南方低产黄泥田与高产灰泥田基础地力的差异
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摘要
[目的]黄泥田为南方红黄壤区广泛分布的低产田。定量评价黄泥田基础地力,明确与高产灰泥田水稻氮磷钾养分吸收利用的差异,可为黄泥田改良及水稻施肥提供依据。[方法]采集福建省20个县的典型黄泥田0-20cm土壤,同时采集与其邻近且由同一微地貌单元发育的高产灰泥田土壤,进行了水稻盆栽试验。试验设施肥(每盆N0.60g、P_2O_5 0.24 g、K_2O_(0.42)g)和不施肥两个处理。氮肥采用~(15)N丰度10%的尿素,磷肥用磷酸二氢钙,钾肥用氯化钾。水稻品种为'中浙优1号',采用移栽种植,每盆种植两穴。收获后,调查籽粒产量,采集土壤和植株样品,植株分地上部和根部,分析了生物量、氮磷钾含量,土壤分析了全氮含量。植株与土壤同位素氮用ZHT-03质谱仪测定~(15)N%丰度。计算了土壤基础地力与水稻养分吸收、累积及肥料利用率。[结果]黄泥田的基础地力经济产量、基础地力地上部生物产量较灰泥田分别低26.9%与23.5%,相应的基础地力贡献率分别低14.1与9.7个百分点。基础地力贡献率(经济产量)与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。不论施肥与否,黄泥田水稻有效穗数均显著低于灰泥田,且不施肥水稻有效穗数与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,而与土壤容重呈极显著负相关。施肥条件下,黄泥田水稻成熟期籽粒、茎叶和根系氮、磷、钾素含量均低于灰泥田,其中3个部位磷素含量较灰泥田分别低9.6%、38.4%和46.3%,差异均显著,黄泥田水稻籽粒和茎叶的钾素含量较灰泥田分别低10.8%和18.5%,差异均显著。施肥下黄泥田水稻成熟期籽粒、茎叶的氮素吸收量较灰泥田分别低10.8%和17.3%,磷素吸收量分别低12.5%和46.2%,钾素吸收量分别低16.6%和28.5%,差异均显著。等量施肥条件下,黄泥田的水稻氮肥利用率较灰泥田低4.6个百分点,但土壤氮肥残留率增加3.0个百分点。[结论]以高产灰泥田为标准,黄泥田基础地力具有20%以上的产量提升潜力。土壤有机质与容重是影响基础地力贡献率与有效穗的重要肥力因子。黄泥田水稻氮肥利用率显著低于灰泥田,但土壤氮素残留率较高。提高有机质、降低土壤容重是提升基础地力的主攻方向。
[Objectives]Yellow-mud paddy field(YPF) is low in basic productivity,and is widely distributed in the red-yellow soil region of southern China. In order to provide a basis for the amelioration of YPF fertility and rice fertilization, we quantificationally evaluated the basic soil productivity and revealed differences in absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of rice between YPF and high-producing grey-mud paddy field(GPF).[Methods ]A pot culture experiment was conducted using rice cultivar 'zhongzheyou 1 ' as tested materials. The tested soils were collected in the typical YPFs and GPFs nearby having the same microgeomorphy in twenty counties, Fujian Province, China. Two treatments of applying N 0.60 g/pot, P205 0.24 g/pot,K_2 O 0.42 g/pot and no fertilization control(CK) were designed for all the fields. Urea with 10% abundance of ~(15)N was used for nitrogen fertilizer, calcium dihydrogen phosphate for phosphate fertilizer and potassium chloride for potassium fertilizer. Fertilizers were firstly dissolved and applied. Two column seedlings were transplanted in each pot. After harvest, the grain yield and biomass were investigated, the plants were divided into above ground part and root part, and the NPK contents of plant were analyzed. The basic soil fertility and the NPK contents after harvest were determined.[Results ]Compared with the GPF in the CK, the economic yield and above-ground rice biomass in YPF were decreased by 26.9% and 23.5%, respectively, and the corresponding contribution rate of basic soil productivities(BSP) were decreased by 14.1 and 9.7 percent points, respectively. The contribution rate of BSP to economic yield had a significant positive correlation with soil organic matter content, but a significant negative correlation with soil bulk density. In both treatment and CK, the effective panicles in YPF were significantly lower than those in GPF. The effective panicles had a significant positive correlation with organic matter content but a significant negative correlation with bulk density in CK. Under fertilization, the N, P and K contents in grains, stems and leaves, roots in YPF were all lower than those in GPF at the ripening stage, of which,the P contents in the three parts were significantly decreased by 9.6%, 38.4% and 46.3% in turn, and K contents in grains, stems and leaves were significantly decreased by 10.8% and 18.5%, respectively. Under fertilization at the ripening stage, the N uptakes of rice grains and stem & leaf in YPF were 10.8% and 17.3% lower than those in GPF, the P uptakes were 12.5% and 46.2% lower and K uptakes were 16.6% and 28.5% lower(P < 0.05). Under fertilization, N use efficiency(NUE) in YPF was 4.6 percentage points lower than in GPF, but N residual rate in soil was 3.0 percentage points higher.[Conclusions ]The soil organic matter and bulk density are the two most important poverty obstacles in yellow-mud fertility, which affect the contribution of basic soil productivity and the effective panicle number of yield components. Comparing with high-productivity field, the nitrogen use efficiency in yellow-mud field is lower while the nitrogen residual rate in soil is higher. By improving organic matter content and decreasing bulk density, yellow-mud paddy fields have a yield increasing potential of over 20%.
