多样性视角下的城市复合功能特征及成因探测——以长春市为例
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摘要
多功能要素的复合化已成为信息时代城市空间发展的重要趋势,而复合功能开发亦被认为是解决城市交通拥堵、低效能源消耗及职住不平衡等问题的重要手段,对促进有活力的、宜居的及可持续的城市环境建设具有重要意义。基于城市多样性的理论框架,在界定城市功能复合内涵的基础上,以长春市中心城区城市功能兴趣点(POI)数据为基础,采用区位熵指数、信息熵指数及地理探测器模型,分析城市居住、办公、商业、休闲四类功能要素的复合特征,并探讨城市功能复合空间分异的驱动因素。结果表明:①城市功能要素集中度特征显著,各类型功能要素均形成了专业化的功能集聚区,但各区块间功能要素的专业化程度存在较大差异。②城市功能要素复合度整体表现出核心—边缘的空间差异,核心区街道复合度整体高于外围开发区,办公、商业、休闲三种功能要素间的复合度要整体强于其各自与居住功能的复合。③以单一功能为主、多功能兼容的综合型复合是街道尺度功能复合的主要表现形式;各功能要素中,休闲、商业功能具有较强的兼容性。④城市功能复合的空间异质性特征显著,土地价格、休闲要素数量是造成多功能复合分异的主要原因;分类型复合中,各解释因子影响力度表现各异。
Mixed and multifunctional land uses have been identified as an enabling way to promote urban vibrancy and yield socio-economic benefits. As a key strategy in New Urbanism and Smart Growth, mixed use has been widely accepted in urban planning for promoting urban vibrancy and sustainability. This study aims to reveal the differences in the spatial distribution characteristics of different types of mixed use and the influencing factors of their distribution in Changchun central district from the perspective of urban diversity. Based on the POI data in the central district of Changchun, this study focuses on four function categories: Residence, office,commerce, and leisure. Location quotient, entropy index, and Geodetector are used to explore the distribution features and influencing factors of mixed use in Changchun. Serveral conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) Mixed use is the major form of street scale function elements distribution, from the perspective of concentration. All types of elements form a functional gathering area of specialization, but there are large differences between the degrees of specialization. The distribution of concentration of functional elements shows consistent trends with the overall quantity distribution.(2) The degrees of mixed use performance of coreperiphery spatial differences reflects that the degree of the core street area a is higher than that of the external zone. The degrees of mixed use of office, commerce, and leisure is stronger than their mixture degree with residence.(3)The main features of mixed use at street scale are the mixed multi-functions compatible with each other. Among the various types of functional elements, leisure and commercial elements have a higher degree of interaction with others,which means that they have a strong compatibility, with the positive effect on mixed use.(4)The spatial heterogeneity of the degrees of mixed use is significant. The primary determinants of the spatial distribution of mixed use include: land price, number of leisure elements and commercial elements. The total number of functional elements, the density of population and the density of road network variables show a weak influence on the differentiation of multifunctional land use. Except that the land price varies, other influencing factors behave differently in the by-type mixed use impact mechanism.
Mixed and multifunctional land uses have been identified as an enabling way to promote urban vibrancy and yield socio-economic benefits. As a key strategy in New Urbanism and Smart Growth, mixed use has been widely accepted in urban planning for promoting urban vibrancy and sustainability. This study aims to reveal the differences in the spatial distribution characteristics of different types of mixed use and the influencing factors of their distribution in Changchun central district from the perspective of urban diversity. Based on the POI data in the central district of Changchun, this study focuses on four function categories: Residence, office,commerce, and leisure. Location quotient, entropy index, and Geodetector are used to explore the distribution features and influencing factors of mixed use in Changchun. Serveral conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) Mixed use is the major form of street scale function elements distribution, from the perspective of concentration. All types of elements form a functional gathering area of specialization, but there are large differences between the degrees of specialization. The distribution of concentration of functional elements shows consistent trends with the overall quantity distribution.(2) The degrees of mixed use performance of coreperiphery spatial differences reflects that the degree of the core street area a is higher than that of the external zone. The degrees of mixed use of office, commerce, and leisure is stronger than their mixture degree with residence.(3)The main features of mixed use at street scale are the mixed multi-functions compatible with each other. Among the various types of functional elements, leisure and commercial elements have a higher degree of interaction with others,which means that they have a strong compatibility, with the positive effect on mixed use.(4)The spatial heterogeneity of the degrees of mixed use is significant. The primary determinants of the spatial distribution of mixed use include: land price, number of leisure elements and commercial elements. The total number of functional elements, the density of population and the density of road network variables show a weak influence on the differentiation of multifunctional land use. Except that the land price varies, other influencing factors behave differently in the by-type mixed use impact mechanism.
