推理判断中双重加工过程的协作与转换机制
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摘要
推理判断中双重加工理论的发展经历了不同发展阶段,早期主要对两个加工过程的定义及特征的关注,当前转向对两者间的协作及转换机制的研究。本研究梳理了双重加工过程协作及转换机制的代表性模型及其相关实验支持证据,综合归纳为以下三类模型:序列加工模型(Serialprocessingmodel)、平行竞争模型(Parallelcompetitivemodel)以及混合模型(Hybridmodel),并比较和论述了三类模型在两个加工过程的转换和协作机制、冲突探查的加工机制、偏差反应的解释机制上的异同,以及三类模型各自面临的问题。
Theories about dual processing in reasoning and judgment have gone through different stages of development, and the focus on the definition and characteristics of the two processing processes in the early stage has turned to the study of the cooperation and transformation mechanism between the two at present. This study sorts out the representative models of the collaboration and transformation mechanism and its related experimental support evidence in the dual processing process, and summarizes the following three models: serial processing model, parallel competitive model and hybrid model. This study proceeds to compare and discuss the problems faced by the three models respectively as well as the differences and similarities between the three models in their interpretations of the transformation and cooperation mechanism between the two processing processes, the processing mechanism of conflict detection, and bias response.
Theories about dual processing in reasoning and judgment have gone through different stages of development, and the focus on the definition and characteristics of the two processing processes in the early stage has turned to the study of the cooperation and transformation mechanism between the two at present. This study sorts out the representative models of the collaboration and transformation mechanism and its related experimental support evidence in the dual processing process, and summarizes the following three models: serial processing model, parallel competitive model and hybrid model. This study proceeds to compare and discuss the problems faced by the three models respectively as well as the differences and similarities between the three models in their interpretations of the transformation and cooperation mechanism between the two processing processes, the processing mechanism of conflict detection, and bias response.
引文
胡竹菁,胡笑羽.(2012).Evans双重加工理论的发展过程简要述评.心理学探新,32(4),310-316.
姚志强,李亚非.(2016).逻辑-信念冲突与推理难度对逻辑和信念判断的影响.心理科学,39(1),36-42.
Banks,A.P.,&Hope,C.(2014).Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning:An event-related potential study of belief bias.Psychophysiology,51(3),290-297.
Barbey,A.K.,&Sloman,S.A.(2007).Base-rate respect:From ecological rationality to dual processes.Behavioural and Brain Sciences,30(3),241-254.
Barr,N.,Pennycook,G.,Stolz,J.A.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2015).Reasoned connections:A dual-process perspective on creative thought.Thinking&Reasoning,21(1),61-75.
Barrouillet,P.(2011).Dual-process theories and cognitive development:Advances and challenges.Developmental Review,31(2-3),79-85.
Beevers,C.G.(2005).Cognitive vulnerability to depression:A dual process model.Clinical Psychology Review,25(7),975-1002.
Bhatia,S.(2017).Conflict and bias in heuristic judgment.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,43(2),319-325.
Chaiken,S.,&Trope,Y.(1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology.New York:Guilford Press.
De Neys,W.(2006).Automatic-heuristic and executiveanalytic processing during reasoning:Chronometric and dual-task considerations.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,59(6),1070-1100.
De Neys,W.(2012).Bias and conflict:A case for logical intuitions.Perspectives on Psychological Science,7(1),28-38.
De Neys,W.(2014).Conflict detection,dual processes,and logical intuitions:Some clarifications.Thinking&Reasoning,20(2),169-187.
De Neys,W.,Cromheeke,S.,&Osman,M.(2011).Biased but in doubt:Conflict and decision confidence.PLoS One,6(1),e15954.
De Neys,W.,&Glumicic,T.(2008).Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking.Cognition,106(3),1248-1299.
De Neys,W.,Rossi,S.,&Houdé,O.(2013).Bats,balls,and substitution sensitivity:Cognitive misers are no happy fools.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,20(2),269-273.
De Neys,W.,Vartanian,O.,&Goel,V.(2008).Smarter than we think:When our brains detect that we are biased.Psychological Science,19(5),483-489.
Epstein,S.(1973).The self-concept revisited or a theory of a theory.American Psychologist 28(5),404-416.
