川西拗陷须家河组第四段致密砂岩高岭石及其对储层物性的影响
|
摘要
研究川西拗陷上三叠统须家河组第四段致密砂岩中高岭石的发育特征与形成机理,探讨其对储层物性的影响。采用扫描电镜、铸体薄片、黏土矿物X射线衍射测试以及物性资料等,结果表明须四段自生高岭石呈书页状、蠕虫状,主要分布在深度小于3.8 km的须四段中上部;高岭石的形成与长石的溶蚀有关:(1)大气淡水和煤系地层酸性水使得长石在早成岩阶段发生了第一期溶蚀,形成了自生高岭石;(2)随着埋藏深度的增加和地温的升高,部分高岭石与临近的残余钾长石发生反应形成了伊利石。自生高岭石及其伴生矿物伊利石有利于须四段储层的孔隙发育;但它们阻塞了孔喉、降低了储层渗透率,不利于油气的运移。
The development characteristics and formation mechanism of the tight sandstone of the Member 4 of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_3x~4) in the western Sichuan Depression are studied and its influence on the physical properties of the reservoir is discussed so as to provide a theoretical basis for oil and gas exploration in this area. Comprehensive analyses of scanning electron microscope(SEM), rock thin section observation, clay mineral X-ray diffraction and physical property data, etc., show that the authigenic kaolinites are lamellar shaped and vermicular shaped, mainly distributed in the upper part of T_3x~4 with a depth less than 3.8 km. It is showed that the formation of kaolinite is related to the dissolution of feldspar. In fact, atmospheric fresh water and acidic water in coal measure strata bring about the first stage dissolution of feldspar in the early diagenesis stage and eventually lead to the formation of authigenic kaolinite. With the increase of burial depth and ground temperature, some kaolinites react with adjacent residual potassium feldspar and lead to the formation of illite. Based on physical properties and mercury intrusion data, it is considered that although the development of kaolinite in the rocks can enhance the reservoir porosity, kaolinite and its associated illite also can block the pore throat and reduce the reservoir permeability, creating an unfavorable condition for the migration of oil and gas.
The development characteristics and formation mechanism of the tight sandstone of the Member 4 of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_3x~4) in the western Sichuan Depression are studied and its influence on the physical properties of the reservoir is discussed so as to provide a theoretical basis for oil and gas exploration in this area. Comprehensive analyses of scanning electron microscope(SEM), rock thin section observation, clay mineral X-ray diffraction and physical property data, etc., show that the authigenic kaolinites are lamellar shaped and vermicular shaped, mainly distributed in the upper part of T_3x~4 with a depth less than 3.8 km. It is showed that the formation of kaolinite is related to the dissolution of feldspar. In fact, atmospheric fresh water and acidic water in coal measure strata bring about the first stage dissolution of feldspar in the early diagenesis stage and eventually lead to the formation of authigenic kaolinite. With the increase of burial depth and ground temperature, some kaolinites react with adjacent residual potassium feldspar and lead to the formation of illite. Based on physical properties and mercury intrusion data, it is considered that although the development of kaolinite in the rocks can enhance the reservoir porosity, kaolinite and its associated illite also can block the pore throat and reduce the reservoir permeability, creating an unfavorable condition for the migration of oil and gas.