[Objectives]Yellow-mud paddy field(YPF) is low in basic productivity,and is widely distributed in the red-yellow soil region of southern China. In order to provide a basis for the amelioration of YPF fertility and rice fertilization, we quantificationally evaluated the basic soil productivity and revealed differences in absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of rice between YPF and high-producing grey-mud paddy field(GPF).[Methods ]A pot culture experiment was conducted using rice cultivar 'zhongzheyou 1 ' as tested materials. The tested soils were collected in the typical YPFs and GPFs nearby having the same microgeomorphy in twenty counties, Fujian Province, China. Two treatments of applying N 0.60 g/pot, P205 0.24 g/pot,K_2 O 0.42 g/pot and no fertilization control(CK) were designed for all the fields. Urea with 10% abundance of ~(15)N was used for nitrogen fertilizer, calcium dihydrogen phosphate for phosphate fertilizer and potassium chloride for potassium fertilizer. Fertilizers were firstly dissolved and applied. Two column seedlings were transplanted in each pot. After harvest, the grain yield and biomass were investigated, the plants were divided into above ground part and root part, and the NPK contents of plant were analyzed. The basic soil fertility and the NPK contents after harvest were determined.[Results ]Compared with the GPF in the CK, the economic yield and above-ground rice biomass in YPF were decreased by 26.9% and 23.5%, respectively, and the corresponding contribution rate of basic soil productivities(BSP) were decreased by 14.1 and 9.7 percent points, respectively. The contribution rate of BSP to economic yield had a significant positive correlation with soil organic matter content, but a significant negative correlation with soil bulk density. In both treatment and CK, the effective panicles in YPF were significantly lower than those in GPF. The effective panicles had a significant positive correlation with organic matter content but a significant negative correlation with bulk density in CK. Under fertilization, the N, P and K contents in grains, stems and leaves, roots in YPF were all lower than those in GPF at the ripening stage, of which,the P contents in the three parts were significantly decreased by 9.6%, 38.4% and 46.3% in turn, and K contents in grains, stems and leaves were significantly decreased by 10.8% and 18.5%, respectively. Under fertilization at the ripening stage, the N uptakes of rice grains and stem & leaf in YPF were 10.8% and 17.3% lower than those in GPF, the P uptakes were 12.5% and 46.2% lower and K uptakes were 16.6% and 28.5% lower(P < 0.05). Under fertilization, N use efficiency(NUE) in YPF was 4.6 percentage points lower than in GPF, but N residual rate in soil was 3.0 percentage points higher.[Conclusions ]The soil organic matter and bulk density are the two most important poverty obstacles in yellow-mud fertility, which affect the contribution of basic soil productivity and the effective panicle number of yield components. Comparing with high-productivity field, the nitrogen use efficiency in yellow-mud field is lower while the nitrogen residual rate in soil is higher. By improving organic matter content and decreasing bulk density, yellow-mud paddy fields have a yield increasing potential of over 20%.
引文
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[5]鲁艳红,廖育林,聂军,等.连续施肥对不同肥力稻田土壤基础地力和土壤养分变化的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016, 49(21):4169-4178.Lu Y H, Liao Y L, Nie J, et al. Effect of successive fertilization on dynamics of basic soil productivity and soil nutrients in double cropping paddy soils with different fertilities[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016, 49(21):4169-4178.
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[9]宓文海,吴良欢,马庆旭,等.有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力[J].农业工程学报,2016, 32(13):103-108.Mi W H, Wu L H, Ma Q X, et al. Combined application of organic materials and inorganic fertilizers improving rice yield and soil fertility of yellow clayey paddy soil[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(13):103-108.
[10]王飞,林诚,林新坚,等.连续翻压紫云英对福建单季稻产量与化肥氮素吸收、分配及残留的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):896-904.Wang F, Lin C, Lin X J, et al. Effects of continuous turnover of Astragalus sinicus on rice yield and N absorption, distribution and residue in single-cropping rice regions of Fujian Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(4):896-904.
[11]荣勤雷,梁国庆,周卫,等.不同有机肥对黄泥田土壤培肥效果及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1168-1177.Rong Q L, Liang G Q, Zhou W, et al. Effects of different organicfertilization on fertility and enzyme activities of yellow clayey soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(5):1168-1177.
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