引文
[1]宋周莺,刘卫东.信息时代的企业区位研究.地理学报,2012,67(4):479-489.[Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong.The challenge of wide application of new information and communication technologies to traditional location theory.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(4):479-489.]
[2]魏宗财,甄峰,席广亮,等.全球化、柔性化、复合化、差异化:信息时代城市功能演变研究.经济地理,2013,33(6):48-52.[Wei Zongcai,Zhen Feng,Xi Guangliang,et al.Globalization,flexibility,composition,differentiation:Study on the evolution of urban functions in the information age.Economic Geography,2013,33(6):48-52.]
[3]仇保兴.紧凑度与多样性:中国城市可持续发展的两大核心要素.城市规划,2012,36(10):11-18.[Qiu Baoxing.Compactness and diversity:Two core elements of sustainable urban development in China.City Planning Review,2012,36(10):11-18.]
[4]简·雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生.金衡山译.南京:译林出版社,2006.[Jane Jacobs.The Death and Life of Great American Cities.Translated by Jin Hengshan.Nanjing:Yilin Press,2006.]
[5]ULI,Urban Land Institue.Mixed-use Development Handbook.2nd ed.USA:Urban Land Institue,2003.
[6]黄莉.城市功能复合:模式与策略.热带地理,2012,32(4):402-408.[Huang Li.Mixed land use for urban development:Models and strategies.Tropical Geography,2012,32(4):402-408.]
[7]陈楠,陈可石,崔莹莹.城市中心区的小单元功能混合发展模式:伦敦中央活动区模式的启示.国际城市规划,2016,31(3):56-62.[Chen Nan,Chen Keshi,Cui Yingying.The development model of mixed use in city small unit of central urban district:The enlightenment of London CAZ.Urban Planning International,2016,31(3):56-62.]
[8]Barnett J.Smart Growth in a Changing World.Chicago:Planners Press,2007.
[9]Jones P,Roberts M,Morris L,et al.Rediscovering Mixed-use Streets:The Contribution of Local High Streets to Sustainable Communities.Bristol:Policy Press,2007.
[10]ODPM,Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.Mixed Use Development:Practice and Potential.London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2002.
[11]党云晓,董冠鹏,余建辉,等.北京土地利用混合度对居民职住分离的影响.地理学报,2015,70(6):919-930.[Dang Yunxiao,Dong Guanpeng,Yu Jianhui,et al.Impact of land-use mixed degree on resident's home-work separation in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(6):919-930.]
[12]黄毅.城市混合功能建设研究.上海:同济大学博士学位论文,2008.[Huang Yi.A study of urban mixed-use development in theory and practice:the case of Shanghai.Shanghai:Doctoral Dissertation of Tongji University,2008.]
[13]陈映雪,甄峰.基于居民活动数据的城市空间功能组织再探究:以南京市为例.城市规划学刊,2014,(5):72-78.[Chen Yingxue,Zhen Feng.Further investigation into urban spatial function organization based on residents'activity data:A case study of Nanjing.Urban Planning Forum,2014,(5):72-78.]
[14]郑红玉,吴次芳,郑盛,等.空间一致性视角下的城市紧凑发展与土地混合利用研究.中国土地科学,2016,30(4):35-42.[Zheng Hongyu,Wu Cifang,Zheng Sheng,et al.The spatial consistency between compact city and mixed land use development:A case study of Shanghai.China Land Sciences,2016,30(4):35-42.]
