天然橡胶树割胶技术的研究及进展
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摘要
天然橡胶是重要的装备物资,随着工业不断发展,对天然橡胶的需求量不断增加,而天然橡胶是通过割破橡胶树乳管获得的,割胶技术的优劣直接影响橡胶产量。总结半树圆周割阳刀的传统割胶方法,以及低面阴刀和气刺微割的新割胶方法;分析配合割胶方法所采用的各类割胶机械,有传统手动割胶刀、优化手动割胶刀、电动割胶刀以及自动割胶机;探讨目前割胶机械的局限性,指出研制新型割胶机械应控制割胶轨迹、深度、耗皮量和仿形机构的精度才能提高割胶效率。科技的进步必然会推动割胶技术由人工作业向智能机械化方向发展,从而省去大量人力物力,同时可以大幅提高割胶效率和橡胶产量。
Natural rubber is an important equipment material which has the unique property that differentiates it from synthetic rubber.With the development of industry,the demand for natural rubber increases constantly.While natural rubber is obtained by cutting through latex tube,the technique of rubber cutting directly affects rubber's production.This essay summarized the traditional rubber-cutting method of tree circumferential cutter,and the new methods of Inclined Upward Tapping and Micro-tapping with gas stimulation.Also it analysed various kinds of rubber-cutting tools that coordinate with rubber-cutting methods.Those tools included traditional manual rubber-cutting knifes,electric rubber-cutting knifes and automatic rubber-cutting machine.It discussed the limitation of existing rubber-cutting tools,and pointed out that in order to improved the efficiency of rubber cutting,the development of new-type rubber cutting tools should take into consideration the tapping trails as well as depth,the consumption of bark and the accuracy of profiling mechanism.The advance of technology was bound to promote the development of rubber cutting technique from manual work to artificial intelligence,thus saving tremendous manpower and material resources,as well as drastically improving the efficiency of rubber cutting and increasing the volume of rubber production.
Natural rubber is an important equipment material which has the unique property that differentiates it from synthetic rubber.With the development of industry,the demand for natural rubber increases constantly.While natural rubber is obtained by cutting through latex tube,the technique of rubber cutting directly affects rubber's production.This essay summarized the traditional rubber-cutting method of tree circumferential cutter,and the new methods of Inclined Upward Tapping and Micro-tapping with gas stimulation.Also it analysed various kinds of rubber-cutting tools that coordinate with rubber-cutting methods.Those tools included traditional manual rubber-cutting knifes,electric rubber-cutting knifes and automatic rubber-cutting machine.It discussed the limitation of existing rubber-cutting tools,and pointed out that in order to improved the efficiency of rubber cutting,the development of new-type rubber cutting tools should take into consideration the tapping trails as well as depth,the consumption of bark and the accuracy of profiling mechanism.The advance of technology was bound to promote the development of rubber cutting technique from manual work to artificial intelligence,thus saving tremendous manpower and material resources,as well as drastically improving the efficiency of rubber cutting and increasing the volume of rubber production.
引文
[1]田新民,张正文,黄建峰,等.12种主要热带作物种质资源世界分布与保存[J].南方农业学报,2013,44(10):1618~1624.Tian Xinmin,Zhang Zhengwen,Huang Jianfeng,et al.Worldwide distribution and conservation of 12major tropical crops genetic resources[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2013,44(10):1618~1624.
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[4]张焱能,谭昕.新常态下海南民营橡胶产业发展现状及对策[J].农学学报,2016,6(9):82~85.Zhang Yanneng,Tan Xin.Development status and countermeasures of private rubber industry in Hainan province under the new normal[J].Journal of Agriculture,2016,6(9):82~85.
[5]冯耀飞,张慧艳.橡胶产量与气象因子的灰色关联性及逐步回归分析研究[J].热带农业科学,2016,36(11):57~60.Feng Yaofei,Zhang Huiyan.The gray relevancy analysis and the stepwise regression analysis between latex yield and meteorological factors[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2016,36(11):57~60.
