我国资源环境承载约束地域分异及类型划分（英文）
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摘要
开展资源环境承载约束地域类型研究是推进我国工业化和城镇化发展的重要基础工作之一。本文以人均可利用土地资源潜力、人均可利用水资源潜力、环境胁迫度、生态制约度为关键指标,通过构建分步式或集成式测算方法,按县级单元分别对我国水、土、环境和生态等资源环境要素的承载约束进行了测算、空间差异分析和地域类型划分。结果表明:(1)我国有近90%的国土已处于资源环境的强约束状态,其中近半受到双要素的强约束,且主要分布在贺兰山-龙门山线以东的人口产业密集区。(2)我国东、中部人口密集地区以及青藏高原已处于土地资源缺乏的强约束状态;华北、西北、东北、四川盆地以及南方城市地区已处于水资源缺乏的强约束状态;华北平原、长三角及苏北、川渝黔桂省区、东北平原、黄土高原地区北部等地已达到环境胁迫强约束程度;生态强约束区域主要集中在天山-大别山线的西南部,该线东北部的黄土高原、阿拉善盟、东北周边及苏北沿海也有成片分布。(3)资源环境承载约束的要素交叉类型多样,多要素约束类型空间分布相对集中,除青藏高原为土地-生态约束类型外,其它交叉约束类型主要集中在贺兰山-龙门山线以东地区。
Research on the relationship between national resource constraint-region types and environmental carrying capacity is essential for the continued development of Chinese industrialization and urbanization.Thus,utilizing a series of key indexes including the per-capita potential of available land resources,the per-capita potential of available water resources,the degree of environmental stress,and the degree of ecological restriction,a step-by-step,integrated measuring method is presented here to understand the constrained carrying elements of water and land resources as well as environment and ecology.Spatial differences are analyzed and area types classified at the county level across China.Results reveal that:(1)Almost 90%of China is strongly constrained by both resources and the environment,while nearly 50%of national territory is strongly constrained by two elements,especially in areas of intensive population and industry to the east of the Helan-Longmen Mountain line;(2)Densely populated areas of eastern and central China,as well as on the Tibetan Plateau,are strongly constrained by a shortage of land resources,while North China,the northwest,northeast,the Sichuan basin,and some southern cities are experiencing strong constraints because of water shortages.In contrast,the North China plain,the Yangtze River delta,northern Jiangsu,Sichuan province,Chongqing municipality,Guizhou and Guangxi provinces,the northeast plain,and the northern Loess Plateau are constrained by high levels of environmental stress.Areas of China that are strongly ecologically constrained tend to be concentrated to the southwest of the Tianshan-Dabie Mountain line,as well as in the northeast on the Loess Plateau,in the Alashan of Inner Mongolia,in northeast China,and in the northern Jiangsu coastal area;(3)Constraints on national resources and environmental carrying capacity are diverse and cross-cut China,meanwhile,multi-element spatial distribution does reveal a degree of relative centralization.With the exception of the Tibetan Plateau which is resources-ecological constraint,other areas subject to cross constraints are mainly concentrated to the east of the Helan-Longmen Mountain line.
Research on the relationship between national resource constraint-region types and environmental carrying capacity is essential for the continued development of Chinese industrialization and urbanization.Thus,utilizing a series of key indexes including the per-capita potential of available land resources,the per-capita potential of available water resources,the degree of environmental stress,and the degree of ecological restriction,a step-by-step,integrated measuring method is presented here to understand the constrained carrying elements of water and land resources as well as environment and ecology.Spatial differences are analyzed and area types classified at the county level across China.Results reveal that:(1)Almost 90%of China is strongly constrained by both resources and the environment,while nearly 50%of national territory is strongly constrained by two elements,especially in areas of intensive population and industry to the east of the Helan-Longmen Mountain line;(2)Densely populated areas of eastern and central China,as well as on the Tibetan Plateau,are strongly constrained by a shortage of land resources,while North China,the northwest,northeast,the Sichuan basin,and some southern cities are experiencing strong constraints because of water shortages.In contrast,the North China plain,the Yangtze River delta,northern Jiangsu,Sichuan province,Chongqing municipality,Guizhou and Guangxi provinces,the northeast plain,and the northern Loess Plateau are constrained by high levels of environmental stress.Areas of China that are strongly ecologically constrained tend to be concentrated to the southwest of the Tianshan-Dabie Mountain line,as well as in the northeast on the Loess Plateau,in the Alashan of Inner Mongolia,in northeast China,and in the northern Jiangsu coastal area;(3)Constraints on national resources and environmental carrying capacity are diverse and cross-cut China,meanwhile,multi-element spatial distribution does reveal a degree of relative centralization.With the exception of the Tibetan Plateau which is resources-ecological constraint,other areas subject to cross constraints are mainly concentrated to the east of the Helan-Longmen Mountain line.
引文
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Fan,J.2007.The scientific foundation of major function-oriented zoning in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(4):339-350.(in Chinese)
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House P W,1974.The carrying capacity of a region:A planning model.Omega,2(5):667-676.
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Mace G M,Reyers B,Alkemade R,et al.2014.Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity.Global Environmental Change,28:289-297.
Malthus T.2015.An Essay on the Principle of Population.Createspace:London.
Meadows D H,Meadows D L,Randers J,et al.1972.The Limits to Growth:A Report for the Club of Rome′s Project on the Predicament of Mankind.New York:Universe Books.