[15]谌丽,张文忠,李业锦,等.北京城市居住空间形态对居民通勤方式的影响.地理科学,2016,36(5):697-704.[Chen Li,Zhang Wenzhong,Li Yejin,et al.Residential form in Beijing and its impact on residents'commuting mode choice.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(5):697-704.]
[16]张梦竹,周素红.城市混合土地利用新趋势及其规划控制管理研究.规划师,2015,31(7):42-48.[Zhang Mengzhu,Zhou Suhong.Mixed land use trend and planning management.Planners,2015,31(7):42-48.]
[17]林红,李军.出行空间分布与土地利用混合程度关系研究:以广州中心片区为例.城市规划,2008,32(9):53-56.[Lin Hong,Li Jun.Relationship between spatial distribution of resident trips and mixed degree of land use:A case study of Guangzhou.City Planning Review,2008,32(9):53-56.]
[18]周国磊,李诚固,张婧,等.2003年以来长春市城市功能用地演替.地理学报,2015,70(4):539-550.[Zhou Guolei,Li Chenggu,Zhang Jing,et al.Transition of urban functional land in Changchun from 2003.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):539-550.]
[19]Jiang Shan,Alves Ana,Rodrigues Filipe,et al.Mining point of interest data from social networks for urban land use classification and disaggregation.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2015,53(9):36-46.
[20]Liu Xingjian,Long Ying.Automated identification and characterization of parcels with open street map and points of interest.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2016,43(2):341-360.
[21]浩飞龙,王士君,冯章献,等.基于POI数据的长春市商业空间格局及行业分布.地理研究,2018,37(2):366-378.[Hao Feilong,Wang Shijun,Feng Zhangxian,et al.Spatial pattern and its industrial distribution of commercial space in Changchun based on POI data.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):366-378.]
[22]陈世莉,陶海燕,李旭亮,等.基于潜在语义信息的城市功能区识别:广州市浮动车GPS时空数据挖掘.地理学报,2016,71(3):471-483.[Chen Shili,Tao Haiyan,Li Xuliang,et al.Discovering urban functional regions using latent semantic information:Spatiotemporal data mining of floating cars GPS data of Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(3):471-483.]
[23]王芳,高晓路,许泽宁.基于街区尺度的城市商业区识别与分类及其空间分布格局:以北京为例.地理研究,2015,34(6):1125-1134.[Wang Fang,Gao Xiaolu,Xu Zening.Identification and classification of urban commercial districts at block scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1125-1134.]
[24]王辉,张萌,石莹,等.中国海岛县的旅游经济集中度与差异化.地理研究,2013,32(4):776-784.[Wang Hui,Zhang Meng,Shi Ying,et al.Concentration and differentiation of tourism economy in island counties,China.Geographical Research,2013,32(4):776-784.]
[25]Ruben Mercado,Antonio Paez.Determinants of distance traveled with a focus on the elderly:A multilevel analysis in the Hamilton CMA,Canada.Journal of Transport Geography,2009,17(1):65-76.
[26]Maoh Hanna,Tang Zhongyuan.Determinants of normal and extreme commute distance in a sprawled midsize Canadian city:Evidence from Windsor,Canada.Journal of Transport Geography,2012,25(11):50-57.
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望.地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chengdong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[28]Wang Jinfeng,Hu Yi.Environmental health risk detection with Geo-Detector.Environmental Modelling&Software,2012,33(7):114-115.
[29]Wang Jinfeng,Li Xinhu,Christakos G,et al.Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(1):107-127.
[30]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策.地理学报,2017,72(1):161-173.[Liu Yansui,Li Jintao.Geographica detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):161-173.]
[31]董玉祥,徐茜,杨忍,等.基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨.地理学报,2017,72(1):135-147.[Dong Yuxiang,Xu Qian,Yang Ren,et al.Delineation of the northern border of the tropical zone of China's mainland using Geodetector.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):135-147.]
[32]浩飞龙.多中心视角下的长春市城市功能空间结构研究.长春:东北师范大学博士学位论文,2017.[Hao Feilong.Spatial structure of urban functions of Changchun in the perspective of polycentricity.Changchun:Doctoral Dissertation of Northeast Normal University,2017.]
