竞争异化:精英淘汰机制中的隐形不平等——博士招生“申请——考核”制的公平性探析
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摘要
学术精英的选拔关乎国家发展的前途,博士招生中的"申请—考核"制作为重要的精英选拔制度,其公平性是学术精英阶层是否合理产生的关键。博士研究生资源属于优质的教育资源,其"高价值"和"稀缺性"的特点只能让少数人获得进入该阶层的机会,这也就导致阶层之间在争夺优质资源时产生竞争的异化。"申请—考核"制的出现让院校、导师的招生自主权扩大,其所产生的权力私化、权钱交易的利益链也极易破坏掉赞助性升迁与竞争性升迁之间的平衡。这种破坏性的结果会体现在资质与资本的互动博弈中,"利益相关者"能够用资格限定的权力打造"出身鄙视链"进而维护优势利益主体通过资本置换带来的最大化利益。基于此种因素考量,博士"申请—考核"制必须建立起适当的机会补偿措施,调整权利正义与价值正义的关系,考虑"绩能主义"的价值,才能从利益主体的交织中维持公平正义。
The selection of the academic elite is critical to the national future development.As an important elite selection system,the"application-examination"doctoral enrollment system is critical to a fair and reasonable generation of the social class of the academic elite.Doctoral students are a potential quality educational resource.The characteristics of"high value"and"scarcity"can only give a few people the opportunity to enter this class,which leads to a competition alienation between classes in competing for high-quality resources.The emergence of"application-examination"system expands the admission autonomy of universities and supervisors,and the privatization of decision-making power and the profit chain of "trading power for money"arising thereof can easily destroy the balance between sponsored promotion and competitive promotion.This destructive result is reflected in the interactive play between qualification and capital."Stakeholders"can use the privileged power specified to build a chain of"educational background discrimination"so that they can maintain the maximum profit through capital replacement for advantage-possessing entities.Based on this factor,the author proposes appropriate indemnifying measures of the"application-examination"doctoral enrollment system,so as to adjust the relationship between the justice of the right and the justice of the value.The author believes that only by taking into account the value of"meritocracy"can we maintain fairness and justice from the mess among the"stakeholders".
The selection of the academic elite is critical to the national future development.As an important elite selection system,the"application-examination"doctoral enrollment system is critical to a fair and reasonable generation of the social class of the academic elite.Doctoral students are a potential quality educational resource.The characteristics of"high value"and"scarcity"can only give a few people the opportunity to enter this class,which leads to a competition alienation between classes in competing for high-quality resources.The emergence of"application-examination"system expands the admission autonomy of universities and supervisors,and the privatization of decision-making power and the profit chain of "trading power for money"arising thereof can easily destroy the balance between sponsored promotion and competitive promotion.This destructive result is reflected in the interactive play between qualification and capital."Stakeholders"can use the privileged power specified to build a chain of"educational background discrimination"so that they can maintain the maximum profit through capital replacement for advantage-possessing entities.Based on this factor,the author proposes appropriate indemnifying measures of the"application-examination"doctoral enrollment system,so as to adjust the relationship between the justice of the right and the justice of the value.The author believes that only by taking into account the value of"meritocracy"can we maintain fairness and justice from the mess among the"stakeholders".
引文
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[10]陈聪,刘阳,林荣日.博士生申请考核制的两类主体倾向与制度优化:基于上海四所高校的实证研究[J].现代教育科学,2018(11):52-60.
[11]阎光才.学术系统的分化结构与学术精英的生成机制[J].高等教育研究,2010,31(03):1-11.
[12]吕伟.权利正义还是价值正义:教育正义的矛盾与选择[J].教育科学,2018,34(03):7-12.
[13]吴迪.博士招生"申请—考核"制的价值诉求及现实选择[J].研究生教育研究,2015(04):53-57.
[14]周少青.西方权利正义理念的发展演变述评[J].民族研究,2015(01):101-113,126.
[15]刘精明.能力与出身:高等教育入学机会分配的机制分析[J].中国社会科学,2014(08):109-128,206.
[16]左崇良.高等教育入学机会分配的社会学分析[J].社会科学战线,2017(10):228-237.
[2]周光礼等.中国博士质量调查:基于U/H大学的案例分析[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010:215.
[3]郭书剑,王建华.寒门贵子:高等教育中精英主义与平等主义的冲突[J].高等教育研究,2018,39(10):21-30,36.
[4]仇立平等.家庭—学校—工厂:中国社会阶层再生产[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015:133,136.
[5]吴晓刚.1990-2000年中国的经济转型、学校扩招和教育不平等[J].社会,2009,29(05):88-113,225-226.
[6]陈亮.公平正义诉求下的博士招生"申请-考核"制探微[J].现代教育管理,2014(12):107-111.
[7]吴愈晓.教育分流体制与中国的教育分层(1978-2008)[J].社会学研究,2013,28(04):179-202,245-246.
[8]方长春.地位差异及再生产:转型中国社会分层过程研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015:117,191.
[9]罗英姿,尤德晴,刘泽文,等.博士生招生"申请-考核"方式实施情况分析--基于十所高校的调查问卷[J].高等农业教育,2017(02):103-107.
[10]陈聪,刘阳,林荣日.博士生申请考核制的两类主体倾向与制度优化:基于上海四所高校的实证研究[J].现代教育科学,2018(11):52-60.
[11]阎光才.学术系统的分化结构与学术精英的生成机制[J].高等教育研究,2010,31(03):1-11.
[12]吕伟.权利正义还是价值正义:教育正义的矛盾与选择[J].教育科学,2018,34(03):7-12.
[13]吴迪.博士招生"申请—考核"制的价值诉求及现实选择[J].研究生教育研究,2015(04):53-57.
[14]周少青.西方权利正义理念的发展演变述评[J].民族研究,2015(01):101-113,126.
[15]刘精明.能力与出身:高等教育入学机会分配的机制分析[J].中国社会科学,2014(08):109-128,206.
[16]左崇良.高等教育入学机会分配的社会学分析[J].社会科学战线,2017(10):228-237.