我国资源环境承载约束地域分异及类型划分
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摘要
开展资源环境承载约束地域类型研究是推进我国工业化和城镇化发展的重要基础工作之一。文章以人均可利用土地资源潜力、人均可利用水资源潜力、环境胁迫度、生态制约度为关键指标,通过构建分步式或集成式测算方法,按县级单元分别对我国水、土、环境和生态等资源环境要素的承载约束进行了测算、空间差异分析和地域类型划分。结果表明:(1)我国有近90%的国土已处于资源环境的强约束状态,其中近半受到双要素的强约束,且主要分布在贺兰山—龙门山线以东的人口产业密集区。(2)我国东、中部人口密集地区以及青藏高原已处于土地资源缺乏的强约束状态;华北、西北、东北、四川盆地以及南方城市地区已处于水资源缺乏的强约束状态;华北平原、长三角及苏北、川渝黔桂省区、东北平原、黄土高原地区北部等地已达到环境胁迫强约束程度;生态强约束区域主要集中在天山—大别山线的西南部,该线东北部的黄土高原、阿拉善盟、东北周边及苏北沿海也有成片分布。(3)资源环境承载约束的要素交叉类型多样,多要素约束类型空间分布相对集中,除青藏高原为土地-生态约束类型外,其他交叉约束类型主要集中在贺兰山—龙门山线以东地区。(4)针对我国资源环境承载约束面大地广、类型复杂多样且与人口产业密集区高度重叠等特点,"十三五"期间国家宜在国情基础数据挖掘整理、资源环境承载力监测预警、承载力评价基础理论方法以及国土空间管控制度完善等方面加大工作力度。
The research on constraint-region types of national resources and environment carrying is one of the essential works for industrialization and urbanization development in China. Based on the key indexes, such as per-capital potential of available land resources, per-capital potential of available water resources, degree of environmental stress, and degree of ecological restriction, this article builds up step-by-step or integrated measuring method, to measure the constrained carrying elements of water, land resources, environment, and ecology, to analyze spatial differences, and to classify areal types, which according to the unit at the county level. The results show the followings.(1) Almost 90% of territory has been in strongly constrained status in terms of resources and environment, and nearly half of them are strongly constrained by double elements, mainly distributed in intensive populated and industrial areas of the east of the Helan Mountain–Longmen Mountain line.(2) Eastern and central China's densely populated areas and Tibet Plateau has been in strong constraint of land resources shortage; North China, Northwest, Northeast, Sichuan Basin, and some southern cities are facing strong water shortage constraint. North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Northern Jiangsu, Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, Guizhou Province, Guangxi Province, Northeast Plain, and Northern Loess Plateau have reached high constrained degree of environmental stress. Strongly ecological constraint area is mainly concentrated in the southwest of Tian Mountain–Dabie Mountain line. Besides, on the northeast of the line, the Loess Plateau, Alashan of Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, and coastal area of northern Jiangsu are also shared by the same constraint.(3) The elements of constraints of national resources and environment carrying are diversed crisscross. The multi-elements spatial distribution is relative centralized. Except Tibet Plateau, which is the land resources-ecological constraint, other cross constraint areas are mainly distributed in the east of Helan Mountain–Longmen Mountain line.(4) Aiming at the feature of constraints, such as broad coverage, complicated and Industrial concentrated areas overlapping with heavily populated areas, during the 13 th Five-Years Plan, our nation is appropriate to intensify efforts on mining national conditions database, on monitoring and early-warning of the national resources and environment carrying capacity, on researching basic evaluation theory method of capacity, and on perfecting the system of national spatial regulation.