(1)数据主要来源为百度地图,并进一步获取了腾讯地图的POI数据进行数据的校验、补充和完善。获取地址分别为:http://lbsyun.baidu.com/(百度地图),http://lbs.qq.com/(腾讯地图)。
[2]魏宗财,甄峰,席广亮,等.全球化、柔性化、复合化、差异化:信息时代城市功能演变研究.经济地理,2013,33(6):48-52.[Wei Zongcai,Zhen Feng,Xi Guangliang,et al.Globalization,flexibility,composition,differentiation:Study on the evolution of urban functions in the information age.Economic Geography,2013,33(6):48-52.]
[3]仇保兴.紧凑度与多样性:中国城市可持续发展的两大核心要素.城市规划,2012,36(10):11-18.[Qiu Baoxing.Compactness and diversity:Two core elements of sustainable urban development in China.City Planning Review,2012,36(10):11-18.]
[4]简·雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生.金衡山译.南京:译林出版社,2006.[Jane Jacobs.The Death and Life of Great American Cities.Translated by Jin Hengshan.Nanjing:Yilin Press,2006.]
[5]ULI,Urban Land Institue.Mixed-use Development Handbook.2nd ed.USA:Urban Land Institue,2003.
[6]黄莉.城市功能复合:模式与策略.热带地理,2012,32(4):402-408.[Huang Li.Mixed land use for urban development:Models and strategies.Tropical Geography,2012,32(4):402-408.]
[7]陈楠,陈可石,崔莹莹.城市中心区的小单元功能混合发展模式:伦敦中央活动区模式的启示.国际城市规划,2016,31(3):56-62.[Chen Nan,Chen Keshi,Cui Yingying.The development model of mixed use in city small unit of central urban district:The enlightenment of London CAZ.Urban Planning International,2016,31(3):56-62.]
[8]Barnett J.Smart Growth in a Changing World.Chicago:Planners Press,2007.
[9]Jones P,Roberts M,Morris L,et al.Rediscovering Mixed-use Streets:The Contribution of Local High Streets to Sustainable Communities.Bristol:Policy Press,2007.
[10]ODPM,Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.Mixed Use Development:Practice and Potential.London:Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2002.
[11]党云晓,董冠鹏,余建辉,等.北京土地利用混合度对居民职住分离的影响.地理学报,2015,70(6):919-930.[Dang Yunxiao,Dong Guanpeng,Yu Jianhui,et al.Impact of land-use mixed degree on resident's home-work separation in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(6):919-930.]
[12]黄毅.城市混合功能建设研究.上海:同济大学博士学位论文,2008.[Huang Yi.A study of urban mixed-use development in theory and practice:the case of Shanghai.Shanghai:Doctoral Dissertation of Tongji University,2008.]
[13]陈映雪,甄峰.基于居民活动数据的城市空间功能组织再探究:以南京市为例.城市规划学刊,2014,(5):72-78.[Chen Yingxue,Zhen Feng.Further investigation into urban spatial function organization based on residents'activity data:A case study of Nanjing.Urban Planning Forum,2014,(5):72-78.]
[14]郑红玉,吴次芳,郑盛,等.空间一致性视角下的城市紧凑发展与土地混合利用研究.中国土地科学,2016,30(4):35-42.[Zheng Hongyu,Wu Cifang,Zheng Sheng,et al.The spatial consistency between compact city and mixed land use development:A case study of Shanghai.China Land Sciences,2016,30(4):35-42.]
[15]谌丽,张文忠,李业锦,等.北京城市居住空间形态对居民通勤方式的影响.地理科学,2016,36(5):697-704.[Chen Li,Zhang Wenzhong,Li Yejin,et al.Residential form in Beijing and its impact on residents'commuting mode choice.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(5):697-704.]
[16]张梦竹,周素红.城市混合土地利用新趋势及其规划控制管理研究.规划师,2015,31(7):42-48.[Zhang Mengzhu,Zhou Suhong.Mixed land use trend and planning management.Planners,2015,31(7):42-48.]