引文
[1] 叶泰然,李书兵,吕正祥,等.四川盆地须家河组层序地层格架及沉积体系分布规律探讨[J].天然气工业,2011,31(9):51-57.Ye T R,Li S B,Lv Z X,et al.Sequence stratigraphic framework and sedimentary system distribution of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(9):51-57.(in Chinese)
[2] 林良彪,陈洪德,姜平,等.川西前陆盆地须家河组沉积相及岩相古地理演化[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,33(4):376-383.Lin L B,Chen H D,Jiang P,et al.Sedimentary facies and litho-paleogeographic evolution of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in West Sichuan Foreland Basin[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),2006,33(4):376-383.(in Chinese)
[3] 林良彪,陈洪德,侯明才.须家河组砂岩组分特征与龙门山推覆体的形成演化[J].天然气工业,2007,27(4):28-30.Lin L B,Chen H D,Hou M C.Characteristics of sandstone composition of Xujiahe Formation and evolution of Longmenshan Thrust Nappe[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(4):28-30.(in Chinese)
[4] 郑荣才,叶泰然,翟文亮,等.川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组砂体分布预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(3):405-417.Zheng R C,Ye T R,Zhai W L,et al.Prediction of sandbody distribution in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,the West Sichuan Depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2008,29(3):405-417.(in Chinese)
[5] 张鼐,田作基,吴胜华,等.川西须家河组储层成岩演化[J].岩石学报,2008,24(9):2179-2184.Zhang N,Tian Z J,Wu S H,et al.Study Xujiahe reservoir diagenetic process,Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2008,24(9):2179-2184.(in Chinese)
[6] 张哨楠.四川盆地西部须家河组砂岩储层成岩作用及致密时间讨论[J].矿物岩石,2009,29(4):33-38.Zhang S N.Discussion on the diagenesis and timing of tight sandstone reservoir in Xujiahe Formation,Western Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Mineral and Petrology,2009,29(4):33-38.(in Chinese)
[7] 王允诚,朱永铭.川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组的天然气成藏模式和盖层封闭机理[J].成都地质学院学报,1991,18(4):92-105.Wang Y C,Zhu Y M.A genetic model of the gas pools of Xujiahe Formation,Upper Triassic in the West Sichuan Depression of Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1991,18(4):92-105.(in Chinese)
[8] 黄思静,黄可可,冯文立,等.成岩过程中长石、高岭石、伊利石之间的物质交换与次生孔隙的形成:来自鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三叠系须家河组的研究[J].地球化学,2009,38(5):498-506.Huang S J,Huang K K,Feng W L,et al.Mass exchange among feldspar,kaoliniate and illite and their influence on secondary porosity in clastic diagenesis:A case study on the Upper Paleozoic,Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation,Western Sichuan Depression[J].Geochimica,2009,38(5):498-506.(in Chinese)
[9] 赵杏媛,张有瑜.黏土矿物与黏土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社,1990:291-309.Zhao X Y,Zhang Y Y.Clay Minerals and Analysis[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990:291-309.(in Chinese)
[10] 曹剑,张义杰,胡文瑄,等.油气储层自生高岭石发育特点及其对物性的影响[J].矿物学报,2005,25(4):367-373.Cao J,Zhang Y J,Hu W X,et al.Developing characteristics of kaolinite in central Junggar Basin and their effect on the reservoir quality[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2005,25(4):367-373.(in Chinese)
[11] 孟昊,钟大康,李卓沛,等.川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组须五段层序地层格架与沉积相[J].地层学杂志,2016,40(3):278-289.Meng H,Zhong D K,Li Z P,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the fifth member of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the middle part of the West Sichuan Depression,South China[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2016,40(3):278-289.(in Chinese)
[12] 李智武,刘树根,林杰,等.川西坳陷构造格局及其成因机制[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2009,36(6):645-653.Li Z W,Liu S G,Lin J,et al.Structural configuration and its genetic mechanism of the West Sichuan Depression in China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),2009,36(6):645-653.(in Chinese)
[13] Yu Y,Lin L B,Gao J.Formation mechanisms and sequence response of authigenic grain-coating chlorite:Evidence from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin,China[J].Petroleum Science,2016,13:657-668.