[6]Dibs H,Idrees M O,Alsalhin G B A.Hierarchical classification approach for mapping rubber tree growth using per-pixel and object-oriented classifiers with SPOT-5imagery[J].The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2017,20(1):21~30.
[7]贺永国,李哲,黄绵佳,等.橡胶树乳管表达HbHMGR1基因双元表达载体构建与鉴定[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(2):163~168.He Yongguo,Li Zhe,Huang Mianjia,et al.Construction and identification of binary vector containing HbHMGR1gene from laticifer of Hevea brasiliensis[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2016,47(2):163~168.
[8]张燕,蔡维,史留勇.基于容栅传感机理的橡胶树皮厚度测量仪特性实验分析[J].中国农机化学报,2015,36(6):235~237,243.Zhang Yan,Cai Wei,Shi Liuyong.Properties analysis of the rubber bark thickness measuring instrument based on capacitive sensing mechanism[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2015,36(6):235~237,243.
[9]An F,Cahill D,Rookes J,et al.Real-time measurement of phloem turgor pressure in Hevea brasiliensis with a modified cell pressure probe[J].Botanical studies,2014,55(1):19.
[10]Qi D,Zhou J,Xie G,et al.Studies on rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)trees exist plant type after planting and available tapping tree of rubber plantation in China[J].American Journal of Plant Sciences,2014,5(20):3017.
[11]Sansatsadeekul J,Sakdapipanich J,Rojruthai P.Characterization of associated proteins and phospholipids in natural rubber latex[J].Journal of bioscience and bioengineering,2011,111(6):628~634.
[12]Rodríguez-García A,Martín J A,López R,et al.Effect of four tapping methods on anatomical traits and resin yield in Maritime pine(Pinus pinaster Ait.)[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2016,86:143~154.
[13]穆洪军,陆智明,肖春云,等.幼龄橡胶树全阴刀采胶试验初报[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(5):786~790.Mu Hongjun,Lu Zhiming,Xiao Chunyun,et al.A preliminary study of application of IUT(inclined upward tapping)in rubber latex collection from young rubber trees[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University(Natural Science),2006,28(5):786~790.
[14]陈喜民,陈云发,李秉成,等.IUT采胶技术试验小结[J].中国热带农业,2009,(2):42~44.
[15]陈积贤,白建相.低割面阴刀(由下往上割)新割胶技术综述及初探[J].热带农业科技,2003,26(Z1):34~36.Chen Jixian,Bai Jianxiang.A Summary and first exploration of inclined upward tapping on low part of rubber[J].Tropical Agricultural Science&Technology,2003,26(Z1):34~36.
[16]校现周,罗世巧,魏小弟.橡胶树气刺割胶技术新进展[J].热带农业工程,2010,30(8):59~61.
[17]庄玉粉.橡胶树皮乙烯利处理转录组分析与HMGR1基因启动子克隆分析[D].海口:海南大学,2017.Zhuang Yufen.Transcriptome analysis of hevea brasiliensis bark induced with ethephon and cloning and analysis of promoter of HMGR1gene from hevea brasiliensis[D].Haikou:Hainan University,2017.
[18]Wang K D,Huang M F,Yang C L,et al.Study on natural rubber quality of Micro-cut Tapping with Gas-stimulation[C]//Advanced Materials Research.Trans Tech Publications,2014,834:175~179.
[19]莫尚勇,曾卫宝,罗世巧.三年内更新胶树气刺微割试验小结[J].中国热带农业,2015,(2):65~68.
[20]An F,Cai X,Rookes J,et al.Latex dilution reaction during the tapping flow course of Hevea brasiliensis and the effect of Ethrel stimulation[J].Brazilian Journal of Botany,2015,38(2):211~221.
[21]钱云,李芹,周敏,等.气刺微割技术在GT1更新胶树上使用试验小结[J].热带农业科学,2017,37(3):7~10.Qian Yun,Li Qin,Zhou Min,et al.Experimental resultsof micro-cut tapping for GT1rubber trees planned for replanting[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2017,37(3):7~10.
