Application of powdered activated carbon coating to fabrics in a hybrid filter to enhance mercury removal
|
摘要
Elemental mercury(Hg0) is predominant constituent of flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants. Adsorption has been considered the best available technology for removal of Hg0 from flue gas. However, adsorbent injection increases the amount of ash generated. In the present study, powdered activated carbon(PAC) was coated on polytetrafluoroethylene/glass fiber filters to increase Hg0 removal while concurrently reducing the amount of ash generated. The optimal PAC coating rate was determined in laboratory experiments to ensure better Hg0 removal with low pressure drop. When PAC of particle size less than 45 μm was used, and the areal density was 50 g/m2, the pressure drop remained under 30 Pa while the Hg0 removal efficiency increased to 15.8% from4.3%. The Hg0 removal efficiency also increased with decrease in filtration velocity. The optimal PAC coating rate was applied on a hybrid filter(HF), which was combined with a bag filter and an electrostatic precipitator in a single chamber. Originally designed to remove fine particulates matter, it was retrofitted to the flue gas control device for simultaneous Hg0 removal. By employing the PAC coating, the Hg removal efficiency of the HF increased to 79.79% from 66.35%. Also, a temporary reduction in Hg removal was seen but this was resolved following a cleaning cycle in which the dust layer was removed.
Elemental mercury(Hg0) is predominant constituent of flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants. Adsorption has been considered the best available technology for removal of Hg0 from flue gas. However, adsorbent injection increases the amount of ash generated. In the present study, powdered activated carbon(PAC) was coated on polytetrafluoroethylene/glass fiber filters to increase Hg0 removal while concurrently reducing the amount of ash generated. The optimal PAC coating rate was determined in laboratory experiments to ensure better Hg0 removal with low pressure drop. When PAC of particle size less than 45 μm was used, and the areal density was 50 g/m2, the pressure drop remained under 30 Pa while the Hg0 removal efficiency increased to 15.8% from4.3%. The Hg0 removal efficiency also increased with decrease in filtration velocity. The optimal PAC coating rate was applied on a hybrid filter(HF), which was combined with a bag filter and an electrostatic precipitator in a single chamber. Originally designed to remove fine particulates matter, it was retrofitted to the flue gas control device for simultaneous Hg0 removal. By employing the PAC coating, the Hg removal efficiency of the HF increased to 79.79% from 66.35%. Also, a temporary reduction in Hg removal was seen but this was resolved following a cleaning cycle in which the dust layer was removed.
Elemental mercury(Hg0) is predominant constituent of flue gas emitted from coal-fired power plants. Adsorption has been considered the best available technology for removal of Hg0 from flue gas. However, adsorbent injection increases the amount of ash generated. In the present study, powdered activated carbon(PAC) was coated on polytetrafluoroethylene/glass fiber filters to increase Hg0 removal while concurrently reducing the amount of ash generated. The optimal PAC coating rate was determined in laboratory experiments to ensure better Hg0 removal with low pressure drop. When PAC of particle size less than 45 μm was used, and the areal density was 50 g/m2, the pressure drop remained under 30 Pa while the Hg0 removal efficiency increased to 15.8% from4.3%. The Hg0 removal efficiency also increased with decrease in filtration velocity. The optimal PAC coating rate was applied on a hybrid filter(HF), which was combined with a bag filter and an electrostatic precipitator in a single chamber. Originally designed to remove fine particulates matter, it was retrofitted to the flue gas control device for simultaneous Hg0 removal. By employing the PAC coating, the Hg removal efficiency of the HF increased to 79.79% from 66.35%. Also, a temporary reduction in Hg removal was seen but this was resolved following a cleaning cycle in which the dust layer was removed.
引文
Balogh,S.,Nollet,Y.H.,2008.Mercury mass balance at a wastewater treatment plant employing sludge incineration with offgas mercury control.Sci.Total Environ.389,125-131.
Chalmers,A.T.,Krabbenhoft,D.P.,Van Metre,P.C.,Nilles,M.A.,2014.Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England.Environ.Pollut.92,104-112.
Choi,H.K.,Lee,S.H.,Kim,S.S.,2009.The effect of activated carbon injection rate on the removal of elemental mercury in a particulate collector with fabric filters.Fuel Process.Technol.90,107-112.