Epstein,S.(1994).Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious.American Psychologist,49(8),709-724.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(1984).Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning.British Journal of Psychology,75(4),451-468.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(1989).Bias in human reasoning:Causes and consequences.Lawrence Erlbaum.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2003).In two minds:Dual-process accounts of reasoning.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(10),454-459.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2006).The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning:Extension and evaluation.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,13(3),378-395.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2007).On the resolution of conflict in dual process theories of reasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,13(4),321-339.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2008).Dual-processing accounts of reasoning,judgment,and social cognition.Annual Review of Psychology,59,255-278.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2009).How many dual-process theories do we need?One,two,or many?In J.St.B.T.Evans&K.Frankish(Eds.),In two minds:Dual processes and beyond(pp.33-54).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2010).Intuition and reasoning:A dualprocess perspective.Psychological Inquiry,21(4),313-326.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2011).Dual-process theories of reasoning:Contemporary issues and developmental applications.Developmental Review,31(2-3),86-102.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Curtis-Holmes,J.(2005).Rapid responding increases belief bias:Evidence for the dualprocess theory of reasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,11(4),382-389.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Over,D.E.(1996).Rationality and reasoning.Hove,England:Psychology Press.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,Venn,S.,&Feeney,A.(2002).Implicit and explicit processes in a hypothesis testing task.British Journal of Psychology,93,31-46.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2013a).Dual-process theories of higher cognition.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),223-241.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2013b).Theory and metatheory in the study of dual processing:Reply to comments.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),263-271.
Franssens,S.,&De Neys,W.(2009).The effortless nature of conflict detection during thinking.Thinking&Reasoning,15(2),105-128.
Frey,D.,Johnson,E.D.,&De Neys,W.(2018).Individual differences in conflict detection during reasoning.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,71(5),1188-1208.
Gigerenzer,G.,&Regier,T.(1996).How do we tell an association from a rule?Comment on Sloman(1996).Psychological Bulletin,119(1),23-26.
Goel,V.(2007).Anatomy of deductive reasoning.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(10),435-441.
Goel,V.,&Dolan,R.J.(2003).Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief.Cognition,87(1),B11-B22.
Gubbins,E.,&Byrne,R.M.J.(2014).Dual processes of emotion and reason in judgments about moral dilemmas.Thinking&Reasoning,20(2),245-268.
Hammond,K.R.(1996).Human judgment and social policy.Oxford University Press.
Handley,S.J.,Newstead,S.E.,&Trippas,D.(2011).Logic,beliefs,and instruction:A test of the default interventionist account of belief bias.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,37(1),28-43.
Handley,S.J.,&Trippas,D.(2015).Dual processes and the interplay between knowledge and structure:A new parallel processing model.Psychology of Learning and Motivation,62,33-58.
Johnson,E.D.,Tubau,E.,&De Neys,W.(2016).The doubting system 1:Evidence for automatic substitution sensitivity.Acta Psychogica,164,56-64.
Johnson-Laird,P.N.(1983).Mental models:Towards a cognitive science of language,inference and consciousness.Harvard University Press.
Kahneman,D.(2011).Thinking,fast and slow.New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2005).A model of heuristic judgment.In K.J.Holyoak&R.G.Morrison(Eds.),The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning(pp.267-293).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Keren,G.(2013).A tale of two systems:A scientific advance or a theoretical stone soup?Commentary on evans stanovich.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),257-262.
Keren,G.,&Schul,Y.(2009).Two is not always better than one:A critical evaluation of two-system theories.Perspectives on Psychological Science,4(6),533-550.
Klein,G.(1998).Sources of power:How people make decisions.MIT Press.
Klein,G.(2015).A naturalistic decision making perspective on studying intuitive decision making.Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,4(3),164-168.
Kokis,J.V.,Macpherson,R.,Toplak,M.E.,West,R.F.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2002).Heuristic and analytic processing:Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles.Joural of Experimental Child Psychology,83(1),26-52.
Kruglanski,A.W.(2013).Only one?The default interventionist perspective as a unimodel-Commentary on Evans&Stanovich(2013).Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),242-247.
Kruglanski,A.W.,&Gigerenzer,G.(2011).Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles.Psychological Review,118(1),97-109.
Levinson,S.C.(1995).Interactional biases in human thinking.In E.Goody(Ed.),Social intelligence and interaction(pp.221-260).Cambridge University Press.
Liang,P.P.,Goel,V.,Jia,X.Q.,&Li,K.C.(2014).Different neural systems contribute to semantic bias and conflict detection in the inclusion fallacy task.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,8,797.