[14] 冷济高,李书兵,杨长清.利用流体包裹体确定川西坳陷孝泉-丰谷构造带须家河组天然气成藏期[J].天然气工业,2011,31(8):38-42.Leng J G,Li S B,Yang C Q.Determination of the time of gas accumulation in the Xujiahe Formation of Xiaoquan-Fenggu structural belt in the Western Sichuan Depression through fluid inclusion analysis[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(8):38-42.(in Chinese)
[15] 刘四兵,沈忠民,刘昊年,等.川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组水岩相互作用机制[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):48-58.Liu S B,Shen Z M,Liu H N,et al.Mechanism of water-rock interaction of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the middle part of West Sichuan Depression[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):48-58.(in Chinese)
[16] 黄思静,武文慧,刘洁,等.大气水在碎屑岩次生孔隙形成中的作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例[J].地球科学,2003,28(4):419-424.Huang S J,Wu W H,Liu J,et al.Generation of Secondary porosity by meteoric water during time of subaerial exposure:An example from Yanchang Formation sandstone of Triassic of Ordos Basin[J].Earth Science,2003,28(4):419-424.(in Chinese)
[17] 邹华耀,郝芳,柳广弟,等.库车冲断带巴什基奇克组砂岩自生高岭石成因与油气成藏[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):786-799.Zou H Y,Hao F,Liu G D,et al.Genesis of authigenic kaolinite and gas accumulation in Bashijiqike Fm sandstone in Kuqa thrust belt[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2005,26(6):786-799.(in Chinese)
[18] Cookenboo H O,Bustin R M.Pore water evolution in sandstones of the groundhog coalfield,Northern Bowser Basin,British Columbia[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,123:129-146.
[19] 朱如凯,赵霞,刘柳红,等.四川盆地须家河组沉积体系与有利储集层分布[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(1):46-55.Zhu R K,Zhao X,Liu L H,et al.Depositional system and favorable reservoir distribution of Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2009,36(1):46-55.(in Chinese)
[20] 赵振铎,闫百泉.松辽盆地F油层高岭石、伊利石对储层物性、敏感性影响的实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2014,3(5):947-954.Zhao Z D,Yan B Q.Effects of kaolinite and illite on physical property and sensitivity damage in the F reservoir of the Songliao Basin[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,2014,3(5):947-954.(in Chinese)
[2] 林良彪,陈洪德,姜平,等.川西前陆盆地须家河组沉积相及岩相古地理演化[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,33(4):376-383.Lin L B,Chen H D,Jiang P,et al.Sedimentary facies and litho-paleogeographic evolution of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in West Sichuan Foreland Basin[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),2006,33(4):376-383.(in Chinese)
[3] 林良彪,陈洪德,侯明才.须家河组砂岩组分特征与龙门山推覆体的形成演化[J].天然气工业,2007,27(4):28-30.Lin L B,Chen H D,Hou M C.Characteristics of sandstone composition of Xujiahe Formation and evolution of Longmenshan Thrust Nappe[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(4):28-30.(in Chinese)
[4] 郑荣才,叶泰然,翟文亮,等.川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组砂体分布预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(3):405-417.Zheng R C,Ye T R,Zhai W L,et al.Prediction of sandbody distribution in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,the West Sichuan Depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2008,29(3):405-417.(in Chinese)
[5] 张鼐,田作基,吴胜华,等.川西须家河组储层成岩演化[J].岩石学报,2008,24(9):2179-2184.Zhang N,Tian Z J,Wu S H,et al.Study Xujiahe reservoir diagenetic process,Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2008,24(9):2179-2184.(in Chinese)
[6] 张哨楠.四川盆地西部须家河组砂岩储层成岩作用及致密时间讨论[J].矿物岩石,2009,29(4):33-38.Zhang S N.Discussion on the diagenesis and timing of tight sandstone reservoir in Xujiahe Formation,Western Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Mineral and Petrology,2009,29(4):33-38.(in Chinese)
[7] 王允诚,朱永铭.川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组的天然气成藏模式和盖层封闭机理[J].成都地质学院学报,1991,18(4):92-105.Wang Y C,Zhu Y M.A genetic model of the gas pools of Xujiahe Formation,Upper Triassic in the West Sichuan Depression of Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1991,18(4):92-105.(in Chinese)