The research on constraint-region types of national resources and environment carrying is one of the essential works for industrialization and urbanization development in China. Based on the key indexes, such as per-capital potential of available land resources, per-capital potential of available water resources, degree of environmental stress, and degree of ecological restriction, this article builds up step-by-step or integrated measuring method, to measure the constrained carrying elements of water, land resources, environment, and ecology, to analyze spatial differences, and to classify areal types, which according to the unit at the county level. The results show the followings.(1) Almost 90% of territory has been in strongly constrained status in terms of resources and environment, and nearly half of them are strongly constrained by double elements, mainly distributed in intensive populated and industrial areas of the east of the Helan Mountain–Longmen Mountain line.(2) Eastern and central China's densely populated areas and Tibet Plateau has been in strong constraint of land resources shortage; North China, Northwest, Northeast, Sichuan Basin, and some southern cities are facing strong water shortage constraint. North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Northern Jiangsu, Sichuan Province, Chongqing Municipality, Guizhou Province, Guangxi Province, Northeast Plain, and Northern Loess Plateau have reached high constrained degree of environmental stress. Strongly ecological constraint area is mainly concentrated in the southwest of Tian Mountain–Dabie Mountain line. Besides, on the northeast of the line, the Loess Plateau, Alashan of Inner Mongolia, Northeast China, and coastal area of northern Jiangsu are also shared by the same constraint.(3) The elements of constraints of national resources and environment carrying are diversed crisscross. The multi-elements spatial distribution is relative centralized. Except Tibet Plateau, which is the land resources-ecological constraint, other cross constraint areas are mainly distributed in the east of Helan Mountain–Longmen Mountain line.(4) Aiming at the feature of constraints, such as broad coverage, complicated and Industrial concentrated areas overlapping with heavily populated areas, during the 13 th Five-Years Plan, our nation is appropriate to intensify efforts on mining national conditions database, on monitoring and early-warning of the national resources and environment carrying capacity, on researching basic evaluation theory method of capacity, and on perfecting the system of national spatial regulation.
引文
1姚士谋,陆大道,王聪,等.中国城镇化需要综合性的科学思维——探索适应中国国情的城镇化方式.地理研究,2011,30(11):1947-1955.
2 刘殿生.资源与环境综合承载潜力分析.环境科学研究,1995,8(5):7-12.
3 刘昌明,王红瑞.浅析水资源与人口、经济和社会环境的关系.自然资源学报,2003,18(4):635-644.
4 高国力.如何认识我国主体功能区划及其内涵特征.中国发展观察,2007,(3):23-25.
5 中华人民共和国国务院.(国发[2010]46号).全国主体功能区规划.2010.
6 樊杰.我国主体功能区划的科学基础.地理学报,2007,62(4):339-350.
7 邓伟.重建规划的前瞻性:基于资源环境承载力的布局.中国科学院院刊.2009,24(1):28-33.
8 中华人民共和国国务院.国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要.[2015-11-21].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_268766.htm.
9 中华人民共和国国务院.国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要.[2015-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/2011lh/content_1825838.htm.
10 胡锦涛.坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗——在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告.北京:人民出版社,2012.
11 中国共产党第十八届中央委员会.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定.[2015-11-24].http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-11/15/content_2528186.htm.
12徐勇,汤青,樊杰,等.主体功能区划可利用土地资源指标项及其算法.地理研究,2010,29(7):1223-1232.
13 Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.Assessing construction land potential and its spatial pattern in China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,103:207-216.
2 刘殿生.资源与环境综合承载潜力分析.环境科学研究,1995,8(5):7-12.
3 刘昌明,王红瑞.浅析水资源与人口、经济和社会环境的关系.自然资源学报,2003,18(4):635-644.
4 高国力.如何认识我国主体功能区划及其内涵特征.中国发展观察,2007,(3):23-25.
5 中华人民共和国国务院.(国发[2010]46号).全国主体功能区规划.2010.
6 樊杰.我国主体功能区划的科学基础.地理学报,2007,62(4):339-350.
7 邓伟.重建规划的前瞻性:基于资源环境承载力的布局.中国科学院院刊.2009,24(1):28-33.
8 中华人民共和国国务院.国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要.[2015-11-21].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_268766.htm.
9 中华人民共和国国务院.国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要.[2015-11-20].http://www.gov.cn/2011lh/content_1825838.htm.
10 胡锦涛.坚定不移沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进为全面建成小康社会而奋斗——在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告.北京:人民出版社,2012.
11 中国共产党第十八届中央委员会.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定.[2015-11-24].http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-11/15/content_2528186.htm.
12徐勇,汤青,樊杰,等.主体功能区划可利用土地资源指标项及其算法.地理研究,2010,29(7):1223-1232.
13 Xu Y,Tang Q,Fan J,et al.Assessing construction land potential and its spatial pattern in China.Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,103:207-216.