Meier R L.1978.Urban carrying capacity and steady state considerations in planning for the Mekong Valley region.Urban Ecology,3(1):1-27.
Price D.1999.Carrying capacity reconsidered.Population and Environment,21(1):5-26.
Rees W E.1996.Revisiting carrying capacity:Area-based indicators of sustainability.Population and Environment,17(3):195-215.
Rees W E.1992.Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:What urban economics leaves out.Environmental Studies,4(2):121-130.
Rockstrom J,Steffen W,Noone K,et al.2009.A safe operating space for humanity.Nature,461(7263):472-475.
Shi Y F,Qu Y G.1992.The Carrying Capacity and Reasonable Use of Urumqi River Basin Water Resources.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Seidl I,Tisdell C A.1999.Carrying capacity reconsidered:From Malthus’population theory to cultural carrying capacity.Ecological Economics,31(3):395-348.
UNESCO FAO.1985.Carrying capacity assessment with a pilot study of Kenya:A resource accounting methodology for exploring national options for sustainable development.Paris and Rome.
Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.2010.Available land index items and their calculational methods for major function oriented regionalization.Geographical Research,29(7):1223-1232.(in Chinese)
Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.2011.Assessing construction land potential and its spatial pattern in China.Landscape and Urban Planning,103:207-216.
Yao S M,Lu D D,Wang C,et al.2011.Urbanization in China needs comprehensive scientific thinking:Exploration of the urbanization mode adapted to the special situation of China.Geographical Research,30(11):1947-1955.(in Chinese)
Brush S.1975.The concept of carrying capacity for systems of shifting cultivation.American Anthropologist,77(4):799-811.
Carr-Saunders,A M.1935.Eugenics in the light of population trends.Eugen Rev.,27(1):11-20.
Chen B M.1991.An outline of the research method of the project“The Productivity and Population Carrying Capacity of the Land Resource in China’.Journal of Natural Resources,6(3):197-205.(in Chinese)
Cohen J E.1995.Population growth and Earth’s human carrying capacity.Science,269(5222):341-346.
Costanza R,d’Arge R,de Groot R,et al.1997.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,387(6630):253-260.
Clarke A L.2002.Assessing the carrying capacity of the Florida Keys.Population and Environment,23(4):405-418.
Cheng G D.2002.Evolution of the concept of carrying capacity and the analysis framework of water resources carrying capacity in the Northwest of China.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,24(4):361-367.(in Chinese)
Deng,W.2009.The prospective study of reconstruction planning after the‘Wenchuan Earthquake’based on the distribution of resource and environment carrying capability.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,24(1):28-33.(in Chinese)
Ehrlich P R,Holdren J P.1971.Impact of population growth.Science,171(3977):1212-1217.
Fan,J.2007.The scientific foundation of major function-oriented zoning in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(4):339-350.(in Chinese)
Fan,J.2009.National Wenchuan Post-earthquake Reconstruction Planning,Resources,and Environment Carrying Capacity Evaluation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Fan J,Tao A J,Ren Q.2010.On the Historical Background,Scientific Intentions,Goal Orientation,and Policy Framework of Major Function-Oriented Zone Planning in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,1(04):289-299.
House P W,1974.The carrying capacity of a region:A planning model.Omega,2(5):667-676.
Imhoff M L,Bounoua L,Ricketts T,et al.2004.Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production.Nature,429(24):870-873.
Li J Y,Li L J.2012.Water resources supporting capacity to regional socio-economic development of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(3):410-419.(in Chinese)
Mace G M,Reyers B,Alkemade R,et al.2014.Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity.Global Environmental Change,28:289-297.
Malthus T.2015.An Essay on the Principle of Population.Createspace:London.
Meadows D H,Meadows D L,Randers J,et al.1972.The Limits to Growth:A Report for the Club of Rome′s Project on the Predicament of Mankind.New York:Universe Books.
Meier R L.1978.Urban carrying capacity and steady state considerations in planning for the Mekong Valley region.Urban Ecology,3(1):1-27.
Price D.1999.Carrying capacity reconsidered.Population and Environment,21(1):5-26.
Rees W E.1996.Revisiting carrying capacity:Area-based indicators of sustainability.Population and Environment,17(3):195-215.
Rees W E.1992.Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:What urban economics leaves out.Environmental Studies,4(2):121-130.
Rockstrom J,Steffen W,Noone K,et al.2009.A safe operating space for humanity.Nature,461(7263):472-475.
Shi Y F,Qu Y G.1992.The Carrying Capacity and Reasonable Use of Urumqi River Basin Water Resources.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Seidl I,Tisdell C A.1999.Carrying capacity reconsidered:From Malthus’population theory to cultural carrying capacity.Ecological Economics,31(3):395-348.
UNESCO FAO.1985.Carrying capacity assessment with a pilot study of Kenya:A resource accounting methodology for exploring national options for sustainable development.Paris and Rome.
Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.2010.Available land index items and their calculational methods for major function oriented regionalization.Geographical Research,29(7):1223-1232.(in Chinese)
Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.2011.Assessing construction land potential and its spatial pattern in China.Landscape and Urban Planning,103:207-216.
Yao S M,Lu D D,Wang C,et al.2011.Urbanization in China needs comprehensive scientific thinking:Exploration of the urbanization mode adapted to the special situation of China.Geographical Research,30(11):1947-1955.(in Chinese)