conductivity using multiscale discrete fracture network model.Particul Sci Tech,2018,36:202-211
11 Mi L D,Yan B C,Jiang H Q,et al.An Enhanced Discrete Fracture Network model to simulate complex fracture distribution.J Pet Sci Eng,2017,156:484-496
12 Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale.J Sediment Res,2009,79:848-861
13邹才能,李建忠,董大忠,等.中国首次在页岩气储集层中发现丰富的纳米级孔隙.石油勘探与开发,2010,5:4-5
14邹才能,董大忠,王社教,等.中国页岩气形成机理,地质特征及资源潜力.石油勘探与开发,2010,37:641-653
15聂海宽,张金川.页岩气储层类型和特征研究--以四川盆地及其周缘下古生界为例.石油实验地质,2011,33:219-225
16 Javadpour F,Fisher D,Unsworth M.Nanoscale gas flow in shale gas sediments.J Canad Pet Tech,2007,46:55-61
17 Wu K,Li X,Wang C,et al.A model for gas transport in microfractures of shale and tight gas reservoirs.AICh E J,2015,61:2079-2088
18薛冰,张金川,唐玄,等.黔西北龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及储气特征.石油学报,2015,36:138-149
19 Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.Bulletin,2007,91:603-622
20 Gale J F W,Laubach S E,Olson J E,et al.Natural fractures in shale:A review and new observations.Bulletin,2014,98:2165-2216
21糜利栋.离散裂缝网络页岩气藏多尺度渗流数值模拟方法研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国石油大学(北京),2017
22 Moinfar A.Development of an efficient embedded discrete fracture model for 3D compositional reservoir simulation in fractured reservoirs.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Austin:The University of Texas at Austin,2013
23 Moinfar A,Varavei A,Sepehrnoori K,et al.Development of an efficient embedded discrete fracture model for 3D compositional reservoir simulation in fractured reservoirs.SPE J,2014,19:289-303
24 Cao Y,Killough J E.An improved boundary element method for modeling fluid flow through fractured porous medium.In:SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference.Montgomery,2017
25 Durlofsky L J.Upscaling of geocellular models for reservoir flow simulation:A review of recent progress.In:7th International Forum on Reservoir Simulation.Baden-Baden,2003.23-27
26糜利栋,姜汉桥,姜俊键.耦合基质-天然裂缝渗流机理的页岩气表观渗透率.中国科学:技术科学,2016,46:1064-1070
27 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J,et al.A novel permeability model of naturally fractured shale reservoirs.In:SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition.Moscow,2016.24-26
2 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J,et al.The investigation of fracture aperture effect on shale gas transport using discrete fracture model.J Nat Gas Sci Eng,2014,21:631-635
3糜利栋,姜汉桥,李涛,等.基于离散裂缝模型的页岩气动态特征分析.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39:126-131
4 Sun J,Schechter D.Optimization-based unstructured meshing algorithms for simulation of hydraulically and naturally fractured reservoirs with variable distribution of fracture aperture,spacing,length,and strike.SPE Reserv Eval Eng,2015,18:463-480
5 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J.The impact of diffusion type on multiscale discrete fracture model numerical simulation for shale gas.J Nat Gas Sci Eng,2014,20:74-81
6 Sun J,Schechter D.Investigating the effect of improved fracture conductivity on production performance of hydraulically fractured wells:Fieldcase studies and numerical simulations.J Can Pet Tech,2015,54:442-449
7 Mc Koy M L,Sams W N.Tight gas reservoir simulation:Modeling discrete irregular strata-bound fracture networks and network flow,including dynamic recharge from the matrix.In:Proceedings of the Natural Gas Conference Emerging Technologies for the Natural Gas Industry.Washington DC:US Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Technology Center Publication,2010
8 Boyle E J,Sams W N.NFFLOW:A reservoir simulator incorporating explicit fractures.In:SPE Western Regional Meeting.Bakersfield,2012
9 Li J J,Jiang H,Jiang L,et al.Varying-scale shale gas flow:Discrete fracture networks(DFN)based numerical simulation.Particul Sci Tech,2016,34:557-564
10 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Mou S B,et al.Numerical simulation study of shale gas reservoir with stress-dependent fracture conductivity using multiscale discrete fracture network model.Particul Sci Tech,2018,36:202-211
11 Mi L D,Yan B C,Jiang H Q,et al.An Enhanced Discrete Fracture Network model to simulate complex fracture distribution.J Pet Sci Eng,2017,156:484-496
12 Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C,et al.Morphology,genesis,and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale.J Sediment Res,2009,79:848-861
13邹才能,李建忠,董大忠,等.中国首次在页岩气储集层中发现丰富的纳米级孔隙.石油勘探与开发,2010,5:4-5
14邹才能,董大忠,王社教,等.中国页岩气形成机理,地质特征及资源潜力.石油勘探与开发,2010,37:641-653
15聂海宽,张金川.页岩气储层类型和特征研究--以四川盆地及其周缘下古生界为例.石油实验地质,2011,33:219-225
16 Javadpour F,Fisher D,Unsworth M.Nanoscale gas flow in shale gas sediments.J Canad Pet Tech,2007,46:55-61
17 Wu K,Li X,Wang C,et al.A model for gas transport in microfractures of shale and tight gas reservoirs.AICh E J,2015,61:2079-2088
18薛冰,张金川,唐玄,等.黔西北龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及储气特征.石油学报,2015,36:138-149
19 Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments.Bulletin,2007,91:603-622
20 Gale J F W,Laubach S E,Olson J E,et al.Natural fractures in shale:A review and new observations.Bulletin,2014,98:2165-2216
21糜利栋.离散裂缝网络页岩气藏多尺度渗流数值模拟方法研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国石油大学(北京),2017
22 Moinfar A.Development of an efficient embedded discrete fracture model for 3D compositional reservoir simulation in fractured reservoirs.Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Austin:The University of Texas at Austin,2013
23 Moinfar A,Varavei A,Sepehrnoori K,et al.Development of an efficient embedded discrete fracture model for 3D compositional reservoir simulation in fractured reservoirs.SPE J,2014,19:289-303
24 Cao Y,Killough J E.An improved boundary element method for modeling fluid flow through fractured porous medium.In:SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference.Montgomery,2017
25 Durlofsky L J.Upscaling of geocellular models for reservoir flow simulation:A review of recent progress.In:7th International Forum on Reservoir Simulation.Baden-Baden,2003.23-27
26糜利栋,姜汉桥,姜俊键.耦合基质-天然裂缝渗流机理的页岩气表观渗透率.中国科学:技术科学,2016,46:1064-1070
27 Mi L D,Jiang H Q,Li J J,et al.A novel permeability model of naturally fractured shale reservoirs.In:SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition.Moscow,2016.24-26