Lieberman,M.D.(2007).Social cognitive neuroscience:Areview of core processes.Annual Review of Psychology,58,259-289.
Markovits,H.,Brisson,J.,&de Chantal,P.L.(2015).Additional evidence for a dual-strategy model of reasoning:Probabilistic reasoning is more invariant than reasoning about logical validity.Memory&Cognition,43(8),1208-1215.
Markovits,H.,Brisson,J.,de Chantal,P.L.,&Thompson,V.A.(2017).Interactions between inferential strategies and belief bias.Memory&Cognition,45(7),1182-1192.
Markovits,H.,Brunet,M.-L.,Thompson,V.,&Brisson,J.(2013).Direct evidence for a dual process model of deductive inference.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(4),1213-1222.
Markovits,H.,Forgues,H.L.,&Brunet,M.L.(2012).More evidence for a dual-process model of conditional reasoning.Memory&Cognition,40(5),736-747.
Osman,M.(2004).An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,11(6),988-1010.
Osman,M.(2013).A case study:Dual-process theories of higher cognition-Commentary on Evans&Stanovich(2013).Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),248-252.
Pennycook,G.(2017).A perspective on the theoretical foundation of dual-process models.In W.De Neys(Ed.),Dual process theory 2.0.New York,NY:Psychology Press.
Pennycook,G.,Cheyne,J.A.,Barr,N.,Koehler,D.J.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2014).Cognitive style and religiosity:The role of conflict detection.Memory and Cognition,42(1),1-10.
Pennycook,G.,Cheyne,J.A.,Seli,P.,Koehler,D.J.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2012).Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief.Cognition,123(3),335-346.
Pennycook,G.,Fugelsang,J.A.,&Koehler,D.J.(2012).Are we good at detecting conflict during reasoning?Cognition,124(1),101-106.
Pennycook,G.,Fugelsang,J.A.,&Koehler,D.J.(2015).What makes us think?A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement.Cognitive Psychology,80,34-72.
Pennycook,G.,&Thompson,V.A.(2012).Reasoning with base rates is routine,relatively effortless,and context dependent.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,19(3),528-534.
Pennycook,G.,Trippas,D.,Handley,S.J.,&Thompson,V.A.(2014).Base rates:Both neglected and intuitive.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,40(2),544-554.
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Posner,M.I.&Snyder,C.R.R.(1975).Attention and cognitive control.In Robert L.Solso(Ed.),Information Processing and Cognition:The Loyola Symposium.Lawrence Erlbaum.
Prado,J.,Kaliuzhna,M.,Cheylus,A.,&Noveck,I.A.(2008).Overcoming perceptual features in logical reasoning:An event-related potentials study.Neuropsychologia,46(11),2629-2637.
Pyszczynski,T.,Greenberg,J.,&Solomon,S.(1999).Adual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts:An extension of terror management theory.Psychological Review,106(4),835-845.
Scherer,L.D.,Yates,J.F.,Baker,S.G.,&Valentine,K.D.(2017).The influence of effortful thought and cognitive proficiencies on the conjunction fallacy:Implications for dual-process theories of reasoning and judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,43(6),874-887.
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姚志强,李亚非.(2016).逻辑-信念冲突与推理难度对逻辑和信念判断的影响.心理科学,39(1),36-42.
Banks,A.P.,&Hope,C.(2014).Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning:An event-related potential study of belief bias.Psychophysiology,51(3),290-297.
Barbey,A.K.,&Sloman,S.A.(2007).Base-rate respect:From ecological rationality to dual processes.Behavioural and Brain Sciences,30(3),241-254.
Barr,N.,Pennycook,G.,Stolz,J.A.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2015).Reasoned connections:A dual-process perspective on creative thought.Thinking&Reasoning,21(1),61-75.
Barrouillet,P.(2011).Dual-process theories and cognitive development:Advances and challenges.Developmental Review,31(2-3),79-85.
Beevers,C.G.(2005).Cognitive vulnerability to depression:A dual process model.Clinical Psychology Review,25(7),975-1002.
Bhatia,S.(2017).Conflict and bias in heuristic judgment.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,43(2),319-325.
Chaiken,S.,&Trope,Y.(1999).Dual-process theories in social psychology.New York:Guilford Press.
De Neys,W.(2006).Automatic-heuristic and executiveanalytic processing during reasoning:Chronometric and dual-task considerations.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,59(6),1070-1100.