Choi,S.M.,Oh,K.C.,Lee,C.B.,2014.The effect of filter porosity and flow conditions on soot deposition/oxidation and pressure drop in particulate filters.Energy 77,327-337.
Diamantopoulou,Ir,Skodras,G.,Sakellaropoulos,G.P.,2010.Sorption of mercury by activated carbon in the presence of flue gas components.Fuel Process.Technol.91,158-163.
Galbreath,K.C.,Zygarlicke,C.J.,2000.Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas.Fuel Process.Technol.65,289-310.
Ghaemi,F.,Amiri,A.,Yunus,R.,2014.Methods for coating solidphase micro extraction fibers with carbon nanotubes.Trends Anal.Chem.59,133-143.
Golding,J.,Gregory,S.,Iles-Caven,Y.,Hibbeln,J.,Emond,A.,Taylor,C.M.,2016.Associations between prenatal mercury exposure and early child development in the ALSPAC study.Neuro Toxicol.53,215-222.
Hsi,H.C.,Tsai,C.Y.,2012.Preparation of oxygen-vacant TiO2-x and activated carbon fiber composite using a single-step thermal plasma method for low-concentration elemental mercury removal.Chem.Eng.J.200-202,18-24.
Jang,M.,Hong,S.M.,Park,J.K.,2005.Characterization and recovery of mercury from spent fluorescent lamps.Waste Manag.25,5-14.
Kim,J.H.,Park,J.M.,Lee,S.B.,Pudasainee,D.,Seo,Y.C.,2010.Anthropogenic mercury emission inventory with emission factors and total emission in Korea.Atmos.Environ.44,2714-2721.
Laudal,D.L.,Brown,T.D.,Nott,B.R.,2000.Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation.Fuel Process.Technol.65-66,157-165.
Lee,S.J.,Seo,Y.C.,Jang,H.N.,Park,K.S.,Beak,J.I.,An,H.S.,et al.,2006.Speciation and mass distribution of mercury in a bituminous coal-fired power plant.Atmos.Environ.40,2215-2224.
Lee,S.S.,Lee,J.Y.,Keener,T.C.,2009.Mercury oxidation and adsorption characteristics of chemically promoted activated carbon sorbents.Fuel Process.Technol.90,1314-1318.
Lee,S.S.,Kim,K.Y.,Oh,K.J.,Jeon,J.M.,Kang,D.C.,2013.Reaction characteristics of elemental and oxidized mercury with fly ash components.Clean Technol.19,453-458.
Li,J.,Maroto-Valer,M.M.,2012.Computational and experimental studies of mercury adsorption on unburned carbon present in fly ash.Carbon 50,1913-1924.
Liu,J.,Cheney,M.A.,Wu,F.,Li,M.,2011.Effects of chemical functional groups on elemental mercury adsorption on carbonaceous surfaces.J.Hazard.Mater.186,108-113.
Mason,R.P.,Choi,A.L.,Fitzgerald,W.F.,Hammerschmidt,C.R.,Lamborg,C.H.,Soerensen,A.L.,et al.,2012.Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.Environ.Res.119,101-117.
Park,B.H.,Lee,M.H.,Kim,S.B.,Kim,G.S.,Jo,Y.M.,2010.Preparation and characterization of porous composite filter medium by polytetrafluoroethylene foam coating.J.Air Waste Manage.Assoc.60,137-141.
Pudasainee,D.,Lee,S.J.,Lee,S.H.,Kim,J.H.,Jang,H.N.,Cho,S.J.,et al.,2010.Effect of selective catalytic reactor on oxidation and enhanced removal of mercury in coal-fired power plants.Fuel89,804-809.
Pudasainee,D.,Kim,J.H.,Yoon,Y.S.,Seo,Y.C.,2012.Oxidation,reemission and mass distribution of mercury in bituminous coal-fired power plants with SCR,CS-ESP and wet FGD.Fuel 93,312-318.
Risch,M.R.,Dewild,J.F.,Gay,D.A.,Zhang,L.,Boyer,E.W.,Krabbenhoft,D.P.,2017.Atmospheric mercury deposition to forests in the eastern USA.Environ.Pollut.228,8-18.
Sasmaz,E.,Kirchofer,A.,Jew,A.D.,Saha,A.,Abram,D.,Jaramillo,T.F.,et al.,2012.Mercury chemistry on brominated activated carbon.Fuel 99,188-196.