[22]An F,Lin W,Cahill D,et al.Variation of phloem turgor pressure in Hevea brasiliensis:An implication for latex yield and tapping system optimization[J].Industrial crops and products,2014,58:182~187.
[23]符慧波.连续13年气刺微割试验总结[J].热带农业科学,2010,30(8):5~7.Fu Huibo.Summary of continuous experiments over 13years on micro-cut tapping with gas-stimulation[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2010,30(8):5~7.
[24]Brian T.Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2003.
[25]Zhao Y,Zhou L M,Chen Y Y,et al.MYC genes with differential responses to tapping,mechanical wounding,ethrel and methyl jasmonate in laticifers of rubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)[J].Journal of plant physiology,2011,168(14):1649~1658.
[26]王驭陌,张燕.基于TRIZ理论的智能割胶刀设计[J].湖北农业科学,2015,54(12):3010~3014.Wang Yumo,Zhang Yan.Design of intelligent tapping knife based on TRIZ theory[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2015,54(12):3010~3014.
[27]张燕,王驭陌.一种智能式割胶刀[P].中国专利:201410677958.4,2015-03-04.
[28]刘博艺,蔡宽麒,张燕,等.一种智能割胶刀[P].中国专利:201610888273.3,2017-01-25.
[29]李旭海.一种可更换刀头的割胶刀[P].中国专利:201220077115.7,2012-10-03.
[30]何建华,周惠兰.一种不重磨夹固照明组合式割胶刀[P].中国专利:200910055856.8,2010-01-13.
[31]UMAR,Norsofiana,Wan AZIZ,et al.Blade-replaceable Tapping Knife[P].Malaysia:WO2016MY00042,2017-03-16.
[32]郑勇,张以山,曹建华,等.4GXJ—I型电动胶刀采胶对割胶和产胶特性影响的研究[J].热带作物学报,2017,38(9):1725~1735.Zhen Yong,Zhang Yi Shan,Cao Jianhua,et al.The influence of the rubber tree tapped and latex production characteristics using type 4GXJ—I of portable cordless brushless tapping knife[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2017,38(9):1725~1735.
[33]曹建华,张峰,张以山.橡胶便携式电动割胶刀[P].中国专利:201510904185.3,2016-02-24.
[34]潘朝鼎.电动割胶机[P].中国专利:201410439683.0,2014-11-19.
[35]袁灵龙.高效电动割胶刀[P].中国专利:201520279540.8,2015-08-19.
[36]Zakariahs,Mathew.Motorised rubber tapping machine[P].India:WO2010IB02538,2012-09-07.
[37]许振昆,吴纪营,张兴明.一种割胶机及割胶方法[P].中国专利:201610369643.2,2016-10-26.
[38]许振昆.一种割胶机[P].中国专利:201410706500.7,2015-03-25.
[39]李乔.一种用于橡胶树采胶的自动割胶机[P].中国专利:201420358369.5,2014-11-26.
[40]N·艾哈迈德,K·阿布·马利克,M·H·马罗夫,等.自动割胶机[P].中国专利:201280011835.6,2013-11-27.
[41]张良.民营胶农的天然橡胶割制选择行为分析[D].海口:海南大学,2015.Zhang Liang.The choice behavior analysis of natural rubber tapping systems on private rubber farmers[D].Haikou:Hainan University,2015.
[2]祁栋灵,王秀全,张志扬,等.世界天然橡胶产业现状及科技对其推动力分析[J].热带农业科学,2013,33(1):61~66.Qi Dangling,Wang Xiuquan,Zhang Zhiyang,et al.Current situation of world natural rubber industry and its driving force by science and technology[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2013,33(1):61~66.
[3]鞠岩峰,张剑,吴润,等.天然橡胶种植现状及市场需求预测分析[J].林业资源管理,2014,(1):152~157.Ju Yanfeng,Zhang Jian,Wu Run,et al.Situation of natural rubber planting and analysis of market demand forecast[J].Forest Resources Management,2014,(1):152~157.