[8] 黄思静,黄可可,冯文立,等.成岩过程中长石、高岭石、伊利石之间的物质交换与次生孔隙的形成:来自鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三叠系须家河组的研究[J].地球化学,2009,38(5):498-506.Huang S J,Huang K K,Feng W L,et al.Mass exchange among feldspar,kaoliniate and illite and their influence on secondary porosity in clastic diagenesis:A case study on the Upper Paleozoic,Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation,Western Sichuan Depression[J].Geochimica,2009,38(5):498-506.(in Chinese)
[9] 赵杏媛,张有瑜.黏土矿物与黏土矿物分析[M].北京:海洋出版社,1990:291-309.Zhao X Y,Zhang Y Y.Clay Minerals and Analysis[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1990:291-309.(in Chinese)
[10] 曹剑,张义杰,胡文瑄,等.油气储层自生高岭石发育特点及其对物性的影响[J].矿物学报,2005,25(4):367-373.Cao J,Zhang Y J,Hu W X,et al.Developing characteristics of kaolinite in central Junggar Basin and their effect on the reservoir quality[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2005,25(4):367-373.(in Chinese)
[11] 孟昊,钟大康,李卓沛,等.川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组须五段层序地层格架与沉积相[J].地层学杂志,2016,40(3):278-289.Meng H,Zhong D K,Li Z P,et al.Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies of the fifth member of Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the middle part of the West Sichuan Depression,South China[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2016,40(3):278-289.(in Chinese)
[12] 李智武,刘树根,林杰,等.川西坳陷构造格局及其成因机制[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2009,36(6):645-653.Li Z W,Liu S G,Lin J,et al.Structural configuration and its genetic mechanism of the West Sichuan Depression in China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),2009,36(6):645-653.(in Chinese)
[13] Yu Y,Lin L B,Gao J.Formation mechanisms and sequence response of authigenic grain-coating chlorite:Evidence from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin,China[J].Petroleum Science,2016,13:657-668.
[14] 冷济高,李书兵,杨长清.利用流体包裹体确定川西坳陷孝泉-丰谷构造带须家河组天然气成藏期[J].天然气工业,2011,31(8):38-42.Leng J G,Li S B,Yang C Q.Determination of the time of gas accumulation in the Xujiahe Formation of Xiaoquan-Fenggu structural belt in the Western Sichuan Depression through fluid inclusion analysis[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(8):38-42.(in Chinese)
[15] 刘四兵,沈忠民,刘昊年,等.川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组水岩相互作用机制[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):48-58.Liu S B,Shen Z M,Liu H N,et al.Mechanism of water-rock interaction of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the middle part of West Sichuan Depression[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):48-58.(in Chinese)
[16] 黄思静,武文慧,刘洁,等.大气水在碎屑岩次生孔隙形成中的作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例[J].地球科学,2003,28(4):419-424.Huang S J,Wu W H,Liu J,et al.Generation of Secondary porosity by meteoric water during time of subaerial exposure:An example from Yanchang Formation sandstone of Triassic of Ordos Basin[J].Earth Science,2003,28(4):419-424.(in Chinese)
[17] 邹华耀,郝芳,柳广弟,等.库车冲断带巴什基奇克组砂岩自生高岭石成因与油气成藏[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):786-799.Zou H Y,Hao F,Liu G D,et al.Genesis of authigenic kaolinite and gas accumulation in Bashijiqike Fm sandstone in Kuqa thrust belt[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2005,26(6):786-799.(in Chinese)
[18] Cookenboo H O,Bustin R M.Pore water evolution in sandstones of the groundhog coalfield,Northern Bowser Basin,British Columbia[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,123:129-146.
[19] 朱如凯,赵霞,刘柳红,等.四川盆地须家河组沉积体系与有利储集层分布[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(1):46-55.Zhu R K,Zhao X,Liu L H,et al.Depositional system and favorable reservoir distribution of Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2009,36(1):46-55.(in Chinese)
[20] 赵振铎,闫百泉.松辽盆地F油层高岭石、伊利石对储层物性、敏感性影响的实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2014,3(5):947-954.Zhao Z D,Yan B Q.Effects of kaolinite and illite on physical property and sensitivity damage in the F reservoir of the Songliao Basin[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,2014,3(5):947-954.(in Chinese)