Selin,N.E.,2009.Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury:a review.Annu.Rev.Environ.Resour.34,43-63.
Shen,Z.,Ma,J.,Mei,Z.,Zhang,J.,2010.Metal chlorides loaded on activated carbon to capture elemental mercury.J.Environ.Sci.22,1814-1819.
Sim,K.M.,Park,H.S.,Bae,G.N.,Jung,J.H.,2015.Antimicrobial nano particle-coated electrostatic air filter with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop.Sci.Total Environ.533,266-274.
Sjostrom,S.,Durham,M.,Bustard,C.H.,Martin,C.,2010.Activated carbon injection for mercury control:Overview.Fuel 89,1320-1322.
Skodras,G.,Diamantopoulou,Ir,Sakellaropoulos,G.P.,2007.Role of activated carbon structural properties and surface chemistry in mercury adsorption.Desalination 210,281-286.
Sung,J.H.,Back,S.K.,Jung,B.M.,Kang,Y.S.,Lee,C.G.,Jang,H.N.,et al.,2017.Speciation and capture performance of mercury by a hybrid filter in a coal-fired power plant.Int.J.Coal Geo.170,35-40.
Takahashi,S.,Hwang,I.H.,Matsuto,T.,2016.Effects of phosphoric acid sprayed into an incinerator furnace on the flue gas pressure drop at fabric filters.Waste Manag.52,130-137.
Tan,Z.,Sun,L.,Xiang,J.,Zeng,H.,Liu,Z.,Hu,S.,et al.,2012.Gasphase elemental mercury removal by novel carbon-based sorbents.Carbon 50,362-371.
Tong,Y.,Wang,M.,Bu,X.,Guo,X.,Lin,Y.,Lin,H.,et al.,2017.Mercury concentrations in China's coastal waters and implications for fish consumption by vulnerable populations.Envirom.Pollut.396-405.
van Wijngaarden,E.,Thurstion,S.W.,Myers,G.J.,Strain,J.J.,Weiss,B.,Zarcone,T.,et al.,2013.Prenatal methyl mercury exposure in relation to neurodevelopment and behavior at 19years of age in the Seychelles child development study.Neurotoxicol.Teratol.39,19-25.
Wang,X.,Zhao,X.,Wang,W.,Zhang,J.,Zhang,L.,He,F.,et al.,2016.Controllable preparation of a nano-hydroxyapatite coating on carbon fibers by electrochemical deposition and chemical treatment.Mater.Sci.Eng.C.63,96-105.
Wilcox,J.,Rupp,E.,Ying,S.C.,Lim,D.H.,Negreira,A.S.,Kirchofer,A.,et al.,2012.Mercury adsorption and oxidation in coal combustion and gasification processes.Int.J.Coal Geo.90-91,4-20.
Yan,R.,Liang,D.T.,Tsen,L.,Wong,Y.P.,Lee,Y.K.,2004.Benchscale experimental evaluation of carbon performance on mercury vapour adsorption.Fuel 83,2401-2409.
Yang,H.,Xu,Z.,Fan,M.,Bland,A.E.,Judkins,R.R.,2007.Adsorbents for capturing mercury in coal-fired boiler flue gas.J.Hazard.Mater.146,1-11.
Yang,Y.,Liu,J.,Shen,F.,Zhao,L.,Wang,Z.,Long,Y.,2016.Kinetic study of heterogeneousmercury oxidation by HCl on fly ash surface in coal-fired flue gas.Combust.Flame.168,1-9.
Zhang,H.,Chen,J.,Liang,P.,Wang,L.,2012.Mercury oxidation and adsorption characteristics of potassium permanganate modified lignite semi-coke.J.Environ.Sci.24,2083-2090.
Zhao,S.,Duan,Y.,Chen,L.,Li,Y.,Yao,T.,Liu,S.,et al.,2017.Study on emission of hazardous trace elements in a 350MWcoal-fired power plant.Part 1.Mercury.Environ.Pollut.229,863-870.
Chalmers,A.T.,Krabbenhoft,D.P.,Van Metre,P.C.,Nilles,M.A.,2014.Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England.Environ.Pollut.92,104-112.