[4]张焱能,谭昕.新常态下海南民营橡胶产业发展现状及对策[J].农学学报,2016,6(9):82~85.Zhang Yanneng,Tan Xin.Development status and countermeasures of private rubber industry in Hainan province under the new normal[J].Journal of Agriculture,2016,6(9):82~85.
[5]冯耀飞,张慧艳.橡胶产量与气象因子的灰色关联性及逐步回归分析研究[J].热带农业科学,2016,36(11):57~60.Feng Yaofei,Zhang Huiyan.The gray relevancy analysis and the stepwise regression analysis between latex yield and meteorological factors[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2016,36(11):57~60.
[6]Dibs H,Idrees M O,Alsalhin G B A.Hierarchical classification approach for mapping rubber tree growth using per-pixel and object-oriented classifiers with SPOT-5imagery[J].The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2017,20(1):21~30.
[7]贺永国,李哲,黄绵佳,等.橡胶树乳管表达HbHMGR1基因双元表达载体构建与鉴定[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(2):163~168.He Yongguo,Li Zhe,Huang Mianjia,et al.Construction and identification of binary vector containing HbHMGR1gene from laticifer of Hevea brasiliensis[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2016,47(2):163~168.
[8]张燕,蔡维,史留勇.基于容栅传感机理的橡胶树皮厚度测量仪特性实验分析[J].中国农机化学报,2015,36(6):235~237,243.Zhang Yan,Cai Wei,Shi Liuyong.Properties analysis of the rubber bark thickness measuring instrument based on capacitive sensing mechanism[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2015,36(6):235~237,243.
[9]An F,Cahill D,Rookes J,et al.Real-time measurement of phloem turgor pressure in Hevea brasiliensis with a modified cell pressure probe[J].Botanical studies,2014,55(1):19.
[10]Qi D,Zhou J,Xie G,et al.Studies on rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)trees exist plant type after planting and available tapping tree of rubber plantation in China[J].American Journal of Plant Sciences,2014,5(20):3017.
[11]Sansatsadeekul J,Sakdapipanich J,Rojruthai P.Characterization of associated proteins and phospholipids in natural rubber latex[J].Journal of bioscience and bioengineering,2011,111(6):628~634.
[12]Rodríguez-García A,Martín J A,López R,et al.Effect of four tapping methods on anatomical traits and resin yield in Maritime pine(Pinus pinaster Ait.)[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2016,86:143~154.
[13]穆洪军,陆智明,肖春云,等.幼龄橡胶树全阴刀采胶试验初报[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,28(5):786~790.Mu Hongjun,Lu Zhiming,Xiao Chunyun,et al.A preliminary study of application of IUT(inclined upward tapping)in rubber latex collection from young rubber trees[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University(Natural Science),2006,28(5):786~790.
[14]陈喜民,陈云发,李秉成,等.IUT采胶技术试验小结[J].中国热带农业,2009,(2):42~44.
[15]陈积贤,白建相.低割面阴刀(由下往上割)新割胶技术综述及初探[J].热带农业科技,2003,26(Z1):34~36.Chen Jixian,Bai Jianxiang.A Summary and first exploration of inclined upward tapping on low part of rubber[J].Tropical Agricultural Science&Technology,2003,26(Z1):34~36.
[16]校现周,罗世巧,魏小弟.橡胶树气刺割胶技术新进展[J].热带农业工程,2010,30(8):59~61.
[17]庄玉粉.橡胶树皮乙烯利处理转录组分析与HMGR1基因启动子克隆分析[D].海口:海南大学,2017.Zhuang Yufen.Transcriptome analysis of hevea brasiliensis bark induced with ethephon and cloning and analysis of promoter of HMGR1gene from hevea brasiliensis[D].Haikou:Hainan University,2017.
[18]Wang K D,Huang M F,Yang C L,et al.Study on natural rubber quality of Micro-cut Tapping with Gas-stimulation[C]//Advanced Materials Research.Trans Tech Publications,2014,834:175~179.