[17]林红,李军.出行空间分布与土地利用混合程度关系研究:以广州中心片区为例.城市规划,2008,32(9):53-56.[Lin Hong,Li Jun.Relationship between spatial distribution of resident trips and mixed degree of land use:A case study of Guangzhou.City Planning Review,2008,32(9):53-56.]
[18]周国磊,李诚固,张婧,等.2003年以来长春市城市功能用地演替.地理学报,2015,70(4):539-550.[Zhou Guolei,Li Chenggu,Zhang Jing,et al.Transition of urban functional land in Changchun from 2003.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):539-550.]
[19]Jiang Shan,Alves Ana,Rodrigues Filipe,et al.Mining point of interest data from social networks for urban land use classification and disaggregation.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2015,53(9):36-46.
[20]Liu Xingjian,Long Ying.Automated identification and characterization of parcels with open street map and points of interest.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2016,43(2):341-360.
[21]浩飞龙,王士君,冯章献,等.基于POI数据的长春市商业空间格局及行业分布.地理研究,2018,37(2):366-378.[Hao Feilong,Wang Shijun,Feng Zhangxian,et al.Spatial pattern and its industrial distribution of commercial space in Changchun based on POI data.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):366-378.]
[22]陈世莉,陶海燕,李旭亮,等.基于潜在语义信息的城市功能区识别:广州市浮动车GPS时空数据挖掘.地理学报,2016,71(3):471-483.[Chen Shili,Tao Haiyan,Li Xuliang,et al.Discovering urban functional regions using latent semantic information:Spatiotemporal data mining of floating cars GPS data of Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(3):471-483.]
[23]王芳,高晓路,许泽宁.基于街区尺度的城市商业区识别与分类及其空间分布格局:以北京为例.地理研究,2015,34(6):1125-1134.[Wang Fang,Gao Xiaolu,Xu Zening.Identification and classification of urban commercial districts at block scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(6):1125-1134.]
[24]王辉,张萌,石莹,等.中国海岛县的旅游经济集中度与差异化.地理研究,2013,32(4):776-784.[Wang Hui,Zhang Meng,Shi Ying,et al.Concentration and differentiation of tourism economy in island counties,China.Geographical Research,2013,32(4):776-784.]
[25]Ruben Mercado,Antonio Paez.Determinants of distance traveled with a focus on the elderly:A multilevel analysis in the Hamilton CMA,Canada.Journal of Transport Geography,2009,17(1):65-76.
[26]Maoh Hanna,Tang Zhongyuan.Determinants of normal and extreme commute distance in a sprawled midsize Canadian city:Evidence from Windsor,Canada.Journal of Transport Geography,2012,25(11):50-57.
[27]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望.地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[Wang Jinfeng,Xu Chengdong.Geodetector:Principle and prospective.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[28]Wang Jinfeng,Hu Yi.Environmental health risk detection with Geo-Detector.Environmental Modelling&Software,2012,33(7):114-115.
[29]Wang Jinfeng,Li Xinhu,Christakos G,et al.Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region,China.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(1):107-127.
[30]刘彦随,李进涛.中国县域农村贫困化分异机制的地理探测与优化决策.地理学报,2017,72(1):161-173.[Liu Yansui,Li Jintao.Geographica detection and optimizing decision of the differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):161-173.]
[31]董玉祥,徐茜,杨忍,等.基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨.地理学报,2017,72(1):135-147.[Dong Yuxiang,Xu Qian,Yang Ren,et al.Delineation of the northern border of the tropical zone of China's mainland using Geodetector.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):135-147.]
[32]浩飞龙.多中心视角下的长春市城市功能空间结构研究.长春:东北师范大学博士学位论文,2017.[Hao Feilong.Spatial structure of urban functions of Changchun in the perspective of polycentricity.Changchun:Doctoral Dissertation of Northeast Normal University,2017.]
(1)数据主要来源为百度地图,并进一步获取了腾讯地图的POI数据进行数据的校验、补充和完善。获取地址分别为:http://lbsyun.baidu.com/(百度地图),http://lbs.qq.com/(腾讯地图)。