De Neys,W.(2012).Bias and conflict:A case for logical intuitions.Perspectives on Psychological Science,7(1),28-38.
De Neys,W.(2014).Conflict detection,dual processes,and logical intuitions:Some clarifications.Thinking&Reasoning,20(2),169-187.
De Neys,W.,Cromheeke,S.,&Osman,M.(2011).Biased but in doubt:Conflict and decision confidence.PLoS One,6(1),e15954.
De Neys,W.,&Glumicic,T.(2008).Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking.Cognition,106(3),1248-1299.
De Neys,W.,Rossi,S.,&Houdé,O.(2013).Bats,balls,and substitution sensitivity:Cognitive misers are no happy fools.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,20(2),269-273.
De Neys,W.,Vartanian,O.,&Goel,V.(2008).Smarter than we think:When our brains detect that we are biased.Psychological Science,19(5),483-489.
Epstein,S.(1973).The self-concept revisited or a theory of a theory.American Psychologist 28(5),404-416.
Epstein,S.(1994).Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious.American Psychologist,49(8),709-724.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(1984).Heuristic and analytic processes in reasoning.British Journal of Psychology,75(4),451-468.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(1989).Bias in human reasoning:Causes and consequences.Lawrence Erlbaum.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2003).In two minds:Dual-process accounts of reasoning.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,7(10),454-459.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2006).The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning:Extension and evaluation.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,13(3),378-395.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2007).On the resolution of conflict in dual process theories of reasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,13(4),321-339.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2008).Dual-processing accounts of reasoning,judgment,and social cognition.Annual Review of Psychology,59,255-278.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2009).How many dual-process theories do we need?One,two,or many?In J.St.B.T.Evans&K.Frankish(Eds.),In two minds:Dual processes and beyond(pp.33-54).Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2010).Intuition and reasoning:A dualprocess perspective.Psychological Inquiry,21(4),313-326.
Evans,J.St.B.T.(2011).Dual-process theories of reasoning:Contemporary issues and developmental applications.Developmental Review,31(2-3),86-102.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Curtis-Holmes,J.(2005).Rapid responding increases belief bias:Evidence for the dualprocess theory of reasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,11(4),382-389.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Over,D.E.(1996).Rationality and reasoning.Hove,England:Psychology Press.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,Venn,S.,&Feeney,A.(2002).Implicit and explicit processes in a hypothesis testing task.British Journal of Psychology,93,31-46.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2013a).Dual-process theories of higher cognition.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),223-241.
Evans,J.St.B.T.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2013b).Theory and metatheory in the study of dual processing:Reply to comments.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),263-271.
Franssens,S.,&De Neys,W.(2009).The effortless nature of conflict detection during thinking.Thinking&Reasoning,15(2),105-128.
Frey,D.,Johnson,E.D.,&De Neys,W.(2018).Individual differences in conflict detection during reasoning.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,71(5),1188-1208.
Gigerenzer,G.,&Regier,T.(1996).How do we tell an association from a rule?Comment on Sloman(1996).Psychological Bulletin,119(1),23-26.
Goel,V.(2007).Anatomy of deductive reasoning.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(10),435-441.
Goel,V.,&Dolan,R.J.(2003).Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief.Cognition,87(1),B11-B22.
Gubbins,E.,&Byrne,R.M.J.(2014).Dual processes of emotion and reason in judgments about moral dilemmas.Thinking&Reasoning,20(2),245-268.
Hammond,K.R.(1996).Human judgment and social policy.Oxford University Press.
Handley,S.J.,Newstead,S.E.,&Trippas,D.(2011).Logic,beliefs,and instruction:A test of the default interventionist account of belief bias.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,37(1),28-43.
Handley,S.J.,&Trippas,D.(2015).Dual processes and the interplay between knowledge and structure:A new parallel processing model.Psychology of Learning and Motivation,62,33-58.
Johnson,E.D.,Tubau,E.,&De Neys,W.(2016).The doubting system 1:Evidence for automatic substitution sensitivity.Acta Psychogica,164,56-64.
Johnson-Laird,P.N.(1983).Mental models:Towards a cognitive science of language,inference and consciousness.Harvard University Press.