[19]莫尚勇,曾卫宝,罗世巧.三年内更新胶树气刺微割试验小结[J].中国热带农业,2015,(2):65~68.
[20]An F,Cai X,Rookes J,et al.Latex dilution reaction during the tapping flow course of Hevea brasiliensis and the effect of Ethrel stimulation[J].Brazilian Journal of Botany,2015,38(2):211~221.
[21]钱云,李芹,周敏,等.气刺微割技术在GT1更新胶树上使用试验小结[J].热带农业科学,2017,37(3):7~10.Qian Yun,Li Qin,Zhou Min,et al.Experimental resultsof micro-cut tapping for GT1rubber trees planned for replanting[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2017,37(3):7~10.
[22]An F,Lin W,Cahill D,et al.Variation of phloem turgor pressure in Hevea brasiliensis:An implication for latex yield and tapping system optimization[J].Industrial crops and products,2014,58:182~187.
[23]符慧波.连续13年气刺微割试验总结[J].热带农业科学,2010,30(8):5~7.Fu Huibo.Summary of continuous experiments over 13years on micro-cut tapping with gas-stimulation[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2010,30(8):5~7.
[24]Brian T.Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2003.
[25]Zhao Y,Zhou L M,Chen Y Y,et al.MYC genes with differential responses to tapping,mechanical wounding,ethrel and methyl jasmonate in laticifers of rubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.)[J].Journal of plant physiology,2011,168(14):1649~1658.
[26]王驭陌,张燕.基于TRIZ理论的智能割胶刀设计[J].湖北农业科学,2015,54(12):3010~3014.Wang Yumo,Zhang Yan.Design of intelligent tapping knife based on TRIZ theory[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2015,54(12):3010~3014.
[27]张燕,王驭陌.一种智能式割胶刀[P].中国专利:201410677958.4,2015-03-04.
[28]刘博艺,蔡宽麒,张燕,等.一种智能割胶刀[P].中国专利:201610888273.3,2017-01-25.
[29]李旭海.一种可更换刀头的割胶刀[P].中国专利:201220077115.7,2012-10-03.
[30]何建华,周惠兰.一种不重磨夹固照明组合式割胶刀[P].中国专利:200910055856.8,2010-01-13.
[31]UMAR,Norsofiana,Wan AZIZ,et al.Blade-replaceable Tapping Knife[P].Malaysia:WO2016MY00042,2017-03-16.
[32]郑勇,张以山,曹建华,等.4GXJ—I型电动胶刀采胶对割胶和产胶特性影响的研究[J].热带作物学报,2017,38(9):1725~1735.Zhen Yong,Zhang Yi Shan,Cao Jianhua,et al.The influence of the rubber tree tapped and latex production characteristics using type 4GXJ—I of portable cordless brushless tapping knife[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2017,38(9):1725~1735.
[33]曹建华,张峰,张以山.橡胶便携式电动割胶刀[P].中国专利:201510904185.3,2016-02-24.
[34]潘朝鼎.电动割胶机[P].中国专利:201410439683.0,2014-11-19.
[35]袁灵龙.高效电动割胶刀[P].中国专利:201520279540.8,2015-08-19.
[36]Zakariahs,Mathew.Motorised rubber tapping machine[P].India:WO2010IB02538,2012-09-07.
[37]许振昆,吴纪营,张兴明.一种割胶机及割胶方法[P].中国专利:201610369643.2,2016-10-26.
[38]许振昆.一种割胶机[P].中国专利:201410706500.7,2015-03-25.
[39]李乔.一种用于橡胶树采胶的自动割胶机[P].中国专利:201420358369.5,2014-11-26.
[40]N·艾哈迈德,K·阿布·马利克,M·H·马罗夫,等.自动割胶机[P].中国专利:201280011835.6,2013-11-27.
[41]张良.民营胶农的天然橡胶割制选择行为分析[D].海口:海南大学,2015.Zhang Liang.The choice behavior analysis of natural rubber tapping systems on private rubber farmers[D].Haikou:Hainan University,2015.