Choi,H.K.,Lee,S.H.,Kim,S.S.,2009.The effect of activated carbon injection rate on the removal of elemental mercury in a particulate collector with fabric filters.Fuel Process.Technol.90,107-112.
Choi,S.M.,Oh,K.C.,Lee,C.B.,2014.The effect of filter porosity and flow conditions on soot deposition/oxidation and pressure drop in particulate filters.Energy 77,327-337.
Diamantopoulou,Ir,Skodras,G.,Sakellaropoulos,G.P.,2010.Sorption of mercury by activated carbon in the presence of flue gas components.Fuel Process.Technol.91,158-163.
Galbreath,K.C.,Zygarlicke,C.J.,2000.Mercury transformations in coal combustion flue gas.Fuel Process.Technol.65,289-310.
Ghaemi,F.,Amiri,A.,Yunus,R.,2014.Methods for coating solidphase micro extraction fibers with carbon nanotubes.Trends Anal.Chem.59,133-143.
Golding,J.,Gregory,S.,Iles-Caven,Y.,Hibbeln,J.,Emond,A.,Taylor,C.M.,2016.Associations between prenatal mercury exposure and early child development in the ALSPAC study.Neuro Toxicol.53,215-222.
Hsi,H.C.,Tsai,C.Y.,2012.Preparation of oxygen-vacant TiO2-x and activated carbon fiber composite using a single-step thermal plasma method for low-concentration elemental mercury removal.Chem.Eng.J.200-202,18-24.
Jang,M.,Hong,S.M.,Park,J.K.,2005.Characterization and recovery of mercury from spent fluorescent lamps.Waste Manag.25,5-14.
Kim,J.H.,Park,J.M.,Lee,S.B.,Pudasainee,D.,Seo,Y.C.,2010.Anthropogenic mercury emission inventory with emission factors and total emission in Korea.Atmos.Environ.44,2714-2721.
Laudal,D.L.,Brown,T.D.,Nott,B.R.,2000.Effects of flue gas constituents on mercury speciation.Fuel Process.Technol.65-66,157-165.
Lee,S.J.,Seo,Y.C.,Jang,H.N.,Park,K.S.,Beak,J.I.,An,H.S.,et al.,2006.Speciation and mass distribution of mercury in a bituminous coal-fired power plant.Atmos.Environ.40,2215-2224.
Lee,S.S.,Lee,J.Y.,Keener,T.C.,2009.Mercury oxidation and adsorption characteristics of chemically promoted activated carbon sorbents.Fuel Process.Technol.90,1314-1318.
Lee,S.S.,Kim,K.Y.,Oh,K.J.,Jeon,J.M.,Kang,D.C.,2013.Reaction characteristics of elemental and oxidized mercury with fly ash components.Clean Technol.19,453-458.
Li,J.,Maroto-Valer,M.M.,2012.Computational and experimental studies of mercury adsorption on unburned carbon present in fly ash.Carbon 50,1913-1924.
Liu,J.,Cheney,M.A.,Wu,F.,Li,M.,2011.Effects of chemical functional groups on elemental mercury adsorption on carbonaceous surfaces.J.Hazard.Mater.186,108-113.
Mason,R.P.,Choi,A.L.,Fitzgerald,W.F.,Hammerschmidt,C.R.,Lamborg,C.H.,Soerensen,A.L.,et al.,2012.Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.Environ.Res.119,101-117.
Park,B.H.,Lee,M.H.,Kim,S.B.,Kim,G.S.,Jo,Y.M.,2010.Preparation and characterization of porous composite filter medium by polytetrafluoroethylene foam coating.J.Air Waste Manage.Assoc.60,137-141.
Pudasainee,D.,Lee,S.J.,Lee,S.H.,Kim,J.H.,Jang,H.N.,Cho,S.J.,et al.,2010.Effect of selective catalytic reactor on oxidation and enhanced removal of mercury in coal-fired power plants.Fuel89,804-809.
Pudasainee,D.,Kim,J.H.,Yoon,Y.S.,Seo,Y.C.,2012.Oxidation,reemission and mass distribution of mercury in bituminous coal-fired power plants with SCR,CS-ESP and wet FGD.Fuel 93,312-318.
Risch,M.R.,Dewild,J.F.,Gay,D.A.,Zhang,L.,Boyer,E.W.,Krabbenhoft,D.P.,2017.Atmospheric mercury deposition to forests in the eastern USA.Environ.Pollut.228,8-18.