Kahneman,D.(2011).Thinking,fast and slow.New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman,D.,&Frederick,S.(2005).A model of heuristic judgment.In K.J.Holyoak&R.G.Morrison(Eds.),The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning(pp.267-293).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Keren,G.(2013).A tale of two systems:A scientific advance or a theoretical stone soup?Commentary on evans stanovich.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),257-262.
Keren,G.,&Schul,Y.(2009).Two is not always better than one:A critical evaluation of two-system theories.Perspectives on Psychological Science,4(6),533-550.
Klein,G.(1998).Sources of power:How people make decisions.MIT Press.
Klein,G.(2015).A naturalistic decision making perspective on studying intuitive decision making.Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,4(3),164-168.
Kokis,J.V.,Macpherson,R.,Toplak,M.E.,West,R.F.,&Stanovich,K.E.(2002).Heuristic and analytic processing:Age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles.Joural of Experimental Child Psychology,83(1),26-52.
Kruglanski,A.W.(2013).Only one?The default interventionist perspective as a unimodel-Commentary on Evans&Stanovich(2013).Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),242-247.
Kruglanski,A.W.,&Gigerenzer,G.(2011).Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles.Psychological Review,118(1),97-109.
Levinson,S.C.(1995).Interactional biases in human thinking.In E.Goody(Ed.),Social intelligence and interaction(pp.221-260).Cambridge University Press.
Liang,P.P.,Goel,V.,Jia,X.Q.,&Li,K.C.(2014).Different neural systems contribute to semantic bias and conflict detection in the inclusion fallacy task.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,8,797.
Lieberman,M.D.(2007).Social cognitive neuroscience:Areview of core processes.Annual Review of Psychology,58,259-289.
Markovits,H.,Brisson,J.,&de Chantal,P.L.(2015).Additional evidence for a dual-strategy model of reasoning:Probabilistic reasoning is more invariant than reasoning about logical validity.Memory&Cognition,43(8),1208-1215.
Markovits,H.,Brisson,J.,de Chantal,P.L.,&Thompson,V.A.(2017).Interactions between inferential strategies and belief bias.Memory&Cognition,45(7),1182-1192.
Markovits,H.,Brunet,M.-L.,Thompson,V.,&Brisson,J.(2013).Direct evidence for a dual process model of deductive inference.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(4),1213-1222.
Markovits,H.,Forgues,H.L.,&Brunet,M.L.(2012).More evidence for a dual-process model of conditional reasoning.Memory&Cognition,40(5),736-747.
Osman,M.(2004).An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,11(6),988-1010.
Osman,M.(2013).A case study:Dual-process theories of higher cognition-Commentary on Evans&Stanovich(2013).Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(3),248-252.
Pennycook,G.(2017).A perspective on the theoretical foundation of dual-process models.In W.De Neys(Ed.),Dual process theory 2.0.New York,NY:Psychology Press.
Pennycook,G.,Cheyne,J.A.,Barr,N.,Koehler,D.J.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2014).Cognitive style and religiosity:The role of conflict detection.Memory and Cognition,42(1),1-10.
Pennycook,G.,Cheyne,J.A.,Seli,P.,Koehler,D.J.,&Fugelsang,J.A.(2012).Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief.Cognition,123(3),335-346.
Pennycook,G.,Fugelsang,J.A.,&Koehler,D.J.(2012).Are we good at detecting conflict during reasoning?Cognition,124(1),101-106.
Pennycook,G.,Fugelsang,J.A.,&Koehler,D.J.(2015).What makes us think?A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement.Cognitive Psychology,80,34-72.
Pennycook,G.,&Thompson,V.A.(2012).Reasoning with base rates is routine,relatively effortless,and context dependent.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,19(3),528-534.
Pennycook,G.,Trippas,D.,Handley,S.J.,&Thompson,V.A.(2014).Base rates:Both neglected and intuitive.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,40(2),544-554.
Pollock,J.L.(1991).OSCAR:A general theory of rationality.In R.Cummins&J.L.Pollock(Eds.),Philosophy and AI:Essays at the interface(pp.189-213).Cambridge,MA,US:The MIT Press.
Posner,M.I.&Snyder,C.R.R.(1975).Attention and cognitive control.In Robert L.Solso(Ed.),Information Processing and Cognition:The Loyola Symposium.Lawrence Erlbaum.
Prado,J.,Kaliuzhna,M.,Cheylus,A.,&Noveck,I.A.(2008).Overcoming perceptual features in logical reasoning:An event-related potentials study.Neuropsychologia,46(11),2629-2637.
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