北宋宰相加官问题考论
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摘要
宋朝建国初期,职官体系承袭唐、五代之制,常在宰相本职、兼职之外给予大量额外"加官",以提升其待遇品级或作为荣誉象征以示优宠。北宋前期宰相加官类别有中书、门下侍郎、六部尚书、六部侍郎、侍中、东宫官十余种官衔。加官类型复杂多样,给宰相的加官既有荣誉官称,以彰显其身份地位,又有寄禄官,以提升其品阶及俸料。真宗、仁宗时期宰相加官到达高峰,宰相加官对宰相自身俸料的形成产生重要影响,至神宗初年,宰相加官类型逐渐单一化,经元丰官制改革,宰相加官这一制度被取缔,逐渐淡出宋代职官舞台。
In the beginning of the Song Dynasty,the official system inherited from the Tang Dynasty and the Wudai Dynasties,and aside from their normal titles,prime ministers were often awarded with additional titles to ascend their position or display their honor. In the Northern Song Dynasty,these additional titles included more than ten,such as Zhongshu,Menxia Shilang,Liubu Sahngshu,Shizhong,and Donggong official,which varied from honorable titles that displayed its owner's privilege,to official ranks with extra power or salary. This trend reached its climax in the timed of Emperor Zhenzong,and Ren Zong. To Emperor Shenzong Dynasty,the prime minister's additional titles were gradually simplified,and trailed away in the official arena of Song Dynasty after Yuanfeng reform.
In the beginning of the Song Dynasty,the official system inherited from the Tang Dynasty and the Wudai Dynasties,and aside from their normal titles,prime ministers were often awarded with additional titles to ascend their position or display their honor. In the Northern Song Dynasty,these additional titles included more than ten,such as Zhongshu,Menxia Shilang,Liubu Sahngshu,Shizhong,and Donggong official,which varied from honorable titles that displayed its owner's privilege,to official ranks with extra power or salary. This trend reached its climax in the timed of Emperor Zhenzong,and Ren Zong. To Emperor Shenzong Dynasty,the prime minister's additional titles were gradually simplified,and trailed away in the official arena of Song Dynasty after Yuanfeng reform.
引文
[1]董劭伟.三国两晋加官研究[D].石家庄:河北大学,2005.
[2]李焘.续资治通鉴长编[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
[3]脱脱.宋史[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[4]诸葛忆兵.宋代宰辅制度研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.
[5]田志光.北宋宰辅政务决策与运作研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2013.
[6]李埴.皇宋十朝纲要校正[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[7]董劭伟.唐代吏部尚书研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.
[8]俞鹿年.中国政治制度通史·隋唐五代卷[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[9]徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2014.
[10]李昌宪.五代两宋时期政治制度研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013.
[11]李林甫.唐六典[M].北京:中华书局,1992.
[12]徐自明,王瑞来.宋宰辅编年录校补[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[13]杨仲良.皇宋通鉴长编纪事本末[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2006.
[14]马端临.文献通考[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[15]陈均.皇朝编年纲目备要[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[16]杨渭生.两宋文化史研究[M].杭州:杭州大学出版社,1998.
[17]漆侠.王安石变法[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2001.
(1)据《长编》记载,皇祐元年宰相文彦博为礼部侍郎、平章事加吏部侍郎、昭文馆大学士、监修国史,其所加吏部侍郎官阶并非是初次为相时所加。
[2]李焘.续资治通鉴长编[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
[3]脱脱.宋史[M].北京:中华书局,1977.
[4]诸葛忆兵.宋代宰辅制度研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.
[5]田志光.北宋宰辅政务决策与运作研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2013.
[6]李埴.皇宋十朝纲要校正[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[7]董劭伟.唐代吏部尚书研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.
[8]俞鹿年.中国政治制度通史·隋唐五代卷[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011.
[9]徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2014.
[10]李昌宪.五代两宋时期政治制度研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013.
[11]李林甫.唐六典[M].北京:中华书局,1992.
[12]徐自明,王瑞来.宋宰辅编年录校补[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[13]杨仲良.皇宋通鉴长编纪事本末[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2006.
[14]马端临.文献通考[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[15]陈均.皇朝编年纲目备要[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[16]杨渭生.两宋文化史研究[M].杭州:杭州大学出版社,1998.
[17]漆侠.王安石变法[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2001.
(1)据《长编》记载,皇祐元年宰相文彦博为礼部侍郎、平章事加吏部侍郎、昭文馆大学士、监修国史,其所加吏部侍郎官阶并非是初次为相时所加。