Sasmaz,E.,Kirchofer,A.,Jew,A.D.,Saha,A.,Abram,D.,Jaramillo,T.F.,et al.,2012.Mercury chemistry on brominated activated carbon.Fuel 99,188-196.
Selin,N.E.,2009.Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury:a review.Annu.Rev.Environ.Resour.34,43-63.
Shen,Z.,Ma,J.,Mei,Z.,Zhang,J.,2010.Metal chlorides loaded on activated carbon to capture elemental mercury.J.Environ.Sci.22,1814-1819.
Sim,K.M.,Park,H.S.,Bae,G.N.,Jung,J.H.,2015.Antimicrobial nano particle-coated electrostatic air filter with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop.Sci.Total Environ.533,266-274.
Sjostrom,S.,Durham,M.,Bustard,C.H.,Martin,C.,2010.Activated carbon injection for mercury control:Overview.Fuel 89,1320-1322.
Skodras,G.,Diamantopoulou,Ir,Sakellaropoulos,G.P.,2007.Role of activated carbon structural properties and surface chemistry in mercury adsorption.Desalination 210,281-286.
Sung,J.H.,Back,S.K.,Jung,B.M.,Kang,Y.S.,Lee,C.G.,Jang,H.N.,et al.,2017.Speciation and capture performance of mercury by a hybrid filter in a coal-fired power plant.Int.J.Coal Geo.170,35-40.
Takahashi,S.,Hwang,I.H.,Matsuto,T.,2016.Effects of phosphoric acid sprayed into an incinerator furnace on the flue gas pressure drop at fabric filters.Waste Manag.52,130-137.
Tan,Z.,Sun,L.,Xiang,J.,Zeng,H.,Liu,Z.,Hu,S.,et al.,2012.Gasphase elemental mercury removal by novel carbon-based sorbents.Carbon 50,362-371.
Tong,Y.,Wang,M.,Bu,X.,Guo,X.,Lin,Y.,Lin,H.,et al.,2017.Mercury concentrations in China's coastal waters and implications for fish consumption by vulnerable populations.Envirom.Pollut.396-405.
van Wijngaarden,E.,Thurstion,S.W.,Myers,G.J.,Strain,J.J.,Weiss,B.,Zarcone,T.,et al.,2013.Prenatal methyl mercury exposure in relation to neurodevelopment and behavior at 19years of age in the Seychelles child development study.Neurotoxicol.Teratol.39,19-25.
Wang,X.,Zhao,X.,Wang,W.,Zhang,J.,Zhang,L.,He,F.,et al.,2016.Controllable preparation of a nano-hydroxyapatite coating on carbon fibers by electrochemical deposition and chemical treatment.Mater.Sci.Eng.C.63,96-105.
Wilcox,J.,Rupp,E.,Ying,S.C.,Lim,D.H.,Negreira,A.S.,Kirchofer,A.,et al.,2012.Mercury adsorption and oxidation in coal combustion and gasification processes.Int.J.Coal Geo.90-91,4-20.
Yan,R.,Liang,D.T.,Tsen,L.,Wong,Y.P.,Lee,Y.K.,2004.Benchscale experimental evaluation of carbon performance on mercury vapour adsorption.Fuel 83,2401-2409.
Yang,H.,Xu,Z.,Fan,M.,Bland,A.E.,Judkins,R.R.,2007.Adsorbents for capturing mercury in coal-fired boiler flue gas.J.Hazard.Mater.146,1-11.
Yang,Y.,Liu,J.,Shen,F.,Zhao,L.,Wang,Z.,Long,Y.,2016.Kinetic study of heterogeneousmercury oxidation by HCl on fly ash surface in coal-fired flue gas.Combust.Flame.168,1-9.
Zhang,H.,Chen,J.,Liang,P.,Wang,L.,2012.Mercury oxidation and adsorption characteristics of potassium permanganate modified lignite semi-coke.J.Environ.Sci.24,2083-2090.
Zhao,S.,Duan,Y.,Chen,L.,Li,Y.,Yao,T.,Liu,S.,et al.,2017.Study on emission of hazardous trace elements in a 350MWcoal-fired power plant.Part 1.Mercury.Environ.Pollut.229,863-870.